Lab Report Guidelines
You should consider the last section of each lab experiment as well as 1.5 Report Preparation part when
writing a lab report.
The Materials and Methods and results section should be written in the past tense, since your
experiments are completed at the time you are writing your paper.
Your lab report should include the following sections:
Cover Page (0.5 pt)
Include the title of the experiment, name, group number, and the date on which the experiment
was performed
Introduction(1 pt)
Purpose of experiment
Background Information
Materials and Methods(2 pt)
Equipment Used
Schematic diagram of main equipment used (if required )
Test procedure generally contains information on the physical nature of the experiment, such as
the type of instrumentation used, the variables controlled and those that are not controlled, and
any unusual conditions. Here is an example of a section of that type.
The experiment was carried out with a Nicolet Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.
The resolution of the spectrometer was set at 1 cm-1 for all spectra. The experiment involved the
accumulation of a background spectrum which were subtracted from the spectrum of the sample
to provide the response of the sample. The detector was a nitrogen-cooled cadmium-telluride
detector. Each experiment resulted from the average 64 transient responses coadded, with the
background spectrum being the accumulation of 64 spectra without the sample present. The
data were analyzed by Fourier transformation using the software of the instrument. The data
were saved to disk, and were subsequently analyzed with a spreadsheet program, in this case,
Microsoft EXCEL. Theoretical values of the parameters were predicted by computation with the
program GAUSSIAN.
The section need not be long, but it should include everything about the experimental setup that
the author thinks is important.
retrieved from"https://www1.udel.edu/pchem/C446/example.pdf"
Results(4 pt)
Present your data using text AND figures/tables.
Describes your major findings in the data presented in the figures and tables.
Don’t interpret the data. It could be done in the Discussion section of the lab report.
All figures and tables are properly formatted with numbers, titles and legends that are easy to the
reader to follow.
DO NOT ATTACH YOUR LAB DATA SHEET to show your results.
Discussion(2 pt)
Summarize what you found.
Explain and interpret your results. It may involve comparison of the test results with existing
empirical relationship
Source of errors if any
Other details not included in the report
References(0.5 pt)
Sufficient and appropriate sources cited. All references are formatted appropriately
1. Settleable Matter / Total Solids
1.1
Introduction
Residue refers to solid matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Residue may
affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with residue generally are
of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological reaction in the transient
consumer. Highly mineralized waters also are unsuitable for many industrial applications. For
these reasons, a limit of 500 mg residue/L is desirable for drinking waters. Waters with very high
levels of nonfiltrable residues may be aesthetically unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing.
“Total residue” is the term applied to the material left in the vessel after evaporation of a
sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature. Total residue includes
“nonfiltratable residue”, that is, the portion of total residue retained by a filter, and “filterable
residue”, the portion of total residue that passes through the filter.
Conductivity measurements are approximately proportional to the filterable residue and may be
used in selecting proper sample size for residue determinations. However, close correlations of
results of the two are not always obtained. An additional possibility for checking fixed filtratable
residue is by use of ion-exchange procedures.
Selection of drying temperature
Residues dried at 103 to 105 C may retain not only water of crystallization but also some
mechanically occluded water. Loss of CO will result in conversion of bicarbonate to carbonate.
Loss of organic matter by volatilization usually will be very slight at this temperature. Because
removal of occluded water is marginal at 150 C, attainment of constant weight is very slow.
Residues dried at 180 +/- 2 C will lose almost all mechanically occluded water. Some water of
crystallization may remain, especially if sulfates are present. Organic matter is lost by
volatilization but is not completely destroyed. Bicarbonates are converted to carbonates and
carbonates may be decomposed partially to oxides or basic salts. Some chloride and nitrate salts
may be lost. In general, evaporating and drying water samples at 180 C yields values for total
residue closer to those obtained through summation of individually determine mineral species
than the values for total residue secured through drying at a lower temperature.
Settlable Matter
A well-mixed sample is evaporated in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight in a 103 to
105 C. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents the total residue. Although
the results may not represent the weight of actual dissolved and suspended solids in wastewater
samples, the determination is useful for plant control. In some instances, correlation may be
improved by adding 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to wastewater samples with a pH below 4.3
and maintaining the pH of 4.3 during evaporation. Correct final calculation for added sodium.
▪ Exclude large, floating particles or submerged agglomerates of non-homogenous
materials from the sample. Disperse visible floating oil and grease with a blender before
withdrawing a sample portion for analysis.
3.2 Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Evaporating dish – porcelain
Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105 C
Desiccator
Analytical balance
Imhoff cone
Graduated cylinder
Dish tongs
Distilled water
2
3.3 Total Soilds, by weight
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Preheat an evaporating dish at 103-105 C for 1 hr.
Remove evaporating dish from oven and place in desiccator.
Weigh the porcelain dish.
Mix sample well and add 15 mL the pre-weighed dish.
Rinse any residue with distilled water.
Place the sample in a preheated oven.
Dry at 103 – 105 C
Cool in a desiccator and weigh
Table 1-1 Total Solids, by weight
Sample 1
Weight of evaporating dish, M1 (g)
Sample volume, Vs (ml)
Weight of evaporating dish and residue, M2 (g)
Total residue, Ms=M2-M1 (g)
𝑀
Total residue/L = 𝑉𝑠 × 1000 (g/L)
𝑠
1.4 Settleable Matter, by volume
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mix sample well and pour into Imhoff cone to the 1000 mL mark.
Wait 45 minutes for the sample to settle.
Gently stir mixed sample along the sides of the cone.
Wait an additional 15 minutes for sample to settle.
Record readings at the top of the solids layer of the Imhoff cone as the mL/L settable
matter.
Note: If there are pockets of clear water in the settled material, subtract the estimated volume
of the pockets from the volume of the settled matter.
Table 1-2 Settleable Matter, by volume
Sample 1
Volume of sample, Vs (ml)
Volume of pockets of liquid (if applicable), Vp (ml)
Volume of settleable matter, Vm (ml)
Total settleable matter, by volume =
𝑉𝑚 −𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑠
× 1000 (ml/L)
3
4
Pa
4
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h e
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9
we recived data
only cabs/ Caps & litid
159.20 g 63.96
lond
2- 52.67
9
62 36 g
/
9
after quat we
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}- 51.86
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Sludge left in the each lube
Results
pa se
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E
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ol
weight of evaporalin's
dish
mils) 542 57,67
51.86
15
us (ml)
sample
V
cl
height evaporering dish and reduce
м2 (9)
|
54.21
GA6 2,36
52,69
67,59
51.87
Total
Residy
ms-M₂-M19)
ol
2,02
o'o
2
Total Resideell (6/6) 19/
ole
76
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height
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2. 52.62 g
1- 59.20 9
61.59
62,369
with lichid
67.46 g
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