Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW Literature Review Samuel Speed, Jr. Saint Leo University 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Literature Review The typical roles of the police include maintaining public order, assisting and protecting the general public, detecting and preventing crime, as well as apprehending criminals. As they perform these duties, the police are expected to uphold high levels of morals standards. This seems not to be the case in the recent years since different forms of malpractices have tainted some police forces across the globe. According to Avalos (2016), one of the shortcomings of the police is the failure to carry out a thorough investigation. Avalos (2016) accuses the cops explicitly for not conducting the necessary probing into issues of sexual crimes. The researcher is concerned that the police do not show their expertise or do not rise to different occasions as required. Zinn (2017) agrees with Avalos' (2016) argument by stating that the police need to be taught about how they can effectively deal with criminal offenses. Corruption is another critical issue that the police forces are accused of (Hope, 2018; Rose-Ackerman & Palifka, 2006). Hope (2018) talks about the incidences of corruption and how they have created loopholes for the many security challenges in Kenya. It is sickening to have police corruption, and when it occurs, it is an indication of systematic failures when it comes to governance (Hope, 2018). The researcher argues that a country is insecure when the people who are expected to be enforcing the rule of law, adhering to integrity and ethical standards, as well as ensuring governance are themselves compromised (Hope, 2018). The investigation by RoseAckerman and Palifka (2016) also shows why corruption is one of the primary reasons for inefficiencies in many police forces. The investigators think that inadequate resources and poor payments are some of the factors that may be contributing to police engagement in corruption(Rose-Ackerman & Palifka, 2006). Both the researchers (Hope, 2018; Rose-Ackerman LITERATURE REVIEW 3 & Palifka, 2006) agree that there is a need to establish the causes and appreciate the consequences of police corruption for the menace to be addressed. The issues of child soldiers, racial profiling, and overall brutality have also been mentioned as weaknesses in the police forces that need to be addressed (Crenshaw & Ritchie, 2015; Nadal et al., 2017; Sommerfelt & Taylor, 2015; Worden, 2015). Police are required to treat all people with dignity as they perform their duty. However, this has not been the case in some incidences where police profiled culprits racially and treating them inhumanly (Nadal et al., 2017). Such incidences of racial profiling by the police have been shown to cause psychological problems to the victims. Although Worden (2015) does not directly associate police brutality with racial profiling, he acknowledges that the problem exists. He believes that there are more than one causes of police callousness of which racial profiling can be one. Recruiting young children into police service is unacceptable according to international standards and human rights requirements. However, as the research by Sommerfelt and Taylor (2015) shows, many countries such as Syria have been engaging kids to serve in the police force. Several investigators (Crenshaw & Ritchie, 2015; Strathdee et al., 205; Smuts, 2014) admit that there are weaknesses in the police force across the world that need to be addressed. For instance, Crenshaw and Ritchie (2015) approve that police brutality has been on the increase and needs to be checked. According to Smuts (2014), the police force needs to have a paradigm shift in the models used in combating organized violence. Strathdee et al. (2015) suggest that the police also are at risk of getting injured while on duty. Therefore, they should be equipped with diverse skills in occupational safety. It is arguably true that dealing with all these issues will increase the efficiency of the police force in performing their demanding duties. LITERATURE REVIEW 4 References Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J. Gender & L., 23, 1. Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women. New York: African American Policy Forum. Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African Security, 11(1), 84-108. Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., &Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830. Rose-Ackerman, S., &Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge university press. Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the Elizabethan Monarchical Republic. History, 99(336), 418-443. Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting children to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center. Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E. P., ... &Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational safety and HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design with parallel prospective cohorts to assess behavioral outcomes. BMJ Open, 5(8), e008958. LITERATURE REVIEW Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice, 149-204. Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in South Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 12-26. 5 Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Samuel Speed, Jr. Saint Leo University 1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Annotated Bibliography Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J. Gender & L., 23, 1. This article explores the consequences resulting from police failure to properly investigate sex crimes. The article utilizes data from police records and criminal case investigations. The research aims at establishing how police ignorance and poor investigation of sex crimes result in prosecution of non-offenders while the offenders go scot-free (Avalos, 2016). The article is relevant for the research proposal because it addresses one of the key things that the police have ignored in addressing one of the key areas where the sober intervention of the police is required. As Avalos (2016), asserts, police failure to carry out comprehensive investigations leave sexual offenders to continue perpetrating the vice. The limitation of the study is that it utilizes data from secondary sources some of which may have biases. Authors recommend carrying out of other more extensive research regarding police and control of sex crimes. The article is useful as it will be a basis on which some of my sub-topics of study will be based and coincides with findings from other researches carried out earlier. Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African Security, 11(1), 84-108. This article addresses one of the key aspects that hinder the police from carrying out their duties effectively. Hope (2018), explores the role played by corruption in creating gaps in the police departments especially in Kenya. Corruption is one of the key hinderances to security in any given country. The research captures an African country whose security system is characterized ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 by gaps in the police force. The study is relevant for use in my research because it will enlarge my view on the role of the police and issues that they need to address. It will also play a role in being a basis for future research. This is especially considering the findings that show that corruption plays a role in weakening the police force and compromises their productivity. Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., & Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830. The research article seeks to establish the reality and outcomes of racial profiling amongst the police. As Nadal et al. (2017), explain most people who racially treated or brutally handled by the police end up suffering psychological problems. The shortcoming of the research is that it uses qualitative methods involving collection of data from some police and the public. The data is unreliable because people can provide wrong information especially where it touches on them. The research study can be useful for my project because racial profiling is one of the issues I seek to address in my proposal. It will therefore act as a basis for future studies as it recommends that police refrain from the use of excess force and exercising brutality on racial backgrounds. Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting children to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center. This study addresses one of the major issues that readily need to be addressed. Sommerfelt and Taylor (2015), explain that the police in some countries like Syria recruit children into war. The study uses secondary data to establish the level at which young children have been recruited in the police and war in general. It is relevant for my research because it touches on one of the issues that the police should be addressing rather than perpetrating. The police should be at the ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 forefront of child protection and not involving them in war. The research study is carried out using secondary data which makes it easy to contain biases. This study is useful as it condemns child recruitment in the police or in war and as such can be used as a basis for future research. Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E. P., ... & Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational safety and HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design with parallel prospective cohorts to assess behavioural outcomes. BMJ open, 5(8), e008958. The study acts as a blueprint for police education regarding the integration of occupational safety and HIV prevention in their practice. It is especially useful in that police are among the most vulnerable groups who can easily acquire HIV and AIDS (Strathdee et al., 2015). This is another issue that needs to be effectively addressed by police departments worldwide and thus it is relevant to my research study. It is also useful in providing a basis for future research. The article uses secondary data which cannot be quantified empirically. This is the main weakness of this research study. It can however be used as a basis for future studies seeking to establish police and control of HIV and other STIs. Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice, 149-204. This study explores the causes of police brutality. Worden (2015), seeks both evidence and theories that surround police brutality and how it shapes criminal justice. This is especially important in my study because most of the study revolves around the different ways through ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 which changes can be made in the police department. It is useful as a basis for future research works. Since it utilizes mixed methods, its reliability may not be much in question but still cannot be fully relied upon. The study recommends that police minimize brutal acts against given groups. Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women. New York: African American Policy Forum. The article records ways in which police brutality can be controlled. This is especially an important article for my study because it touches on both racial profiling and brutal acts by the police. It is therefore important that the public gang up to inform the police on the negative impacts of racism and other practices like brutality towards black women. Case studies, secondary sources and evidence-based reports have been used in the making of this article. However, it is limited because it focuses only on black women and not other groups. It is useful for shaping the police force in the right direction in the future and aversion of racial profiling and brutality. Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge university press. In their study, Rose-Ackerman & Palifka (2016), seek to establish the causes and consequences of corruption in the government can be addressed. Police departments in most parts of the globe are believed to be characterized by this vice and thus needs to be addressed. Rose-Ackerman and Palifka (2016), explain that corruption in the police departments may be caused by poor payments and inadequacy of resources. The consequences include deprivation of some people of their rights and insecurity. The article is relevant for my study because it addresses one of the ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 issues that cause discomposure in any country. This research study mostly relies on secondary sources like journals and criminal justice records which compromise its reliability (RoseAckerman & Palifka, 2016). It is useful as it uncovers the consequences of corruption some of which are lethal hence educating the society and acting as a basis for future research activities. Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the E lizabethan M onarchical R epublic. History, 99(336), 418-443. This article addresses how organized crime caused havoc in the ancient days. It provides the police with insights which they can use to make reforms for the better good (Smuts, 2014). The historical tool contains recorded information from ancient sources and provides ways through which the police can play a role in ensuring criminal activities are contained. It is relevant for my research study because it looks into ways through which policing can be reformed and made better. Its shortcoming is that it utilizes historical data which cannot be fully relied on as some information may be concealed or exaggerated. It recommends proper and p[rior interventions in the control of violent activities. Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in South Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 12-26. The article explores some case studies from secondary sources on different ways through which the police can effectively carry out their duties against criminal offenses. The different case studies play a role as eye-openers and guide people on how to report such like cases to the police and the relevant authorities. It is directly related to my research study because it seeks to check ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY how reforms in the police departments can be effected for the better good of the people. It also acts as a basis for future research on how the police can use different approaches to control crimes like robberies and home invasions. It recommends vigilance in the control of such activities in the society on the side of the police. 7 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 8 References Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J. Gender & L., 23, 1. Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women. New York: African American Policy Forum. Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African Security, 11(1), 84-108. Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., & Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830. Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting children to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center. Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E. P., ... & Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational safety and HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design with parallel prospective cohorts to assess behavioural outcomes. BMJ open, 5(8), e008958. Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice, 149-204. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge university press. Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the E lizabethan M onarchical R epublic. History, 99(336), 418-443. Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in South Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 12-26. Running head: RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT Research Identification Samuel Speed, Jr. Saint Leo University June 8, 2018 1 RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT 2 The Courtelaney Pass seems to be going through some challenges that need to be addressed with urgency. After reviewing the situational report, I feel that attacking the issues from the position of a police administrator. Would be more beneficial. This is because I would be able to address more of the problems then. Most of the issues that identified revolve around how the police are carrying out their duties. I, therefore, find being a police administrator to be the best approach since most of the issues will be streamlined. Matters identified: Racial Profiling This is one of the main problems that is taking place in Countelaney Pass. The black community has been protesting against police brutality to them and the use of excessive force. Kayla's father also comments that the police officers will not help them because of their race. One of the roles of the police offices is to supervise and manage the police agencies. A police investigator should, therefore, be able to stop this from happening. The police officer has to follow protocol and only use excessive force where necessary (Withrow, 2006). Children Disappearances Children have been disappearing, and later they are found dead. If the police are doing their jobs well, this could have stopped by now. The serial killers are getting away with it, and nothing is being done. In seven years, there have been seven pre-teen deaths that have not been adequately solved. Measures need to be put in place to stop this (Paoline III, 2004). For instance, there could be patrol cars which are strategically placed this could help in minimizing the disappearances. Lack of following the protocol RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT 3 The police officers seem not to be following the protocol and the procedures that have been put in place for them. For instance, when Kayla makes a call to the police station about her missing daughter nothing is done. The request is not even recorded. Had the call been recorded it would have been easier to do some follow up and bearing to the fact that there had also been other disappearances the request ought to have been taken seriously. A police administrator should be able to make sure that all the protocols have been followed (Cordner, 2016). Interrogations When the police took over Kayla's case, they should have carried the necessary investigations which would have helped in getting closer to finding the killer or finding out the truth behind what happened, but they failed to do so. Interviewing all the parties involved in Kayla’s disappearance would help in getting more information. Also reopening the old unsolved cases to find out any similarities would help in solving the pending cases. Home Invasion There seems to quite a lot of this cases happening. Kayla's home was invaded, and that is how she was taken. The Hispanic residents have so invaded after their payday, and their money is taken away, and since some of them are undocumented, they cannot report the issue. The police administrator should put measures in place to confirm that there is proper security in the municipality and that people feel safe at home. Cleaning out the Department Some of the officers in the force seems to be corrupt and not operating ethically. For instance, Officer Sid confessed to knowing what had happened to Kayla. Where apparently, she RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT 4 had been assaulted by another officer. A police administrator would ensure that all the team members are behaving ethically. Conclusion The police agency had a more significant role to play in the municipality, and it is the job of a police administrator to make sure that everyone is streamlined. All the police officers have to follow the rules and the procedures that have been stipulated. This helps the community to feel more secure and protected.
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