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Read chapter and then write an assignment in 2 pages to tell what concepts you agree/disagree and tell the reason. Also show your experience in real life relating to the concept

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perception-making Fact or fiction? More Is More: When It Comes to Forming Perceptions, More Information Is Always Better important decision, person know Getting along in our social world depends on our ability to understand others and our ceptions of ourselves and others. Sometimes, however-like the couple at the UCLA that influence the way we communicate with them. We often hold well-informed per- basketball game-we may form perceptions on the basis of very limited information, selves. Our minds, senses, and experiences help us to form perceptions about people which may or may not be accurate. The more we learn about the process, the better we will be at understanding and communicating appropriately with the people around us. How We Perceive Others Many people would call the selection of a romantic partner one of the most conse- quential social decisions a person can make, since we could be selecting the you may think most of us would require lots of information to decide whether some- with whom we'll spend the rest of our lives. Because it's such an one would be a suitable match. Speed daters might disagree, however. In speed dating, groups of people get together so individuals can visit one another one-on-one for 3- to 8-minute "mini- dates" before moving on to the next person. Whenever two people both want to more about each other, they each receive the other's contact information and take it from there. Although these mini-dates may seem too short for participants serious mate choices , much research has shown that people are surprisingly accurate se evaluating others after very brief periods of time. In fact, our impressions and evalut ations of others can be more accurate if we have less-rather than more—information to go on, as the “Fact or Fiction?" box explains. • perception the process We form our impressions and evaluations of others by engaging in perception, Shaking meaning from ronment experience the process of making meaning from what we experience in the world around us. We notice physical experiences such as fatigue, body aches, and congestion-and ceive that we are ill. We notice environmental experiences-such as cold air, wind, and rain--and we perceive that a storm is underway. When we apply the same process to people and relationships, we engage in interpersonal perception, which helps us to make Speed dating relies on short meaning about people from our own and others' behaviors.? conversations with multiple As social beings, we are constantly engaged in interpersonal perception. We form partners Research shows impressions and evaluations of others-accurate or not-on the basis of the informa- that people are sometimes tion available to us. Although our perceptions may seem to take shape instantaneously, surprgy accurate at evaluating others after very we'll find in this section that they actually form in stages, though quickly. We'll also brief periods of time see that several factors can influence the accuracy of our perceptions, including cul- ture, stereotypes, primacy and recency effects, and perceptual sets. People sometimes criticize others for making snap judgments or arriving at their impressions on the otherwise, however. Participants described themselves basis of limited information. After listening to only one on personality inventories and then asked their close friends to describe them on the same inventories. As speech, for example, you decide to vote for a political you might expect, the friends reports matched the candidate without learning anything else about him or her. It's easy to see how such on-the-spot judgments participants' self-reports fairly well. The researchers can be misleading and how our perceptions might be next asked complete strangers to walk through the participants' residence hall rooms and then descube more accurate if we had additional information the participants personalities. That is, they filled out In many cases, it's true: when we form percep- descriptions of the participants without even meeting tions of others, our first impressions can be mislead- them, based only on the limited information they got ing Research shows, however, that in certain cases our from browsing around their rooms. snap judgments are surprisingly accurate. Perhaps even The strangers were more accurate than the close more surprising is that, although gathering additional friends in describing participants' personalities. That information about someone can make our perceptions result suggests that having more information about a more accurate, it can also make them less accurate. person--as you would if you had known that person You may think, for instance, that your long-time for years---does not necessarily make your perceptions friends would describe you more accurately than of him or her more accurate. More information is some- strangers would. An interesting experiment proved times better, but not always. per- ASK YOURSELF . Why are snap judgments sometimes accurate? What clues might we be subconsciously noticing that help us interpret a situation quickly yet accurately? . When have you made snap judgments that turned out to be inaccurate? What led you to form those perceptions? SOURCE: Gosling, S.D., Ko, S. J., Mannarell, T., & Morris, M. E. (2002). A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 379-398 PERCEPTION IS A PROCESS Our minds usually select, organize, and interpret information so quickly and so subconsciously that we think our perceptions are objective, factual reflections of the world. Suppose you had a con- flict with your roommate before leaving for school or work this morning, and throughout the day he failed to respond to your text messages reminding him to pick up dinner. You might perceive that your roommate is ignoring you because he is not replying to you. In fact, however, you have created the perception that he's ignoring you based on the information you selected for attention (he doesn't respond to your text messages), the way you organized that information (he is delib- erately being inconsiderate because he is angry about your conflict), and the you interpreted it (he's ignoring you).' That isn't the only perception you however. You might also perceive that he is having an extremely busy day or that he left his cell phone in his car. The percep- tion you form depends on which pieces of information you attend to and which ones you ignore. Selection, organization, and interpretation are the three basic stages of perception. Let's examine each in turn. way Selection Perception begins when one or more of your senses are stimulated. You enter a bagel store and hear a customer placing her order. You see a puppy chew- ing on an old tennis ball. You smell a coworker's cologne as he walks past. Those sensory experiences of hearing, seeing, and smelling can initiate your formation of perceptions. could create, 5 PARTI COMMUNICATION IN PRINCIPLE CHAPTER 3 Perceiving Ourselves and Others news puppy report Wchoctawad you once people in a row. form. A key Con me process of attention to a certain not pay three characteristics in particular make a given stimulus more for attention were It's impossible, though, to pay attention to everything you're seeing, hearing, smell In truth, your senses are constantly stimulated by events in your environment. play with his tennis ball, you're probably not listening carefully to the ing, tasting, and feeling at any given moment,' When you're watching the on the radio. Rather than paying attention to all the stimuli in your environment, you engage in selection, the process by which your mind and body help you isolate certain stimuli to pay attention to. For example, you notice that your partner didn't take out the garbage, but you overlook that he made dinner three nights we point is that we don't necessarily make conscious decisions about which stimuli to Clearly, the information we attend to influences the perceptions notice and which to ignore. How, then, does selection occur? Research indicates that · likely to be selected First, being unusual or unexpected makes a stimulus stand out. You might to take place in the library, it would grab your attention because it is unusual in that envi- attention to people talking loudly in a restaurant, but if the same loud conversation stand out. For example, you're more likely to remember commercials you've seen repeat- their physical appearance and behavior patterns. Third, the intensity of a stimulus affects about the people you see frequently than about individuals you don't see of strong odors than weak scents, and With so much sensory information available to you, how do you avoid becoming function of helping you focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others. It is the pri- mary reason why, when you're having a conversation with a friend in a crowded, noisy stimulus, makes it characteristics often, such as ronment. Second, repetition, or how frequently you're exposed to a • organization The process edly than ones you've seen only once. Similarly, you tend to notice more of categonting information that has been selected for attention how much you take notice of it. You are more aware * perceptual schema of bright and flashy colors than dull and muted hues.? A mental framework for organunginformation overwhelmed? A part of your brain called the reticular formation plays. Likewise, if you notice that he seems irritated or angry, those pieces of information go together as examples of his psychological state, Interpretation After noticing and classifying a stimulus, you have to assign it an interpretation to fig- ure out its meaning for you. Let's say one of your coworkers has been espe- cially friendly toward you since last week. She finds numerous occasions to run into you, brings you treats, and offers to run errands for you over her lunch break. Her behavior is definitely noticeable, and you've probably clas- sified it as a psychological construct because it relates to her thoughts and feelings about you. What is her behavior communicat- ing, though? How should you interpret it? Is she being nice because she's getting ready to ask you for a big favor? Does she want to look good in front of her manager? Or does she like you? If she likes you, does she like you as a friend, or is she making a romantic gesture? To address those questions, you likely will pay attention to three factors: your personal experience, your knowledge of this coworker, and the closeness of your relationship with her. First, your personal experience helps you to assign meaning to behavior. If some coworkers have been nice to you in the past just to get favors from you later, then you might be suspicious of this person's behavior.'? Second, your knowledge of the person helps you interpret her actions. If you know she's friendly and nice to everyone, you might interpret her behavior differently than if you notice she's being nice only to you. Finally, the closeness of your relationship influences how you interpret a person's behavior. When your best friend does you an unexpected favor, you probably interpret it as a sincere sign of friendship. In contrast, when a coworker does you a favor, you may be more likely to wonder whether the person has an ulterior motive." serves the important • interpretation The process of assigning meaning to information that has been selected for attention and organized many other Aloud conversation in a brary grab your attention because it is unusual in that environment coffee shop, you can focus on what your friend is saying and tune out the sights and sounds that are bombarding your senses at the time. stimulus, orga- perception process is organization, the classification of information in some way. larities to and differences from other things you know about. To classify a your mind applies a perceptual schema to it, which is a mental framework for According to communication researcher Peter Andersen, we use four types of 1. Physical constructs emphasize people's appearance, causing us to notice objective subjective nizing information into categories we call constructs. schema to classify information we notice about other people:? 10 characteristics such as height, age, ethnicity, and body shape, as well as characteristics such as physical attractiveness. 2. Role constructs emphasize people's social or professional position, so we notice that a person is a teacher, an accountant, a father, and so on. 3. Interaction constructs emphasize people's behavior, so we notice that a person is outgoing, aggressive, shy, or considerate. 4. Psychological constructs emphasize people's thoughts and feelings, causing us to notice that a person is angry, self-assured, insecure, or carefree. Whichever constructs we notice about people—and we may notice more than one at a time—the process of organization helps us determine the ways in which various pieces of information we select for attention are related to one another.'' If you notice that your neighbor is a Little League softball coach and the father of three children, for example, then those two pieces of information go together because they both relate to the roles he Our interpretations of another person's beha rely on personal expen knowledge, and the ness of our relationsh that individual CHAPTER 3 Perceiving Ourselves and Othe - PARTI COMMUNICATION IN PRINCIPLE interpret a commu- organizing and interpreting information - all overlap. How we can also depend on the way we interpret it. The Circular Nature of Perception Although perception occurs in nication behavior depends on what we notice about it, for example, but what we notice stages, the process is far from linear. Instead, the three stages of perception- selecting, Let's assume, for example, that you're listening to a speech by a political candi- and speaking style as examples of her intelligence and confidence. If you oppose her date. If you find her ideas and proposals favorable, you might interpret her demeanor ideas, however, you might believe her demeanor and speaking style reflect or incompetence. Either interpretation, in turn, might lead you to select for attention only those behaviors or characteristics that support your interpretation and to ignore those that don't. So, even though perception happens in stages, the stages don't always take place in the same order. We're constantly noticing, organizing, and interpreting As we consider next, perception, like other skills, takes practice. In addition, arrogance OUT things around us, including other people's behaviors. perceptions are more accurate on some occasions than others. WE COMMONLY MISPERCEIVE OTHERS' COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS behaviors, we are hardly experts at it. In fact, perceptual mistakes are easy to make. Although we constantly form perceptions of others and of their communication language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people such as Russians, South Africans, or Thais-from another. Co-cultures are smaller groups of people-such as single parents, bloggers, and history enthusiasts -- who share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interests or characteristics besides their national citizenship. Many characteristics of cultures can influence our per ceptions and interpretations of other people's behaviors.16 For instance, we saw in Chapter 2 that people from indi- vidualistic cultures frequently engage in more direct, overt forms of conflict communication than do people from collectivistic cultures. In a conflict, then, an individualist might perceive a collectivist's communication behaviors as conveying weakness, passivity, or a lack of interest. Like- wise, the collectivist may perceive the individualist's com- munication patterns as overly aggressive or self-centered. Those perceptions can arise even though each person is communicating in a way that is normal in his or her culture. Co-cultural differences can also influence perceptions of communication. Teenag- ers might perceive their parents' advice as outdated or irrelevant, whereas parents may perceive their teenagers' indifference to their advice as naive.'' Liberals and conserva- tives may each see the others' communication messages as rooted in ignorance.18 Stereotypes Influence Perceptions A stereotype is a generalization • stereotype A generalization about a group about a group or category of people that can have a powerful influence on how we per- or category of people that is ceive others and their communication behavior. Stereotyping is a three-part process: applied to individual members of that group First, we identify a group to which we believe another person belongs ("you are a gay man"). Second, we recall a generalization others often make about the people in that group ("gay men are emotionally sensitive”). Finally, we apply that generalization to the person (“therefore, you must be emotionally sensitive"). You can probably think of stereotypes for many groups." What stereotypes come What stereotypes come to mind for elderly people? How about people with physical or mental disabilities? to mind when you think of Wealthy people? Homeless people? Science fiction fans? Immigrants? Athletes? What people such as these? stereotypes come to mind when you think about yourself? The culture and co-cultures with which we identify often influence the accuracy of our perceptions are not arguing but engaging in behaviors that, in their culture, communicate interest and involvement. . The reason is that each of us has multiple lenses through which we perceive the world. and recency effects, and our perceptual sets. In each case, those lenses have the poten- Those lenses include our cultural and co-cultural backgrounds, stereotypes, primacy perceptions . tial to influence not only our own communication behaviors but also our of the communication of others. Cultures and Co-Cultures Influence Perceptions One power- ful influence on the accuracy of our perceptions is the culture and co-cultures with which we identify. Recall from Chapter 2 that culture is the learned, shared symbols, holin UJORK FOR Food Per tasteful or adaptability Spotting Stereotypes may be SHARPEN Your Skills: Cultural stereotypes Watch the movie Crash (2005), which highlights numerous cul- tural stereotypes. Identify how one character's stereotypical beliefs influenced his or her communica- tion with other characters. Write a blog or journal entry describing your findings. men, but groups, The Scene: Your job requires you to interact with customers around the country. Over e-mail , one customer is criticizing your service and making demands you deem unreasonable. The name on the e-mail message leads you to believe this customer is female and probably Caucasian. When you call the customer on the telephone, however, the voice leads you to believe it is an African American man Your Task: Consider how you might have spoken differently to a disgruntled, demanding customer who is male versus female. How might you have spoken differently to that customer if he or she were African American versus Caucasian? What strategies could you use in this situation to Be aware of stereotypes you hold about gender and communication? Identify stereotypes you hold about ethnicity and communication? • Understand how your stereotypes influence your own communication behavior? mation that doesn't 23 apologies and signs of remorse. ever , you also might be right . Not ever sin person is a good selectate of children, bu option bare Many people find stereotyping dis- unethical, particularly when stereotypes have to do with character- istics such as sex, race, and sexual ori underestimates the differences among entation." Unquestionably, because it lead to inaccurate, even offensive, per individuals in a group, stereotyping can ceptions of other people. It for instance, that gay men are more emo- tionally sensitive than straight that doesn't mean every gay man is emo- tionally sensitive. Similarly, people of Asian descent may often be more studi ous than those from other ethnic but not every Asian is a good student, and not all Asians do equally well in school.2 There is variation within almost every group, but stereotypes focus our attention bias--to remember information that supports our stereotypes while forgetting infor- only on the generalizations. In fact, we have a tendency to engage in selective memory During conflict communication, for instance, both women and men tend to remember only their partners stereotypical behaviors.24 Men may recall that women nagged and criticized them but might forget that they also listened care- fully. Likewise, women may recall that men tuned them out but might overlook their Although perceptions about an individual made on the basis of a stereotype are women love taking care of children. If you met a woman and assumed (on the basis of often inaccurate, they aren't necessarily so.'' For example, consider the stereotype that that stereotype) that she enjoyed taking care of children, you might be wrong-how- The point is that just because your perception of someone is consistent with a stereo- type, that perception isn't necessarily inaccurate. Just as we shouldn't assume that a Before assuming that your perceptions of others are correct, genuinely get to know those people, and let your perceptions be guided by what you learn about them as individuals. By communicating with them, you can begin to discover how well other people fit or don't fit the stereotypical perceptions you formed of them. Primacy and Recency Effects Influence Perceptions as the say- ing goes, you get only one chance to make a good first impression. There's no of advice on how to accomplish that, from picking the right clothes to polishing your conversational skills. Have you ever noticed that no one talks about the importance of making a good second impression? According to a principle called the primacy effect, first impressions are critical primacy effect The dency to emphasize the because they set the tone for all future interactions.." Our first impressions of some- t impression over later one's communication behaviors seem to stick in our mind more than our second, third, bressions when forming a or fourth impressions do. In an early study of the primacy effect, psychologist Solo- Deption mon Asch found that a person described as “intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious” was evaluated more favorably than one described as “envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious, and intelligent. Notice that most of those adjectives are negative, but when the description begins with a positive adjective (intelligent), the effects of the more negative ones that follow it are diminished. Asch's study illustrates that the first information we learn about someone tends to than information we receive have a stronger effect on how we perceive that person later.28 That finding explains why we work so hard to communicate competently during a job interview, on a date, or in other important situations. When people evaluate us 29 favorably at first, they're more likely to perceive us in a positive light from then on. 30 stereotypical judgment is accurate, we should not assume that it's inaccurate. . 31 As most entertainers know, it's equally important to make a good final impression, because that's what the audience will remember after leaving. Standup comedians will tell you that the two most important jokes in a show are the first and the last. • recency effect The tendency to emphasize the That advice follows a principle known as the recency effect, which says that the most most recent impression over recent impression we have of a person's communication is more powerful than our earlier impressions when earlier impressions. forming a perception Which is most important, the first or the most recent impression? The answer is that both appear to be more important than any impressions we form in between. perceptual set A person's predisposition to To grasp this key point, consider the last significant conversation you had with perceive only what he or she someone. You probably have a bet- wants or expects to perceve. ter recollection of how the conversa- tion started and ended than you do of what was communicated in between. Figure 3.1 illustrates the relationship between the primacy effect and the recency effect by showing how our first and most recent impressions of people overshadow our other percep- tions of them. shortage DOC 927 Perceptual Sets Influence Perceptions "I'll believe it when I see it," people often say. However, our perception of reality is influenced by more than what we see. Our biases, expectations, and desires can create what psychologists call a perceptual set, or a predisposition to perceive only what we want or expect to perceive. An equally valid motto might therefore be "I'll see it when I believe it." Many success understand the impression the audience is ju as the irsti CHAPTER 3 Perceiving Ourselves an FIGURE 3.1 PRIMACY EFFECT AND RECENCY EFFECT a a bigger, as blue or pink baby clothes, we sometimes have a hard time telling whether a ceive and interact with newborns. Without the help of a contextual cue such For example, our perceptual set regarding gender guides the ways we per- dressed infant is male or female. However, research shows that if we're told an infant's name is David, we perceive that child to be stronger and bigger than it the same infant is called, say, Diana, 3 Our perceptual set tells us that male infants are usually bigger and stronger than female ones, so we "see" communication behavior: We may also hold and talk to the "female baby in stronger baby when we learn it's a boy. Our perceptions can then affect our Our perceptual set also influences how we make sense of people, circum- miracles or answers to prayer, whereas others may describe them as natural stances, and events. Deeply religious individuals may talk about healings ers to perceive affectionate communication between men as sexual in nature, In summary, perception is a complex process, susceptible to many different biases and patterns. As we'll discover in the next section, we are mistakes not only when we form perceptions but also when we try to 100 90 80 softer, quieter ways than we do with the "male" baby. 70 likely than oth 60 of time or she's making you wait on purpose. An external attribution you might form about her is that the traffic is heavy that morning or an earlier meeting she is attend- ing has run long Stability A second dimension of attributions is whether the cause of a behavior is stable or unstable." A stable cause is one that is permanent, semipermanent, or at least not easily changed. Why was your boss late? Rush hour traffic would be a stable cause for lateness, because it's a permanent feature of almost everyone's morning commute. The attribution that she is rarely punctual would likewise be stable, because it identi- fies an enduring aspect of her behavior. In contrast, a traffic accident or an overly long morning meeting would be an unstable cause of your boss's lateness, because those events occur only from time to time and are largely unpredictable. Controllability Finally, causes for behavior vary in how controllable they are. You make a controllable attribution for someone's behavior when you believe the cause of the behavior was under that person's control. In contrast, an uncontrollable attribu- tion identifies a cause that was beyond the person's control. If you perceive that your boss is late for your appointment because she has spent too much time socializing with other coworkers beforehand, that is a controllable attribution because socializing is under her control. Alternatively, if you perceive she's late owing to a car accident on the way to work, that is an uncontrollable attribution because she couldn't help but be late if she wrecked her car. 50 responses to medication." Highly homophobic people are more 40 30 vulnerable to explain 41 w 20 10 what we perceive. First Second Third Fourth Fifth Most Recent Our first impressions and our most recent impressions are more important than those that come in between How We Explain Our Perceptions Moments into her speech accepting the 2009 MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video, country singer Taylor Swift-along with her audience- was stunned when rapper Kanye West suddenly appeared onstage, grabbed should have won the award instead. "Taylor, I'm really happy for you,” West said. "T'Il the microphone from her hands, and declared that a video from pop singer Beyoncé let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time. One of the best vid- leaving viewers to wonder why he had so rudely interrupted Swift's acceptance speech. When we perceive social behavior, especially behavior we find surprising, our i automatic reaction is to try to make sense of it." We need to understand what is happen- We can attribute a person's lateness to either internal or external causes. Was your boss late because she lost track of time or because she got caught in heavy traffic? nearly 38 • attribution An explanation for an observed behavior important ing to know how to react to it. Think about it, if you perceive that someone is commu. nicating out of anger or jealousy, you'llikely react to that behavior differently than if you perceive it is motivated by humor or sarcasm. The ability to explain social behavior--including our own behavioris therefore an aspect of how we perceive our social world. In this section, we'll see that we explain behaviors by forming attributions for them, and we'll discover how to avoid two of the most common errors people make when formulating attribu- tions for communication behavior. WE EXPLAIN BEHAVIOR THROUGH ATTRIBUTIONS An attribution is an explanation, the answer to a "why” question.?? You notice your brother ignoring his girlfriend, for instance, and you wonder what to attribute his behavior to. Although we can generate countless attri- butions for a given behavior, they vary along three important dimensions: locus, stability, and controllability. AVOIDING TWO COMMON ATTRIBUTION ERRORS Although most of us probably try to generate accurate attributions for other people's behaviors, we are still vulnerable to making attribution mistakes.42 Those errors can create communication problems because, as noted above, our responses to other peo- ple's behaviors are often based on the attributions we make for those behaviors. Let's say that Maggie and her stepson Craig argue one night about whether Craig can go on a school-sponsored overnight trip. After their argument, they both go to bed angry. When Maggie gets up the following morning, she finds that Craig hasn't done the dishes or taken out the trash, two chores he is respon- sible for doing every night before bed. It turns out that Craig was so upset by the argument that his chores slipped his mind. Maggie makes a different attribution, however: she perceives that Craig didn't do the chores because he was deliberately disobeying her. On the basis of her attribution, she tells Craig he's grounded for a week and is definitely not going on the trip. Her actions only prolong and intensify the con- flict between them. Had Maggie correctly attributed Craig's behavior to an honest oversight, she might have been able to overlook it instead of making it the basis for additional conflict. In other words, recogniz- ing a common attribution error ght have equipped Maggie to avoid a mistake that made a bad situation worse. We might think we always explain behavior objectively and rationally, but the truth is that we're all prone to taking mental shortcuts when generating attributions. As a result, our attributions are often less accurate than they should be. Two of the most common attribution errors—which we can better prepare ourselves to avoid by understanding them-are the self-serving bias and the fundamental attribution error. Self-Serving Bias The self-serving bias, which relates primarily to how we explain our own behaviors, refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to stable, internal causes while attributing our failures to unstable, external causes." For instance, your if you gave a great informative speech in class, you say it was great because you well prepared, but if your speech went poorly, you say the assignment was unfair or other students were distracting you. Such attributions are self-serving, because they suggest that our successes are deserved but our failures are not our fault. 38 . self-serving tendency to att successes to st causes and on unstable exter Locus Locus refers to where the cause of a behavior is “located," whether within or outside ourselves." Some of our behaviors have internal loci (the plural of locus); they're caused by a particular characteristic of ourselves. Other behaviors have external loci, meaning they're caused by something outside ourselves. If your boss is late for your 9 A.m. performance review, an internal attribution you might make about her is that she has lost track were CHAPTER 3 Perceiving Ourselves 64 • PART I COMMUNICATION IN PRINCIPLE
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Running head: FORMING PERCEPTIONS

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How We Perceive Others
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FORMING PERCEPTIONS

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The chapter on how we form our perceptions of others is an interesting one. It makes one
reflect deeply on John Locke’s, one of the most prolific thinkers of the 17th Century, the view
that sensory experience is the pen that writes on our blank human minds. Aquinas (2006) defines
perception as the process through which individuals seek to give meaning to their environment
through organizing and interpreting sensory impressions. A major concept in the chapter is how
we perceive others which explains the process through which we evaluate our impression of
others through the exciting example of speed dating. It makes the assertion that whereas most of
us would assume that in matters of the heart one would prefer to have more information about a
potential soul mate, speed dating proves that the less we know about them...


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