Write a response of Question one and an Analysis 4 of Sagan's Chapter 12. Write my final paper.

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Question 1:Write a response: Which of the three chapters assigned in Sagan's book did you find most interesting? Why? What is your answer to the title question of Twenge's article? Explain your answer.At least 150 words.

Question 2: Your fourth analysis is to be of Sagan's Chapter 12, "The Fine Art of Baloney Detection." Your analysis does not need to list all the logical fallacies Sagan explains, but you should pay attention to whether he makes a persuasive case about the need to know them. As I always do, I would encourage you to look at the analysis instructions, example(s), video, (all of which can be found in previous modules) and any comments I made on previous analyses you have submitted before submitting this one. At least 580 words.

Question 3: Write my final paper. It is very very important. I have attached my Prof. comments in the file "Final paper revision comments" below. My professor also sent me messages,"I wanted to stress my concern about your use of information that, unless you are an astronomy major, you must have had to look up, yet you do not cite it. Also, check the sample final paper to see how each source is introduced before it is used, and then after the quotation or paraphrase, it is closed.Another thing: you will need to proofread more carefully. I suspect English is not your first language, but some of the mistakes you make could easily be found with a careful proofreading."

Basically, I think to cite each source is very important. Length should be At least 9 pages, MLA formatting, double spaced. I have also attached MLA formatting guide, two sample final papers and one "Creating a work cited page instructions" file below. Please do this assignment really careful because it weighs a lot in my grade. Thank you :)

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The Argumentation Essay Project ❖An argumentation essay is an essay that combines your ideas and perspective with the ideas and perspectives of others, called sources ❖Before you begin the steps in the writing process, you must research the topic, and arrive at an informed opinion about it using critical thought ❖Your informed opinion, and how you arrived at it through analyzing your sources, forms the core of your essay Using Sources ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ The purpose of a research essay is not to present a lot of quotations, facts, or statistics that show only what others say about the topic Your purpose is to analyze and evaluate source material; in other words, to think critically and form an educated opinion on the topic Your essay will then be a synthesis of your own ideas and your source material, which develops from the process of critical thinking Your well informed ideas and reasoning form the core of your research essay; the sources are your supporting cast Paper Requirements ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ 7 pages of written text, not counting the Works Cited page MLA format, using in-text citations A correctly formatted Works Cited Page A minimum of 5 different sources Paper formatted as specified in “Essay Checklist” Steps for the Project 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Research, research, research, but be open to the ideas and perspectives of others – that is critical thinking! Take notes on your sources, and keep publication information needed for your Works Cited page Prewrite, including both your own ideas and your source material Write a working thesis statement Draft the essay, including the Works Cited page Revise Proofread Working With Sources ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Analysis Questions What is the main assertion or claim? What evidence is used to support or explain that assertion? Has the source considered opposing views and addressed them? Are you convinced that the source’s perspective is valid? Why or why not? ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Evaluation Questions What is the source’s expertise in the topic? Does the source have any possible bias regarding the subject? Are any facts used verifiable? When was the material written? Is it up to date or outdated? Avoiding Plagiarism ❖ Any borrowed idea – whether in the form of direct quotation or paraphrase – must be cited in your essay. ❖ An exception to this rule is information that comes from common knowledge, or facts that are accepted as true. Examples include: The United States Civil War began in 1861 and ended in 1865. Jordan is largely an Islamic country Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity. ❖ ❖ Try to put source information into your own words (paraphrase) without looking at the original source. This avoids plagiarism AND shows the reader that you understand your sources and can show their connection to your ideas. If you use any source’s exact words, you must use quotation marks. Using In-Text Citations ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Citations show the reader where your source material comes from The current MLA style requires writers to put source information -author’s last name and page number or other identifying information like the source website when the author is unknown-in parenthesis immediately following any borrowed material: Many faculty members at the University of Michigan believe that a diverse student population “makes the college a better educational experience for all” (Arnett 276).* If the source’s name is given in the text of the sentence, then all that is needed in parenthesis is the page number where the borrowed material can be found. A signal phrase should be placed before the source’s name in the text : According to Mark Arnett, an admissions researcher at the University of Michigan, many faculty members believe that a diverse student population enhances the college community, and students’ education (276).* *Note that a citation is required if the information has been borrowed, whether or not the source’s exact words are used. Argumentation ‘Traps’ To Avoid ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ Use of the “I” perspective when not relating personal experience to support the thesis. I think, I believe, and In my opinion are not statements of experience, but ideas. State ideas as though they are facts, but then PROVE them, using factual information like common knowledge, an authority or source, verifiable facts, or clear reasoning. Quote Dumping. Sources and authorities should be used either to support, explain, or prove your ideas. Sources should not be the focus of your essay, your ideas should. Avoid quote dumping by beginning and ending every paragraph in your essay with your own ideas. When using a source to prove or explain your ideas, always show the reader how the source information is related to your reasoning. Use of ineffective or biased sources. Evaluate sources before drafting the essay. Using a scholarly search engine, like the Expanded Academic Index ASAP, instead of general search engines like Google or Yahoo, will be more helpful in finding strong Internet sources. When using print sources, stick to news magazines and newspaper archives, which present more factual information, as well as books written by authorities with knowledge and experience of the subject matter. Waiting until the last minute to do the research and write the essay. The research essay is a true project, and not just an essay. Take the steps one at a time, and budget your time wisely. Using Wikipedia as a source. Crowd sourced, Wikipedia is not an authoritative source. Of course you may refer to it to find ideas and information, but you will need more reliable sources from which to cite information. Essay Checklist All work must be typed on white paper, with: • Standard one-inch margins (top, bottom, left, and right). • Text aligned to the left margin. • A single-spaced name block in the upper left corner. • Double-spaced text with no extra line break between paragraphs. • Indents of one tab (five spaces) for each paragraph. • 12-point type of a standard font (e.g., Times New Roman, Arial) throughout the paper—including the title. • Proposals and review drafts stapled under the final draft. The title is informative and creates interest. It is in the same font and size as the rest of the paper. There is only a single line space above and below the title. The introduction identifies the issue and provides enough information about the topic so that the thesis is a single declarative sentence ending the introduction. The thesis clearly states the writer’s position on the argument that follows. The body paragraphs are organized in a logical way with transitional sentences leading the reader from one paragraph to the next. Each body paragraph clearly and completely discusses one point with specific examples and details. Outside material is properly introduced, cited, and connected to the main idea. Each source also appears on the Works Cited page. Because any use of source material needs both context and development, the first and last sentences of all body paragraphs are entirely in the author’s own words. The conclusion ties things together, summarizes the main idea, and restates the thesis as proven. Basic grammar check. Every clause has a subject and verb which agree in person and number; every pronoun has a clear antecedent. Punctuation check. There is a reason for every comma; there are no fragments, run-ons, and splices. There is no use of the first person (I, me, my). Li 1 Runliang Li Raymond Brennan English 1C July 15, 2018 Final Paper Proposal The Geocentric Model of the Earth Belief 1.) My paper will discuss the theory that has been proposed by some scientists, philosophers, and astronomers that the solar system is of the geocentric model. I will focus on the arguments that have been tabled by those who agree with this idea. I will also discuss the factors that make this theory to be disapproved and even the problems that could be brought about by this fact on the people. 2.) The belief that the earth is the center of the solar system has been ousted by many astronomers such as NASA who have extensively explored the solar system. 3.) My audience is other college students who have not read my source material but who are interested in my topic and want to make an informed decision about where they stand on the issue I discuss. 4.) Introduction Many scientists have tried to study the solar system to understand how it looks like and how different of its constituents are located. The majority of the astronomers that have explored the moon and other planets have agreed to the standard model of the solar system. However, some of the scientists and philosophers believe that earth is in geocentric form. The theory of the geocentric model was first focused by a Greek astronomer and mathematician Claudius Ptolemy. Claudius argued that in the geocentric model, the earth is the center of the solar system. He believed that the moon, all planets, sun and all stars revolves around the planet thus forming a Li 2 geocentric model. They are considered to consist of the heavens which remain unchanged and ethereal. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, also argued in favor of this theory. Aristotle argues that if it happened that the earth was moving, people would notice the movement of both air and land. He also claims that if the earth were running, the apparent distance between the earth and the stars would be varying. Two observations have been made to support the idea of the earth being the center of the universe. First of all, the sun ends to rotate once around the earth daily. The moons and the planets tend to have their orbits, but they also revolve around the earth once per day. The stars tend to be on a celestial sphere which rotates around the earth daily along with some axis which is through the North and South poles. Secondly, the earth does not seem to be moving from an earth observer. It looks stable and robust without an appearance of moving. In the early modern age, the geocentric model of the solar system was getting supported by some religions. In the USA, several members of the Lutheran Church- Missouri Synod complied with the Ptolemaic model of the solar system. (Babinski, E). Also, a few Orthodox Jewish leaders maintained that the geocentric model as presented by Ptolemy was realistic. In Islam, very few believers supported the idea of the geocentric model of the solar system. Many astronomers who have reached the other planets and took a satellite picture of the solar system has proved that the geocentric model of the solar system is not correct. The scientists have shown that the sun is the center of the solar system. The modern model of the solar system provides that all the planets and stars revolve around the sun. The geocentric model of the solar system is getting ousted because it falls short of some evidence such as the revolution of other planets and other stars such as Venus. The size of the sun is much times greater than the size of Li 3 the earth. It is not logical for such a big object to revolve around the earth. Also, some planets are much larger than the earth which would make it impossible for the rotation to happen. There are still more factors which disapprove of the geocentric model of the solar system. When observed by telescope, Mars tends to undergo a retrograde kind of motion. The motion makes it hard to explain if the Mars was rotating around the earth and not the sun. In principle, all the planets revolve around the solar system because of the influence of gravity. The sun being a vast body of all other bodies tends to be holding the center of gravity. Copernicus was the first one to counter the geocentric model but lacked enough evidence to deliver his point. When Kepler provided more detailed information, he looked to be more informed. His model was fully accepted when Newton discovered gravity. The beliefs about many pseudoscientific theories influence the people who discover them and even on religion bases. The pseudoscientists used to be contrarians to gain fame and cash. The craving for fame may lead to cropping up of more pseudoscientists in the society whereby each has their model of the solar system. The geocentric solar system model was misleading and thus conveyed wrong information to the nation. The belief in the theories that are developed by the pseudoscientists may erode the cultures of the community that is involved in this matter. I personally do not support the geocentric solar system. The reason behind my stand is because of the recent studies that have proved the modern model of the solar system. The modern model of the solar system is scientifically possible because all the planets are only able to revolve around the sun. Li 4 5.) Works Cited Babinski, E. T., ed. "Excerpts from Frank Zindler's 'Report from the center of the universe' and 'Turtles all the way down'". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 2013-12-01. (1995) Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz, et al. "The Rosetta mission: flying towards the origin of the solar system." Space Science Reviews 128.1-4 (2007): 1-21. Henze, Ineke, Jan H. Van Driel, and Nico Verloop. "Development of experienced science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge of models of the solar system and the universe." International Journal of Science Education 30.10 (2008): 1321-1342. Malhotra, Renu. "The origin of Pluto's orbit: Implications for the Solar System beyond Neptune." arXiv preprint Astro-ph/9504036 (1995). Strom, Robert G., et al. "The origin of planetary impactors in the inner solar system." Science 309.5742 (2005): 1847-1850. 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide General Writing • Research and Citation • Teaching and Tutoring • Subject-Specific Writing • Job Search Writing • ESL This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. MLA Formatting and Style Guide Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Fuentes, Daniel P. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff Last Edited: 2017-06-19 09:42:51 The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in-text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient. The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Here is an overview of the process: When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: 1. Author. 2. Title of source. 3. Title of container, 4. Other contributors, 5. Version, 6. Number, 7. Publisher, https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 1/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide 8. Publication date, 9. Location. Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics. Author Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period. Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994. Title of source The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks. A book should be in italics: Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. MacMurray, 1999. A website should be in italics: Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_makevegetarian-chili.html.* A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper article) should be in quotation marks: Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature, vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50. A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/. *The eighth edition handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below. Title of container Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 2/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2009. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031? trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962. Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009. Other contributors In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation. Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008. Version If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 3/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004. Number If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation. Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009. “94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010. Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980. Publisher The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/). Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006. Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006. Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015. Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a website whose title is the same name as its publisher, a website that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as YouTube, WordPress, or JSTOR). Publication date The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 4/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication. In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode. “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999. However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing. “Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999. Location You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location. An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers. Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94. The location of an online work should include a URL. Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009. A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location. Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York. Optional elements The eighth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of select optional elements that should be part of a documented source at the writer’s discretion. Date of original publication: If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information. Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 5/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide City of publication: The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name. Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions. Boston, 1863. Date of access: When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time. Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009. URLs: As mentioned above, while the eighth edition recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion. DOIs: A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL. Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155. Creating in-text citations using the eighth edition The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the list of works cited. For the most part, an in-text citation is the author’s name and page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses: Imperialism is “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (Said 9). or According to Edward W. Said, imperialism is defined by “the practice, the theory, and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory” (9). https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 6/7 8/7/2017 Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide Work Cited Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994. When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35). Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide your reader with a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information. Final thoughts about the eighth edition The current MLA guidelines teach you a widely applicable skill. Once you become familiar with the core elements that should be included in each entry in the Works Cited list, you will be able to create documentation for any type of source. While the handbook still includes helpful examples that you may use as guidelines, you will not need to consult it every time you need to figure out how to cite a source you’ve never used before. If you include the core elements, in the proper order, using consistent punctuation, you will be fully equipped to create a list of works cited on your own. How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA Entire Website The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2016. Individual Resources Contributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL. Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Russell, Tony, et al. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2 Aug. 2016. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/ 7/7 student EWRT 2-13 Dec 8, 2015 Final Paper Severity of Poverty: What Can be Done Poverty is defined as the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support. Poverty is an increasing problem in America; from 2000 to 2012 the number of people affected by poverty stricken neighborhoods has grown by five million people(Kneebone). The poverty threshold in 2012 was an income of $23,492 for a family of four(Galbraith), which is an insanely low threshold for a family of that size to live comfortably and have the necessities to succeed in life. The country's politicians acknowledge the problems caused by poverty and insist they are doing everything in their power to fight poverty, but the increase in the numbers of people living in poverty has increased over the years which makes their claim either a lie or an admission of failure. Knowing the increasing numbers of people affected by poverty is the simple part of the problem, but the understanding the causes of poverty and coming up with effective long-lasting ways to ameliorate them is the burdensome challenge at hand. Due to an increase in economic growth over the years, but a stagnant salary of jobs under the top ten percent of people, has increased the amount of individuals effected by poverty. Along with this, the loss of millions of jobs adds to the troubles one faces trying to provide sufficient food, shelter, and clothing for oneself and his or her family. Poverty in America is a severe problem that leaves millions and millions of people helpless and drained. The problems poverty causes in America can be solved by a concerted effort that would require providing living wages and family-oriented labor policies as well as investing in a safety net that supports and promotes economic mobility, and finally, investing in community solutions administered by people who know poverty firsthand. As said previously, poverty in America is a growing issue that seems to have no definite solution. In the article, “The Growth and Spread of Concentrated Poverty, 2000 to 2008-2012,” by Elizabeth Kneebone, a diagnostic test was done in the bigger cities of America to see the growth rate of poverty stricken neighborhoods. The data shown in the article is shocking, “…the number of suburban poor living in distressed neighborhoods grew by 139 percent—almost three times the pace of growth in cities” (Kneebone). This statistic shows the outrageous numbers of people effected by poverty in big cities. Even though there is economic growth in cities which provides opportunities for people to lift themselves out of poverty, the percentage of poor people in these neighborhoods far exceeds the amount of opportunities available not allowing everyone to benefit from them. Along with the big cities that face an escalating percentage of poverty suffering neighborhoods, suburbs dealt with an enormous rise in poverty as well. Kneebone explains that, “suburbs more than doubled, growing by 105 percent to reach 4.9 million” (Kneebone). This example shows that poverty effects all types of communities, from very populated cities to simple suburban neighborhoods. As the numbers of poverty continues to increase throughout the 2000s, suburbs began to near the high poverty tracts of cities, proving that urban and suburban residents now face similar challenges. Poverty is an ongoing problem throughout America and continues to affect millions of people of all ages. In Robert Galbraith’s article, “U.S. Poverty Rises Despite Economic Recovery,” he explains that, “About 16.1 million children and 3.9 million people aged 65 years and older were living in poverty last year” (Galbraith). This example shows that people of all ages are effected by the complications of poverty. About twenty percent of children in America are born into poverty (Schaffer) making it very difficult for said child to prosper in his or her life. Children who are born into poverty are not given the necessary tools to succeed; the greater portion of the children will struggle with the challenges poverty presents and will continuously fight their way out of it, but will always find themselves entrenched in poverty’s downfall. People 65 years and older will also face the difficulties poverty presents, but in a different way; instead of being able to retire and enjoy the rest of one’s life, the elderly people will have to take part in minimum wage jobs, if not already, to provide themselves with the minimal necessities of life. Galbraith cites Joan Entmacher, vice president of Family Economic Security at the National Women’s Law Center in Washington, to fully describe the situation at hand: “millions are struggling to keep their heads above water, while the richest one percent is doing better than ever” (Entmacher). This statement represents the issue almost all Americans face, and it is something that should not be taken lightly. Many people do not clearly understand how severe the money distribution is throughout America. The article “Average America vs the One Percent,” by Alan Dunn, Dunn explains many aspects of wealth circulation between the average American and the top one percent of America. Dunn states that almost forty-three percent of the nation’s wealth is contained by the top one percent and bring in an average of 540 times the national income. The average American worker brings in roughly $51,000 a year while the top percent brings in close to $717,000 a year (Dunn). Despite the hard work of the ordinary American worker, most cannot bring is the sufficient amount of money to provide the necessary goods for oneself or one’s family. America is built on the idea of equality and hard work, but as time has shown only a handful exceed all expectations leaving the rest scrounging for the necessities to live. To show this in a different way, the lower classes spend about seventeen percent of their income on feeding their families, while the top earners or the rich spend nearly seventeen percent of their incomes traveling for pleasure (Dunn). As you travel lower and lower down the social classes, the percentage of income spent on providing the necessary nutrients for one’s family increases eventually leaving no room to pay for any other expenses such as entertainment, clothes and shoes, shelter, and health care. Many people who are cemented in poverty cannot maintain a healthy standard of living for oneself let alone a family and a big reason for this is caused by the allocation of money throughout America. Following the lack of money many Americans face from the uneven distribution of wealth, debt is also one of the biggest reasons to why an American can find him or herself in poverty. In the article “Debt Pushes Millions Below Poverty Line,” by Tom Abate, he identifies the issues debt can have on a person and if serious enough can lead one into the face of poverty. Abate uses the words of Steven Pressman and Robert Scott, academic journalists of Monmouth University, who state, “four million Americans would fall below the federal poverty line if the interest they pay on their credit cards and other consumer debt were subtracted from their incomes” (Pressman and Scott) proving that debt is something that can break someone in an instant putting one is a downward spiral into poverty depending on how severe the debt is. Households of four that are in debt owe an average of $25,600 with an annual interest of $2,250 per year (Pressman and Scott). As said in the previous paragraph, the average income of a family is said to be $51,000. $51,000 subtracted by $25,600 equals $25,400 for a family of four; not including expenditures of shelter, food, health care, and clothes, a family of that stature cannot survive without acquiring loans which pushes them further into debt resulting in the family plunging across the poverty line. Given the countless ways families can fall into poverty, taking on crushing debt loads, unable to maintain a stable well-paying job, or simply being born into poverty, surely something can be done to begin to ameliorate the problem. Many steps can be taken through a concerted effort to lessen the number of Americans who face poverty on a daily basis. The best possible way to reduce poverty in America is to create more jobs that pay well; by establishing new jobs more people will be able to find work with a higher annual salary allowing one to pay for the necessities of life. Rebecca Vallas and Melissa Boteach explain this best in their article, “The Top 10 Solutions to Cut Poverty and Grow the Middle Class,” who say, “to get back to prerecession employment levels, we must create 5.6 million new jobs…we will not get there until July 2018” (Vallas and Boteach). Although generating 5.6 million jobs may sound impossible, it can be done. To begin, the federal government needs to start investing in jobcreation procedures to start rebuilding America’s infrastructure. America’s federal government can develop renewable energy sources, renovate neighborhoods, make investment that will create jobs, revitalize neighborhoods, and boost America’s economy (Vallas and Boteach). By doing these projects, poverty can begin to diminish. The creation of jobs is the simplest yet most effective way to cut down on poverty and will allow America’s economy to move forward. The next step to solving the issues of poverty is to raise the nation’s minimum wage. The current federal minimum wage in America is $7.25 which is usually for unskilled labor such as fast food employees. Many Americans view the minimum wage for teenagers who have not had a major job yet; for example a job at McDonalds is designed for a teenager to work at while enrolled in school to get experience for what a real job might intend. In reality many Americans depend on the minimum wage to support oneself and his or her family making it very difficult to do so on today’s minimum wage. President Barack Obama called for the minimum wage to be lifted to $10.10 which would ultimately lift about four million Americans out of poverty (Vallas and Boteach). Raising the minimum wage in all states would give people in poverty a way to afford shelter, food and water, health care, and a chance to fight out of poverty; along with that, it would provide many more children with the necessary utilities to prosper in life such as education. Raising the federal minimum wage is another step to take in order to shrink the amount of poverty throughout America. Following job creation and increasing the federal minimum wage, the expansion of affordable, high-quality child care and early education is a must in America to help deplete poverty. Child care is a major expense and can lead a parent into poverty. Using the words of Vallas and Boteach to fully describe how steep prices of child care can, “…one year of child care for an infant costs more than one year of tuition at most states’ four-year public colleges” (Vallas and Boteach). Many parents cannot afford to take days off of work or do not have paid leave days which would allow one to watch the child, resulting in a parent paying for child care with money that is not existent. On average, Americans who pay for child care out of pocket can spend nearly one-third of their incomes, and child care assistance only helps about one to six children. By providing child care to more families in need, one can expect to save nearly 33 percent of his or her annual income; the income saved can be used to provide the proper essentials of living and push a family out of poverty. Early education is also a vital step towards the destruction of poverty; although the effects of early education for children may take years to actually change the poverty rate, it is something that can help. Providing children with a legitimate education can lead to a higher success rate in America’s near future. Preparing young children with an education that can serve as a tool to achieve higher literacy and schooling will grant a superior career leading to an above average annual currency rate. As previously stated, the effects of this step will take years to take action, but will have an enormous impact of the children’s lives and the lives of their family in the future. Along with the previous necessities to solve poverty in America, a safety net for Americans is also something that needs to be looked at. In the article, “Three Steps We Can Take to Solve Poverty, From Someone Who Knows Firsthand,” Tianna Gaines-Turner discuses the idea of a safety net for Americans perfectly. Gaines-Turner examines five ways to improve the overall safety net already in place; she explains that the federal government must, “invest in 21st century technology and customer service…fix the cliff effect…invest in educational opportunities through the safety net…promote savings so that families can build their own safety net…find solutions with a real task force” (Gaines-Turner). Many businesses do not have the modern day technology to properly run; investing in new technology will provide the security of documents. There have been many cases in which paper documents have been misplaced or lost, resulting in the loss of an employee’s paycheck. Next is the cliff effect; the cliff effect is when an employee receives a raise, but loses all benefits that he or she previously had. The cliff effect needs to be eliminated, as a family begins to earn more money and push themselves out of poverty, their benefits vanish making the family worse off. The cliff effect makes it nearly impossible for a family to find their way out of poverty which is why it needs to be fixed. Another important factor of solving poverty is the investment of educational opportunities through the safety net. A proper education is hard to find when one is surrounded by poverty causing him or her to have a “work first” mentality. When someone has a “work first” mentality, there is less room for education and the job that is being done is usually a low paying one. There are not enough opportunities in America to improve education making the chance of one getting a better job in the future very slim and unlikely. Investing in more educational opportunities will have positive effect and will help move people out of poverty (Gaines-Turner). Following the investment of education, the promotion of savings is ensuing step to solve poverty. People who face poverty become safe with what they do with their money and in a lot of cases are to scared to put their money into a bank. A program needs to be created in order to create economic mobility and everyone who receives public assistance should be encourages to save money (Gaines-Turner). If people in poverty began to save money through savings accounts that gave interest, it would create a private safety net for the one who put the money in the bank. These easy, but effective steps can be taken to help with the progress of diminishing poverty. All of the previous ways to solve poverty listed above include the help of the federal government, but have no interest in the help of the people who face poverty firsthand. No one knows the struggles of living in poverty like the ones who actually live in it, this is why it is important for the government to include these people. Gaines-Turner explains, “…the most important thing that Congress can do to create a system where people who are poor can work together to create their own solutions to poverty” (Gaines-Turner). Poverty is something that takes skill and strategy to defeat so why not take advice from the people who deal with it every day. Poverty stricken areas deal many obstacles and make the simplest task hard to accomplish, but with the wits and brilliance of those who face it every day know exactly what to do to survive. People in these conditions should be able to participate in official positions on community and state advisory boards to give their input on what must be done to lessen poverty as a whole. Finally, the federal government needs to help people affected by poverty through housing and nutrition assistance. With the assistance of nutrition, families would be able to save a little money a month to buy other necessary goods to survive. SNAP (The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) provides food-purchasing assistance for low or no income families living in the United States, but must be increase in order to allow families to save a little money at the end of the month (Gaines-Turner). Although SNAP provides assistance, it is not enough; families continue to purchase food in order to stay healthy and are not left with much money after. Nutrition assistance is very important, but so is housing assistance. Hundreds of families find themselves homeless and very stressed trying to look for some sort of shelter. Being homeless brings difficulties only a few would understand such as health problems, sufficient education for children, and malnutrition. Housing is a key to success, parents will have a better peace of mind allowing them to focus on work and providing for their family; children will also be more successful by having a place to sleep comfortably, keep a healthy lifestyle, and have a safe place to study and complete class work. Nutrition and housing are two key concepts to a successful life and if more poor families are provided with them, they will be able to save money and boost themselves out of poverty. Participation is the key. For any of the above ideas to work everyone needs to work together. From the top one percent of people to the bottom, if one decides to opt out it will not work. Solutions and steps to work out the problems are present, but without the help of everyone in America, poverty will continue to haunt them. Poverty is an increasing problem throughout America, but something can be done to stop it. Understanding the causes and effects poverty has on people is the simple part of the situation at hand, but knowing the causes and being able to come up with solutions to alleviate them is the actual task. The complications of poverty are very severe throughout the United States, but are not impossible to stop. The problems poverty causes be reversed by a concerted effort that would require providing living wages and family-oriented labor policies for the poor, as well as investing in a safety net that supports and promotes economic mobility, and finally, investing in community solutions administered by people who know poverty firsthand. This complex issue can be approached from many directions because it is such a widespread problem in American society, but only one thing is certain about the dilemma; poverty in the United States must be stopped! Works Cited Abate, Tom. "Debt Pushes Millions below Poverty Line." SFGate. N.p., 18 June 2009. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Debt-pushes-millions-below-poverty-line3227038.php Gaines-Turner, Tianna. "Three Steps We Can Take to Solve Poverty, From Someone Who Knows Firsthand | BillMoyers.com." BillMoyers.com. N.p., 11 July 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://billmoyers.com/2014/07/11/three-steps-we-can-take-to-solve-poverty-from-someone-whoknows-firsthand/ Galbraith, Robert. "U.S. Poverty Rises despite Economic Recovery." Reuters. Thomson Reuters, 17 Sept. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/17/us-usa-economypoverty-idUSBRE98G0PN20130917#lgwTXxaetwzazk0e.97 Glasmeier, Amy. "Poverty in America: One Nation, Pulling Apart -- Home." Poverty in America: One Nation, Pulling Apart -- Home. N.p., 16 Oct. 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://povertyinamerica.mit.edu Kneebone, Elizabeth. "The Growth and Spread of Concentrated Poverty, 2000 to 2008-2012." The Brookings Institution. N.p., 31 July 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/2014/concentrated-poverty#/M10420 Schaffer, Jennifer. "15 Facts That Will Change The Way You Think Of Poverty In America." BuzzFeed. N.p., 4 Nov. 2014. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://www.buzzfeed.com/jenniferschaffer/facts-thatwill-change-the-way-you-think-of-poverty-in-am#.umalVAA4xK Vallas, Rebecca, and Melissa Boteach. "The Top 10 Solutions to Cut Poverty and Grow the Middle Class." Name. N.p., 17 Sept. 2014. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2014/09/17/97287/the-top-10-solutions-tocut-poverty-and-grow-the-middle-class/
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Fallacies Presented in Chapter 12 of Sagan’s Book ‘The Demon Haunted World’
The writer in Chapter 12 of Sagan’s book has presented different ideas; some of which that can
most people deem as illusions and some of which their analysis poses as fallacies of the present
time. This analysis will present the fallacies that the writer has discussed in this chapter and
provide a highlight of the persuasiveness that the writer has shown on the need to know them. In
the first stages of the section, the writer uses an example of his deceased parents. In this case, the
writer tries to give an illusion that comes in a dream on how he wishes to have 5 to 10 minutes in
a year to communicate with his parents. This whole case is to focus on the common fallacy that
some...


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