2nd Case Study assignment Pick a case or subject from the 2nd case study file in Blackboard. If you want to work on another topic email me so I can ok it. Steps in Ethical Case Analysis 1. Get the facts straight. Review the case. Briefly recap the details of the case at the beginning of your paper. 2. Identify the central stakeholders in the case. Identify 6 stakeholders then narrow your analysis down to 3. 3. Identify the technical/professional problem in the case. 4. Identify the Ethical problem or problems in the case. 5. Solve the technical and ethical problems using both technical and Ethical standards. Analyze the case from 3 perspectives, use 1 ethical principle for each perspective. In Addition you must now also apply 3 of “The 5 Rules” in your analysis. 1 rule should be applied for each of the 3 stakeholder perspectives you analyze. 6. Will your solution to the problem withstand criticism from the perspectives of both a variety of Ethical principles and Professionals in your field? 7. What recommendations can you make about the problems in the case based upon your ethical analysis? When you construct your analysis be sure and remember that we are assigning a 3-4 page analysis. With this length limitation it is important to realize that you will probably only be able to look at the problems in the case from three stakeholder perspectives. If you try to analyze every stakeholder perspective you will probably exceed the length limitation. Grading and Evaluation of Individual Papers 1. What are the objectives of the papers? A. i. To become sensitized to the ethical issues in Engineering and Information Technology. ii. Learn how to analyze a case. iii. Learn how to identify the major stakeholders in a case. iv. Learn how to identify the technical problems in a case. v. Learn how to identify the ethical problems in a case. vi. Learn how to apply ethical principles to a case. vii. Learn how to make recommendations in a case based upon ethical analysis. B. a. Critical thinking i. Did you identify and focus on the crucial material and facts in the case? ii. Did you support claims you make about the case with facts? iii. Did you think about the case from a variety of stakeholder perspectives? b. Ethical analysis i. Did you identify the central Ethical problem(s) ii. Did you conduct a well thought out ethical analysis by applying 3 ethical principles? iii. Did you justify ethical judgments with accurate facts and ethical principles? iv. Did you think about the case from a variety of ethical perspectives? v. Did you base your analysis upon ethical principles that cannot be easily criticized? How will your papers be assessed? Evaluations of Papers (Percentages) A. The Case Recap (.10) i. Do you highlight the key points in the case? a. Are the facts in the case accurate? b. Did you focus on the crucial aspects of the case? c. Did you avoid including non essential or superfluous information? B. Stakeholders (.10) i. Who are the primary and secondary stakeholders in the case? ii. Did you clearly identify from which stakeholder perspective you are analyzing the material in the case? a. From whose perspective are you analyzing the case? C. What is the central technical problem? (.15) i.. How is the central technical problem related to the ethical problems in the case? D. What is/are the ethical problem/problems? (.15) i. What ethical problems do you see in the case? ii. What is the central ethical problem? iii. Why is this the central ethical problem? E. What ethical principles apply to the central ethical problem? (.30) i. Do you correctly define the ethical principles you use? ii. Have you correctly applied the ethical principles you use? iii. Do the principles you use withstand obvious criticisms from other ethical perspectives? F. What are your recommendations? (.20) i. Are your recommendations based upon your ethical analysis? ii. Do your recommendations link to your ethical analysis? iii. Rather than stating the obvious ( e. g. this problem could have been easily solved if … ) what do you recommend for similar cases in the future? 2nd Case Study assignment Pick a case or subject from the 2nd case study file in Blackboard. If you want to work on another topic email me so I can ok it. Steps in Ethical Case Analysis 1. Get the facts straight. Review the case. Briefly recap the details of the case at the beginning of your paper. 2. Identify the central stakeholders in the case. Identify 6 stakeholders then narrow your analysis all 6 of them. 3. Identify the technical/professional problem in the case. 4. Identify the Ethical problem or problems in the case. 5. Solve the technical and ethical problems using both technical and Ethical standards. Analyze the case from 3 perspectives, use 1 ethical principle for each perspective. In Addition you must now also apply 3 of “The 5 Rules” in your analysis. 1 rule should be applied for each of the 3 stakeholder perspectives you analyze. 6. Will your solution to the problem withstand criticism from the perspectives of both a variety of Ethical principles and Professionals in your field? 7. What recommendations can you make about the problems in the case based upon your ethical analysis? When you construct your analysis be sure and remember that we are assigning a 8-12 page analysis. Grading and Evaluation of Individual Papers 1. What are the objectives of the papers? A. i. To become sensitized to the ethical issues in Engineering and Information Technology. ii. Learn how to analyze a case. iii. Learn how to identify the major stakeholders in a case. iv. Learn how to identify the technical problems in a case. v. Learn how to identify the ethical problems in a case. vi. Learn how to apply ethical principles to a case. vii. Learn how to make recommendations in a case based upon ethical analysis. B. a. Critical thinking i. Did you identify and focus on the crucial material and facts in the case? ii. Did you support claims you make about the case with facts? iii. Did you think about the case from a variety of stakeholder perspectives? b. Ethical analysis i. Did you identify the central Ethical problem(s) ii. Did you conduct a well thought out ethical analysis by applying 3 ethical principles? iii. Did you justify ethical judgments with accurate facts and ethical principles? iv. Did you think about the case from a variety of ethical perspectives? v. Did you base your analysis upon ethical principles that cannot be easily criticized? How will your papers be assessed? Evaluations of Papers (Percentages) A. The Case Recap (.10) i. Do you highlight the key points in the case? a. Are the facts in the case accurate? b. Did you focus on the crucial aspects of the case? c. Did you avoid including non essential or superfluous information? B. Stakeholders (.10) i. Who are the primary and secondary stakeholders in the case? ii. Did you clearly identify from which stakeholder perspective you are analyzing the material in the case? a. From whose perspective are you analyzing the case? C. What is the central technical problem? (.15) i.. How is the central technical problem related to the ethical problems in the case? D. What is/are the ethical problem/problems? (.15) i. What ethical problems do you see in the case? ii. What is the central ethical problem? iii. Why is this the central ethical problem? E. What ethical principles apply to the central ethical problem? (.30) i. Do you correctly define the ethical principles you use? ii. Have you correctly applied the ethical principles you use? iii. Do the principles you use withstand obvious criticisms from other ethical perspectives? F. What are your recommendations? (.20) i. Are your recommendations based upon your ethical analysis? ii. Do your recommendations link to your ethical analysis? iii. Rather than stating the obvious ( e. g. this problem could have been easily solved if … ) what do you recommend for similar cases in the future? Subject: Big Data Steps in Ethical Case Analysis 1. Get the facts straight. Review the case. Briefly recap the details of the case at the beginning of your paper. 2. Identify the central stakeholders in the case. Identify 6 stakeholders then narrow your analysis all 6 of them. 3. Identify the technical/professional problem in the case. 4. Identify the Ethical problem or problems in the case. 5. Solve the technical and ethical problems using both technical and Ethical standards. Analyze the case from 3 perspectives, use 1 ethical principle for each perspective. In Addition you must now also apply 3 of “The 5 Rules” in your analysis. 1 rule should be applied for each of the 3 stakeholder perspectives you analyze. 6. Will your solution to the problem withstand criticism from the perspectives of both a variety of Ethical principles and Professionals in your field? 7. What recommendations can you make about the problems in the case based upon your ethical analysis? When you construct your analysis be sure and remember that we are assigning a 8-12 page analysis. Grading and Evaluation of Individual Papers 1. What are the objectives of the papers? A. i. To become sensitized to the ethical issues in Engineering and Information Technology. ii. Learn how to analyze a case. iii. Learn how to identify the major stakeholders in a case. iv. Learn how to identify the technical problems in a case. v. Learn how to identify the ethical problems in a case. vi. Learn how to apply ethical principles to a case. vii. Learn how to make recommendations in a case based upon ethical analysis. B. a. Critical thinking i. Did you identify and focus on the crucial material and facts in the case? ii. Did you support claims you make about the case with facts? iii. Did you think about the case from a variety of stakeholder perspectives? b. Ethical analysis i. Did you identify the central Ethical problem(s) ii. Did you conduct a well thought out ethical analysis by applying 3 ethical principles? iii. Did you justify ethical judgments with accurate facts and ethical principles? iv. Did you think about the case from a variety of ethical perspectives? v. Did you base your analysis upon ethical principles that cannot be easily criticized? How will your papers be assessed? Evaluations of Papers (Percentages) A. The Case Recap (.10) i. Do you highlight the key points in the case? a. Are the facts in the case accurate? b. Did you focus on the crucial aspects of the case? c. Did you avoid including non essential or superfluous information? B. Stakeholders (.10) i. Who are the primary and secondary stakeholders in the case? ii. Did you clearly identify from which stakeholder perspective you are analyzing the material in the case? a. From whose perspective are you analyzing the case? C. What is the central technical problem? (.15) i.. How is the central technical problem related to the ethical problems in the case? D. What is/are the ethical problem/problems? (.15) i. What ethical problems do you see in the case? ii. What is the central ethical problem? iii. Why is this the central ethical problem? E. What ethical principles apply to the central ethical problem? (.30) i. Do you correctly define the ethical principles you use? ii. Have you correctly applied the ethical principles you use? iii. Do the principles you use withstand obvious criticisms from other ethical perspectives? F. What are your recommendations? (.20) i. Are your recommendations based upon your ethical analysis? ii. Do your recommendations link to your ethical analysis? iii. Rather than stating the obvious ( e. g. this problem could have been easily solved if … ) what do you recommend for similar cases in the future? Sougui Dokony Prof: Richard Wilson Class: COSC 418 07/14/2018 Big Data Big Data is a digital phenomenon that enables the collection and use of massive amounts of data derived from both man and machine. This data is characterized in terms of its volume, variety, velocity, veracity, variability, and its complexity. While big data allows firms to rapidly capture, analyze, and exploit information, it can also enable access to data that compromises and individual’s privacy. And this can happen either deliberately or inadvertently. Either way, Big Data fosters a discussion of ethical issues relative to the sharing and usage of data. Ethical debates are typically articulated within the context of ethical theories. These theories help to frame our understanding of moral issues. Their use affords insight into the context and the logic of the moral arguments being presented, thereby providing us with a rational mechanism by which to better evaluate whether an intended action or actual outcome is morally right or wrong. Three ethical theories are briefly reviewed in this paper: Kantianism, Utilitarianism, and Social Contract Theory. The stakeholders in this case would be campaign expert, Citizens, actuary, Companies, Government, and competitors. The three central stakeholders that I will further analyze will be Citizens, Government, and Companies. Technical issues are that large datasets are being mined for important predictions that often yield surprising insights. All kinds of human activities and decisions are beginning to be influenced by Big Data predictions, including dating, shopping, medicine, education, voting, law enforcement, terrorism prevention, and cybersecurity. Yet while this is occurring, individuals have little idea concerning what data is being collected, let alone shared with third parties. Big Data sets can reverse engineer past, present, and even future breaches of privacy, confidentiality, and identity. Big Data efforts find many of the most revealing personal data sets such as call history, location history, social network connections, search history, purchase history, and facial recognition and much of this information’s already in the hands of governments and corporations. Let’s look at Big Data ethical problem from the Government perspective using Social Contrast theory. The Government can argue that the creation of regulations and rules that rational people would agree to accept because they are to everyone's mutual benefit as long as everyone else follows the rules. In this theory people are seen as rationale beings who understand that in order to create and maintain a society, people must cooperate and agree to follow certain guidelines in order to gain the benefits of social living. To do this, that people must choose rationality over their natural selfish instincts. That is, they must be willing to submit to a government and its laws in order to live in a civil society, rather than live in a “natural’ state of anarchy and chaos. The social contract provides the justification for the establishment of moral rules to govern relationships among citizens as well as the mechanism capable of enforcing these rules. The government should be able to collect everyone information for their own good as long as it is a law and rational people would agree to accept. Let’s look at Businesses point of view using utilitarianism theory. Businesses can argue that consumers should follow a moral rule because its adoption would result in the greatest net increase in happiness. Because of Big Data, Companies can understand the entire customer journey, so they can maximize customer overall shopping experience. For example, data gleaned from Internet transactions allow companies to see which websites their clients visited prior to the transaction, as well as what links they clicked on immediately after the transaction. Companies can also argue that, Big Data can help them identify customer needs before they ask. For instance, if you are selling device “x” and you see from your data that every other person who has purchased device “x” eventually needed accessory “y” as well, you now know that the customer is most likely going to need accessory “y” in the near future. This insight will allow you to not only offer accessory “y” from the start, but also to better predict when and how much accessory “y” inventory you’re going to need. This is a great way to demonstrate superior customer service because from the client’s perspective, you care enough about that client to cater to their personal experience. Let’s look at Bid Data in citizens point of view using Kantianism theory. This theory will always respect the autonomy of other people, treating them as ends of themselves and never only as means to an end. Since data is routinely collected and analyzed to assess individuals without their consent, organizations employing Big Data are not respecting the autonomy of people and they are in fact using personal data as a means to an end to further the organization's self-interest. People typically do not optin to their data collection and exploitation, demonstrating their consent and hence shared responsibility. This means that by default, their privacy is compromised for the gain of another. One might ask whether everyone should assent to a rule that states that everyone's information can be shared with or without their permission, regardless whether it is accurate or inaccurate, complete or incomplete, current or dated, and this information can be used to influence and represent peoples' behavior and interests with or without their consent. This is probably unlikely, otherwise there would not be so many concerns expressed about Big Data and privacy rights and protection. Big Data is problematic for Kantian belief's because the actions associated with Big Data challenge the rights and fair treatment of the individual. Big data, as its proponents have been saying for nearly a decade now, can bring big benefits: advertisements focused on what you actually want to buy, smart cars that can help you avoid collisions or call for an ambulance if you happen to get in one anyway, wearable or implantable devices that can monitor your health and notify your doctor if something is going wrong. It can also lead to big privacy problems. By now it is glaringly obvious that when people generate thousands of data points every day — where they go, who they communicate with, what they read and write, what they buy, what they eat, what they watch, how much they exercise, how much they sleep and more — they are vulnerable to exposure in ways unimaginable a generation ago. Big Data is becoming a major force in our daily lives. It affects what we know about others, what they know about us, and oftentimes how we act because of what the information it shares with us. Not only do we contribute to it, but so do the devices that we use and those that surround us. By examining ethical theories, we can better recognize differing perspectives on Big Data-related moral situations, better understand the context and the logic of the arguments being presented, and in so doing better evaluate how the intended course of action is or should be justified. The collection and use of Big Data has little to recommend it from an ethical perspective. This overall conclusion does indeed cast a negative light on the use of Big Data, but it also opens the door to finding ways to mitigate any ethical shortcomings. Big Data analysis is here to stay, with results facilitating advances in medicine, sustainability, behavioral analysis, and globalization to name a few. Positive outcomes provide the balance point that supports the use of Big Data; employing ethical theories helps us to better understand and manage how it affects our lives. References https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5654190/ https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2016/09/23/another-side-of-big-data-big-data-for-socialgood/#2f103e453033