Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Samuel Speed, Jr.
Saint Leo University
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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Literature Review
The typical roles of the police include maintaining public order, assisting and protecting
the general public, detecting and preventing crime, as well as apprehending criminals. As they
perform these duties, the police are expected to uphold high levels of morals standards. This
seems not to be the case in the recent years since different forms of malpractices have tainted
some police forces across the globe. According to Avalos (2016), one of the shortcomings of the
police is the failure to carry out a thorough investigation. Avalos (2016) accuses the cops
explicitly for not conducting the necessary probing into issues of sexual crimes. The researcher is
concerned that the police do not show their expertise or do not rise to different occasions as
required. Zinn (2017) agrees with Avalos' (2016) argument by stating that the police need to be
taught about how they can effectively deal with criminal offenses.
Corruption is another critical issue that the police forces are accused of (Hope, 2018;
Rose-Ackerman & Palifka, 2006). Hope (2018) talks about the incidences of corruption and how
they have created loopholes for the many security challenges in Kenya. It is sickening to have
police corruption, and when it occurs, it is an indication of systematic failures when it comes to
governance (Hope, 2018). The researcher argues that a country is insecure when the people who
are expected to be enforcing the rule of law, adhering to integrity and ethical standards, as well
as ensuring governance are themselves compromised (Hope, 2018). The investigation by RoseAckerman and Palifka (2016) also shows why corruption is one of the primary reasons for
inefficiencies in many police forces. The investigators think that inadequate resources and poor
payments are some of the factors that may be contributing to police engagement in
corruption(Rose-Ackerman & Palifka, 2006). Both the researchers (Hope, 2018; Rose-Ackerman
LITERATURE REVIEW
3
& Palifka, 2006) agree that there is a need to establish the causes and appreciate the
consequences of police corruption for the menace to be addressed.
The issues of child soldiers, racial profiling, and overall brutality have also been
mentioned as weaknesses in the police forces that need to be addressed (Crenshaw & Ritchie,
2015; Nadal et al., 2017; Sommerfelt & Taylor, 2015; Worden, 2015). Police are required to treat
all people with dignity as they perform their duty. However, this has not been the case in some
incidences where police profiled culprits racially and treating them inhumanly (Nadal et al.,
2017). Such incidences of racial profiling by the police have been shown to cause psychological
problems to the victims. Although Worden (2015) does not directly associate police brutality
with racial profiling, he acknowledges that the problem exists. He believes that there are more
than one causes of police callousness of which racial profiling can be one. Recruiting young
children into police service is unacceptable according to international standards and human rights
requirements. However, as the research by Sommerfelt and Taylor (2015) shows, many countries
such as Syria have been engaging kids to serve in the police force.
Several investigators (Crenshaw & Ritchie, 2015; Strathdee et al., 205; Smuts, 2014)
admit that there are weaknesses in the police force across the world that need to be addressed.
For instance, Crenshaw and Ritchie (2015) approve that police brutality has been on the increase
and needs to be checked. According to Smuts (2014), the police force needs to have a paradigm
shift in the models used in combating organized violence. Strathdee et al. (2015) suggest that the
police also are at risk of getting injured while on duty. Therefore, they should be equipped with
diverse skills in occupational safety. It is arguably true that dealing with all these issues will
increase the efficiency of the police force in performing their demanding duties.
LITERATURE REVIEW
4
References
Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of
Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J. Gender
& L., 23, 1.
Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black
Women. New York: African American Policy Forum.
Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African
Security, 11(1), 84-108.
Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., &Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of
police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological
study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830.
Rose-Ackerman, S., &Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences,
and reform. Cambridge university press.
Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the Elizabethan Monarchical Republic.
History, 99(336), 418-443.
Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting children
to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center.
Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E. P., ...
&Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational safety and
HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design with parallel
prospective cohorts to assess behavioral outcomes. BMJ Open, 5(8), e008958.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of
force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice,
149-204.
Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of
incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in South
Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 12-26.
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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Samuel Speed, Jr.
Saint Leo University
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Annotated Bibliography
Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of
Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J.
Gender & L., 23, 1.
This article explores the consequences resulting from police failure to properly investigate sex
crimes. The article utilizes data from police records and criminal case investigations. The
research aims at establishing how police ignorance and poor investigation of sex crimes result in
prosecution of non-offenders while the offenders go scot-free (Avalos, 2016). The article is
relevant for the research proposal because it addresses one of the key things that the police have
ignored in addressing one of the key areas where the sober intervention of the police is required.
As Avalos (2016), asserts, police failure to carry out comprehensive investigations leave sexual
offenders to continue perpetrating the vice. The limitation of the study is that it utilizes data from
secondary sources some of which may have biases. Authors recommend carrying out of other
more extensive research regarding police and control of sex crimes. The article is useful as it will
be a basis on which some of my sub-topics of study will be based and coincides with findings
from other researches carried out earlier.
Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African
Security, 11(1), 84-108.
This article addresses one of the key aspects that hinder the police from carrying out their duties
effectively. Hope (2018), explores the role played by corruption in creating gaps in the police
departments especially in Kenya. Corruption is one of the key hinderances to security in any
given country. The research captures an African country whose security system is characterized
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
by gaps in the police force. The study is relevant for use in my research because it will enlarge
my view on the role of the police and issues that they need to address. It will also play a role in
being a basis for future research. This is especially considering the findings that show that
corruption plays a role in weakening the police force and compromises their productivity.
Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., & Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of
police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological
study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830.
The research article seeks to establish the reality and outcomes of racial profiling amongst the
police. As Nadal et al. (2017), explain most people who racially treated or brutally handled by
the police end up suffering psychological problems. The shortcoming of the research is that it
uses qualitative methods involving collection of data from some police and the public. The data
is unreliable because people can provide wrong information especially where it touches on them.
The research study can be useful for my project because racial profiling is one of the issues I
seek to address in my proposal. It will therefore act as a basis for future studies as it recommends
that police refrain from the use of excess force and exercising brutality on racial backgrounds.
Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting
children to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center.
This study addresses one of the major issues that readily need to be addressed. Sommerfelt and
Taylor (2015), explain that the police in some countries like Syria recruit children into war. The
study uses secondary data to establish the level at which young children have been recruited in
the police and war in general. It is relevant for my research because it touches on one of the
issues that the police should be addressing rather than perpetrating. The police should be at the
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
4
forefront of child protection and not involving them in war. The research study is carried out
using secondary data which makes it easy to contain biases. This study is useful as it condemns
child recruitment in the police or in war and as such can be used as a basis for future research.
Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E.
P., ... & Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational
safety and HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design
with parallel prospective cohorts to assess behavioural outcomes. BMJ open, 5(8),
e008958.
The study acts as a blueprint for police education regarding the integration of occupational safety
and HIV prevention in their practice. It is especially useful in that police are among the most
vulnerable groups who can easily acquire HIV and AIDS (Strathdee et al., 2015). This is another
issue that needs to be effectively addressed by police departments worldwide and thus it is
relevant to my research study. It is also useful in providing a basis for future research. The article
uses secondary data which cannot be quantified empirically. This is the main weakness of this
research study. It can however be used as a basis for future studies seeking to establish police
and control of HIV and other STIs.
Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of
force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice,
149-204.
This study explores the causes of police brutality. Worden (2015), seeks both evidence and
theories that surround police brutality and how it shapes criminal justice. This is especially
important in my study because most of the study revolves around the different ways through
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
which changes can be made in the police department. It is useful as a basis for future research
works. Since it utilizes mixed methods, its reliability may not be much in question but still
cannot be fully relied upon. The study recommends that police minimize brutal acts against
given groups.
Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against
Black Women. New York: African American Policy Forum.
The article records ways in which police brutality can be controlled. This is especially an
important article for my study because it touches on both racial profiling and brutal acts by the
police. It is therefore important that the public gang up to inform the police on the negative
impacts of racism and other practices like brutality towards black women. Case studies,
secondary sources and evidence-based reports have been used in the making of this article.
However, it is limited because it focuses only on black women and not other groups. It is useful
for shaping the police force in the right direction in the future and aversion of racial profiling and
brutality.
Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes,
consequences, and reform. Cambridge university press.
In their study, Rose-Ackerman & Palifka (2016), seek to establish the causes and consequences
of corruption in the government can be addressed. Police departments in most parts of the globe
are believed to be characterized by this vice and thus needs to be addressed. Rose-Ackerman and
Palifka (2016), explain that corruption in the police departments may be caused by poor
payments and inadequacy of resources. The consequences include deprivation of some people of
their rights and insecurity. The article is relevant for my study because it addresses one of the
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
6
issues that cause discomposure in any country. This research study mostly relies on secondary
sources like journals and criminal justice records which compromise its reliability (RoseAckerman & Palifka, 2016). It is useful as it uncovers the consequences of corruption some of
which are lethal hence educating the society and acting as a basis for future research activities.
Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the E lizabethan M onarchical R
epublic. History, 99(336), 418-443.
This article addresses how organized crime caused havoc in the ancient days. It provides the
police with insights which they can use to make reforms for the better good (Smuts, 2014). The
historical tool contains recorded information from ancient sources and provides ways through
which the police can play a role in ensuring criminal activities are contained. It is relevant for my
research study because it looks into ways through which policing can be reformed and made
better. Its shortcoming is that it utilizes historical data which cannot be fully relied on as some
information may be concealed or exaggerated. It recommends proper and p[rior interventions in
the control of violent activities.
Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of
incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in
South Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2),
12-26.
The article explores some case studies from secondary sources on different ways through which
the police can effectively carry out their duties against criminal offenses. The different case
studies play a role as eye-openers and guide people on how to report such like cases to the police
and the relevant authorities. It is directly related to my research study because it seeks to check
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
how reforms in the police departments can be effected for the better good of the people. It also
acts as a basis for future research on how the police can use different approaches to control
crimes like robberies and home invasions. It recommends vigilance in the control of such
activities in the society on the side of the police.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
8
References
Avalos, L. (2016). Prosecuting Rape Victims While Rapists Run Free: The Consequence of
Police Failure to Investigate Sex Crimes in Britain and the United States. Mich. J. Gender
& L., 23, 1.
Crenshaw, K., & Ritchie, A. J. (2015). Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black
Women. New York: African American Policy Forum.
Hope, K. R. (2018). Police corruption and the security challenge in Kenya. African
Security, 11(1), 84-108.
Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Allicock, N., Serpe, C. R., & Erazo, T. (2017). Perceptions of
police, racial profiling, and psychological outcomes: A mixed methodological
study. Journal of Social Issues, 73(4), 808-830.
Sommerfelt, T., & Taylor, M. B. (2015). The big dilemma of small soldiers: recruiting children
to the war in Syria. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center.
Strathdee, S. A., Arredondo, J., Rocha, T., Abramovitz, D., Rolon, M. L., Mandujano, E. P., ... &
Beletsky, L. (2015). A police education programme to integrate occupational safety and
HIV prevention: protocol for a modified stepped-wedge study design with parallel
prospective cohorts to assess behavioural outcomes. BMJ open, 5(8), e008958.
Worden, R. E. (2015). The causes of police brutality: Theory and evidence on police use of
force. Criminal justice theory: Explaining the nature and behavior of criminal justice,
149-204.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
9
Rose-Ackerman, S., & Palifka, B. J. (2016). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences,
and reform. Cambridge university press.
Smuts, M. (2014). Organized Violence in the E lizabethan M onarchical R
epublic. History, 99(336), 418-443.
Zinn, R. (2017). The policing of robbery with aggravating circumstances: case studies of
incarcerated offenders of home invasions, carjackings and cash-in-transit heists in South
Africa. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 30(2), 12-26.
Running head: RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT
Research Identification
Samuel Speed, Jr.
Saint Leo University
June 8, 2018
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RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT
2
The Courtelaney Pass seems to be going through some challenges that need to be addressed
with urgency. After reviewing the situational report, I feel that attacking the issues from the
position of a police administrator. Would be more beneficial. This is because I would be able to
address more of the problems then. Most of the issues that identified revolve around how the police
are carrying out their duties. I, therefore, find being a police administrator to be the best approach
since most of the issues will be streamlined. Matters identified:
Racial Profiling
This is one of the main problems that is taking place in Countelaney Pass. The black
community has been protesting against police brutality to them and the use of excessive force.
Kayla's father also comments that the police officers will not help them because of their race. One
of the roles of the police offices is to supervise and manage the police agencies. A police
investigator should, therefore, be able to stop this from happening. The police officer has to follow
protocol and only use excessive force where necessary (Withrow, 2006).
Children Disappearances
Children have been disappearing, and later they are found dead. If the police are doing
their jobs well, this could have stopped by now. The serial killers are getting away with it, and
nothing is being done. In seven years, there have been seven pre-teen deaths that have not been
adequately solved. Measures need to be put in place to stop this (Paoline III, 2004). For instance,
there could be patrol cars which are strategically placed this could help in minimizing the
disappearances.
Lack of following the protocol
RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT
3
The police officers seem not to be following the protocol and the procedures that have been
put in place for them. For instance, when Kayla makes a call to the police station about her missing
daughter nothing is done. The request is not even recorded. Had the call been recorded it would
have been easier to do some follow up and bearing to the fact that there had also been other
disappearances the request ought to have been taken seriously. A police administrator should be
able to make sure that all the protocols have been followed (Cordner, 2016).
Interrogations
When the police took over Kayla's case, they should have carried the necessary
investigations which would have helped in getting closer to finding the killer or finding out the
truth behind what happened, but they failed to do so. Interviewing all the parties involved in
Kayla’s disappearance would help in getting more information. Also reopening the old unsolved
cases to find out any similarities would help in solving the pending cases.
Home Invasion
There seems to quite a lot of this cases happening. Kayla's home was invaded, and that is
how she was taken. The Hispanic residents have so invaded after their payday, and their money
is taken away, and since some of them are undocumented, they cannot report the issue. The police
administrator should put measures in place to confirm that there is proper security in the
municipality and that people feel safe at home.
Cleaning out the Department
Some of the officers in the force seems to be corrupt and not operating ethically. For
instance, Officer Sid confessed to knowing what had happened to Kayla. Where apparently, she
RESEARCH IDENTIFICATION ASSIGNMENT
4
had been assaulted by another officer. A police administrator would ensure that all the team
members are behaving ethically.
Conclusion
The police agency had a more significant role to play in the municipality, and it is the job
of a police administrator to make sure that everyone is streamlined. All the police officers have to
follow the rules and the procedures that have been stipulated. This helps the community to feel
more secure and protected.
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