Lab Report Guidelines You should consider the last section of each lab experiment as well as 1.5 Report Preparation part when writing a lab report. The Materials and Methods and results section should be written in the past tense, since your experiments are completed at the time you are writing your paper. Your lab report should include the following sections: Cover Page (0.5 pt)  Include the title of the experiment, name, group number, and the date on which the experiment was performed Introduction(1 pt)   Purpose of experiment Background Information Materials and Methods(2 pt)    Equipment Used Schematic diagram of main equipment used (if required ) Test procedure generally contains information on the physical nature of the experiment, such as the type of instrumentation used, the variables controlled and those that are not controlled, and any unusual conditions. Here is an example of a section of that type. The experiment was carried out with a Nicolet Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The resolution of the spectrometer was set at 1 cm-1 for all spectra. The experiment involved the accumulation of a background spectrum which were subtracted from the spectrum of the sample to provide the response of the sample. The detector was a nitrogen-cooled cadmium-telluride detector. Each experiment resulted from the average 64 transient responses coadded, with the background spectrum being the accumulation of 64 spectra without the sample present. The data were analyzed by Fourier transformation using the software of the instrument. The data were saved to disk, and were subsequently analyzed with a spreadsheet program, in this case, Microsoft EXCEL. Theoretical values of the parameters were predicted by computation with the program GAUSSIAN. The section need not be long, but it should include everything about the experimental setup that the author thinks is important. retrieved from"https://www1.udel.edu/pchem/C446/example.pdf" Results(4 pt)     Present your data using text AND figures/tables. Describes your major findings in the data presented in the figures and tables. Don’t interpret the data. It could be done in the Discussion section of the lab report. All figures and tables are properly formatted with numbers, titles and legends that are easy to the reader to follow.  DO NOT ATTACH YOUR LAB DATA SHEET to show your results. Discussion(2 pt)     Summarize what you found. Explain and interpret your results. It may involve comparison of the test results with existing empirical relationship Source of errors if any Other details not included in the report References(0.5 pt)  Sufficient and appropriate sources cited. All references are formatted appropriately 1. Settleable Matter / Total Solids 1.1 Introduction Residue refers to solid matter suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater. Residue may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Waters with residue generally are of inferior palatability and may induce an unfavorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Highly mineralized waters also are unsuitable for many industrial applications. For these reasons, a limit of 500 mg residue/L is desirable for drinking waters. Waters with very high levels of nonfiltrable residues may be aesthetically unsatisfactory for such purposes as bathing. “Total residue” is the term applied to the material left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at a defined temperature. Total residue includes “nonfiltratable residue”, that is, the portion of total residue retained by a filter, and “filterable residue”, the portion of total residue that passes through the filter. Conductivity measurements are approximately proportional to the filterable residue and may be used in selecting proper sample size for residue determinations. However, close correlations of results of the two are not always obtained. An additional possibility for checking fixed filtratable residue is by use of ion-exchange procedures. Selection of drying temperature Residues dried at 103 to 105 C may retain not only water of crystallization but also some mechanically occluded water. Loss of CO will result in conversion of bicarbonate to carbonate. Loss of organic matter by volatilization usually will be very slight at this temperature. Because removal of occluded water is marginal at 150 C, attainment of constant weight is very slow. Residues dried at 180 +/- 2 C will lose almost all mechanically occluded water. Some water of crystallization may remain, especially if sulfates are present. Organic matter is lost by volatilization but is not completely destroyed. Bicarbonates are converted to carbonates and carbonates may be decomposed partially to oxides or basic salts. Some chloride and nitrate salts may be lost. In general, evaporating and drying water samples at 180 C yields values for total residue closer to those obtained through summation of individually determine mineral species than the values for total residue secured through drying at a lower temperature. Settlable Matter A well-mixed sample is evaporated in a weighed dish and dried to constant weight in a 103 to 105 C. The increase in weight over that of the empty dish represents the total residue. Although the results may not represent the weight of actual dissolved and suspended solids in wastewater samples, the determination is useful for plant control. In some instances, correlation may be improved by adding 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to wastewater samples with a pH below 4.3 and maintaining the pH of 4.3 during evaporation. Correct final calculation for added sodium. ▪ Exclude large, floating particles or submerged agglomerates of non-homogenous materials from the sample. Disperse visible floating oil and grease with a blender before withdrawing a sample portion for analysis. 3.2 Equipment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Evaporating dish – porcelain Drying oven, for operation at 103 to 105 C Desiccator Analytical balance Imhoff cone Graduated cylinder Dish tongs Distilled water 2 3.3 Total Soilds, by weight Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Preheat an evaporating dish at 103-105 C for 1 hr. Remove evaporating dish from oven and place in desiccator. Weigh the porcelain dish. Mix sample well and add 15 mL the pre-weighed dish. Rinse any residue with distilled water. Place the sample in a preheated oven. Dry at 103 – 105 C Cool in a desiccator and weigh Table 1-1 Total Solids, by weight Sample 1 Weight of evaporating dish, M1 (g) Sample volume, Vs (ml) Weight of evaporating dish and residue, M2 (g) Total residue, Ms=M2-M1 (g) 𝑀 Total residue/L = 𝑉𝑠 × 1000 (g/L) 𝑠 1.4 Settleable Matter, by volume Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mix sample well and pour into Imhoff cone to the 1000 mL mark. Wait 45 minutes for the sample to settle. Gently stir mixed sample along the sides of the cone. Wait an additional 15 minutes for sample to settle. Record readings at the top of the solids layer of the Imhoff cone as the mL/L settable matter. Note: If there are pockets of clear water in the settled material, subtract the estimated volume of the pockets from the volume of the settled matter. Table 1-2 Settleable Matter, by volume Sample 1 Volume of sample, Vs (ml) Volume of pockets of liquid (if applicable), Vp (ml) Volume of settleable matter, Vm (ml) Total settleable matter, by volume = 𝑉𝑚 −𝑉𝑝 𝑉𝑠 × 1000 (ml/L) 3 4 Pa 4 precedure: - we took the laportary cabs. and we ucight. h e after that and then we weight add the bite liquids qhem, again. 9 we recived data only cabs/ Caps & litid 159.20 g 63.96 lond 2- 52.67 9 62 36 g / 9 after quat we Placed the Ehe and we limed yo min long. }- 51.86 Cl. 59 D ovem ОСИ 出 & we moved to ether melhod to purad & liquids inside 3 diffnet che tubes and we meiled for about 30 min long to ne ܢ are & hem to see how much Sludge left in the each lube Results pa se 2 E है ol weight of evaporalin's dish mils) 542 57,67 51.86 15 us (ml) sample V cl height evaporering dish and reduce м2 (9) | 54.21 GA6 2,36 52,69 67,59 51.87 Total Residy ms-M₂-M19) ol 2,02 o'o 2 Total Resideell (6/6) 19/ ole 76 Volume of sample, uscmy Goc) cool B ooel volume of of Pokede Po keis of liquid (is applicable) up (ml) 1 I mi as to 60 ru V of selfedible matter, Wim Calla 13.1 SA bobs 6{ Tallal setteable neater by v = (m/L) Pune Labs Setllable Malher • Physical • Chanical w/27/18 ol Gravity 3 sauple 2. biologica Pesan ) I weight (10ml) 2- Volume clean water / harlemeler discharge wuTP? ng Tap noter (Oui le flarena) Min basin clepctie aur for sellout ( bsledge Zone poket us 2 usuu ( Sou Vstuu VS = 3d (le-le) (8 м >Stokes lubs height 3-51,85 g 2. 52.62 g 1- 59.20 9 61.59 62,369 with lichid 67.46 g
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