MODEL—Sonnet 1 Close Reading Kit: Glossing & Analysis Student Name ENG 207 Dr. Myers Draft—Sonnet Close Reading Kit Word count Date due Sonnet 1: Substantial From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty’s rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, 5 Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament, And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content, And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding: Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee. 10 Last Name, 2 Gloss 1: Substantial Substantial has several meanings related to physical size and strength as well as to the metaphorical strengths of value, character, and reputation. It can refer to an ample and nourishing meal, a solid or well-built structure, a strong person, anything considerably large, anything of real significance, anything that is reliable, anything that is effective or worthwhile. It can refer to a well-respected, honorable person, sometimes associated with wealth or social standing. When referring to writing or language in general or argumentation and reasoning specifically, substantial can describe the gravity or importance of a statement, one that is especially significant, or one that is uncontested. Insofar as they are actions, substantial writing and reasoning can be important or grave because they are forceful, effective, and thorough, suggesting that language—as is evident in effective argumentation—can have considerable realworld consequences. Substantial also has meanings related to the nature or essence of a thing. It can refer to the literal tissue or material substance of a living thing. It can refer to the most important or essential feature—one that is inherent rather than a feature that is either accidental or an purported to belong to the thing in question. In other words, the substantial feature is inseparable from the thing itself, not Indeed, something that is only purported cannot be substantiated, proven, nourished, made real, or given bodily form. Substantial here develops the definitions of forceful language and argumentation by suggesting that this kind of language has some kind of essential quality that gives it form and that cannot be separated from the force it exerts. Substantial can mean anything that is, anything that exists, anything that subsists by itself, anything that has a corporeal form. Substantial things are real and true. They are not illusory or Last Name, 3 only superficially true. This meaning complicates the meanings related to value, character, and reputation because all three depend on their being purported, attributed by others to the thing in question, removing from the thing itself its essential quality or value—from which it could not be separated were it substantial, that is, inseparable—since the essential quality is substantiated only by others, by the judgements they make and repeat, by the rumors and stories they tell, and by the persistence of all of this in their cultural memory. (384 words) Gloss 2: Fair Fair is a word we think we know, but the OED bears out contradictory definitions across four separate entries that include forms spanning four parts of speech: verb, adverb, adjective, and noun. Most unexpected for modern readers is the verb form, to fair.1 This form of the word appears to be based on the noun since it dates back to Old English (OE) but the noun was available first in early Old English (eOE) and the meanings in the two parts of speech clearly overlap. In one fourteenth-century sense of the verb, to fair means to purify or to clean. This meaning became immediately obsolete, but it is possible that it could have been known by wellread early moderns like Shakespeare. The meanings that persisted from Old English into the seventeenth century have to do with making something beautiful, particularly on the outside in terms of decorating, adorning, or embellishing. As an adverb, fair has similar senses related to beauty and other kinds of culturally determined value judgements, and is mostly the same as the adverbial form modern people are 1 Although we retain the verb to fair in senses related to the weather clearing up and to the smoothing of vehicles to reduce drag, these were not available for Shakespeare. Last Name, 4 more likely to use, fairly. It can mean beautifully, nobly, and finely. Relatedly, fair has to do with being a good person who is friendly and treats people well, whether that is civilly, courteously, kindly, or respectfully. All of these could be considered just, right, honorable, suitable, appropriate, or fitting, all of which are themselves senses of fair. Legitimate is the sense that we have all meant any time we claim that something is not fair. This sense is related to the idea that what is fair is what is moderately, reasonably, carefully, or gently done, without haste or force. Fair also refers to what is precisely, exactly, or accurately done as well as to what is completely or thoroughly done. However, this precision disappears when we use fair to adequate, as in fairly well (well enough). Finally, fair for early moderns also had something specific to do with language. In addition to fair referring to something that is clearly or plainly stated, it identifies a written copy as legible and neat, without correction or alternation. Fair in this sense is pitted against foul: foul papers are the rough drafts, but a fair copy is the final manuscript. As an adjective, fair continues with some of the senses available in the adverbial and verbal forms. It can mean beautiful, attractive, pleasant, agreeable, delightful, elegant, eloquent, favorable, mild, benign, gentle, pliable. It can designate something that is just, proper, honest, honorable, or reasonable. Fair can refer to a kind of generosity, or a considerable amount. It can mean unobstructed, clear, plainly visible, distinct, bright, pure, unsullied. Fair can mean free from roughness, irregularity, decay, disease, or blemish Fair can refer to one’s chances of success or good fortune or the equitable distribution thereof. Fair can mean light-complected or light-haired (as opposed to dark). In addition to these positive meanings, fair can refer to their falsification: something that appears to be attractive but is intended to deceive or conceal Last Name, 5 something else. Similarly, fair can mean insincere or flattering. The span of meanings creates ambiguity (discussed below). In a seemingly unrelated sense nonetheless available to Shakespeare, fair has a noun form tied to an event: a fair, of course, is a customary, periodic gathering of people where commerce, competitions, and other entertainments take place. It connotes frivolity, time and money wasted on passing enjoyment, and it is tied to other early modern pastimes, including attending the theater on afternoons when one ought to be working. In its commercial sense, a fair suggests a place to make a profit at another’s expense because it is a place where one buys enjoyment rather than something useful or enduring. This noun form resonates with some of the meanings asserted in the other parts of speech, but complicates them with the addition of commercial use and abuse as well as with the nod toward the means by which Shakespeare makes his living. In the superlative fairest, the senses of fair intensify to their most extreme limits. (710 words) Riper At the root of riper are the related noun, adjective, and pronoun senses of ripe. Ripe continues the connotations of extremity available in fair. Ripe describes something that is fit for a purpose. It can refer to the peak of development or to its final stage, thereby suggesting the harvesting and decay of produce, the animal fit to be killed for food, the birth of a fully formed infant and human aging and dying. Ripe also suggests sexual maturity. It refers, then, to the fully mature, the fully informed, the thoroughly qualified, prepared, and experienced person. It can describe a person’s complexion as well as their full, red lips. It can refer to something amply endowed. Ripe can also describe something that is thoroughly investigated or pondered. Last Name, 6 Reasonably, riper describes something that is more ripe than something else as well as to something that either becomes ripe or causes something else to ripen (a ripener). Insofar as it refers to ripeness, riper may mean one that is more mature, more reasonable, more experienced, readier to reproduce, or older than another. Riper suggests a comparable fairness insofar as fair excludes decay and death, but complicates this by retaining the sense of ripeness as decay and death—which the final word of this line (decease) reasserts. Oddly, riper is also used as a noun to identify to a plunderer, a robber, or a reaver—someone who takes something that does not belong to them, often by violent means. However, a reaver is also known as a reaper—someone who harvests. Thanks to that fact that spelling was not standardized, we can infer from earlier spellings of reaper that this word is more tightly connected to riper than we may have noticed at first glance because both words were at one time spelled r-i-p-e-r—suggesting that they could be the same word or at least a handy pun. Thus, the riper/reaper takes us full-circle to the ripeness of produce and to the death—of either plants or animals—inherent in the act of eating. (341 words) Last Name, 7 Paraphrase We want the beautiful, honorable, and agreeable (if manipulative) people to reproduce So that what attracts us to them will be preserved. Even though one such person might steal away with these qualities when they age and die That person’s child will take on, commemorate, and perpetuate them: Instead, you are focused only on your present youth 5 And senselessly destroy yourself by consuming your most important strengths. Once your apparent wealth runs out, you will be left with nothing. You are your own enemy. You are now young and beautiful but not fulfilling a function Except to proclaim the arrival of youth’s beauty and duplicity 10 In your state of youth before it reaches its prime, you hide your beauty and your character2 And, you miser, lose it all by being stingy, keeping it all for yourself: If you don’t regret and take responsibility for your selfishness, you are taking pleasure in your own and our destruction, Because you consume not only your potential offspring but beauty itself, both while you live and when you die. 2 As well as your pleasure with what you have, your willingness to listen to the speaker’s argument, and your quarrel with it Last Name, 8 Analysis Fair implies that this creature is beautiful, honorable, just, honest, and pliable. But it also captures the idea that all of this is a rouse, that the creature uses outward appearances to manipulate others. The speaker suggests, then, that we desire more of the things that deceive us. From fairest creatures we desire increase, Fair also suggests a creature that does not decompose (i.e., doesn’t die). The second line complicates this by changing the focus of immortality from this creature to “beauty’s rose." Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. That thereby beauty’s rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: Beauty’s rose is a figure that attempts to name something that it never actually names. What can be said is that beauty possesses something (the rose) that could die but “we” don’t want it to. The poem many be read to suggest that this image refers to the physical beauty as well as the “memory” of the “fairest creatures” that can be preserved in their offspring, but the figure itself does not contain this meaning because rose does not draw an explicit or implicit comparison to this kind of preservation. But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feed’st thy light’s flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thou that art now the world’s fresh ornament, And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content, And, tender churl, mak’st waste in niggarding: Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world’s due, by the grave and thee. Content creates ambiguity because its definitions contradict each other. In one sense, the speaker accuses the young man of concealing his own contents, that is, what the young man is inside. However, the speaker may also suggest that the ability to contain something is itself hidden, or that he hides the possibility that he has no contents (that he is a superficial person who is only attractive on the outside). The speaker could accuse the young man of burying his pleasure, the source of his pleasure, or his desire for anything more. Perhaps this means that the young man refuses to acknowledge that he agrees with the speaker’s request. Interestingly, the speaker suggests that the young man could be hiding both willingness or consent to what the speaker asks of him as well as the opposite, the young man’s contentious stance against the speaker. Self-substantial is another odd image. The term appears to mean something like self-sustaining, self-perpetuating, or feeding on itself. Sustaining is related to substantial insofar as substantial things sustain—i.e., support, uphold, nourish, perpetuate—physical structures and bodies, or one’s wealth or reputation. Selfsubstantial comes close to self-sustaining when it means self-nourishing. However, self-substantial can also mean something like self-strong, self-sturdy, selfsignificant, self-reliable, self-worth, self-respect, self-honor. It gets even weirder when the denotations shift to self-essence, self-existence, self-reality, self-truth. The speaker suggests that the young man feeds on the fuel of his own selfimportance, perhaps his own ego or his outward reputation, as well as on the truth of what he is. In either case, the fuel consumes itself. Substantial suggests that this self-consumption is sustainable, but this does not logically hold and is immediately contested in the line that follows with “abundance” turning into “famine.” Procreation and Consumption Although these words do not appear in the sonnet, it is odd and therefore noteworthy that many of the sonnet’s words fit into lexicons (categories of words) related at least figuratively to procreation and consumption. Procreation: increase, heir, memory, making, abundance, ornament, bud Consumption: fairest, riper, feed, substantial, famine, waste, niggarding, glutton, eat Last Name, 9 Works Cited Shakespeare, William. “Selected Sonnets.” 2017. pdf. file. Works Consulted "churl, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/32843. Accessed 2 July 2017. "content, n.1, n.2, † conˈtent, n.3, adj.2, and n.4." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/40144. Accessed 2 July 2017. "contracted, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry /40334. Accessed 2 July 2017. "fair, adj., n.1, n. 2, v., and adv." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed. com/view/Entry/ 67704. Accessed 1 July 2017. "gaudy, adj.2." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry /77115. Accessed 3 July 2017. "glutton, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/ Entry/79354. Accessed 2 July 2017. "herald, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/86043. Accessed 2 July 2017. "memory, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 116363. Accessed 3 July 2017. "niggard, v., n., and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/ Entry/126920. Accessed 1 July 2017. "ornament, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 132624. Accessed 2 July 2017. "piety, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/143641. Accessed 3 July 2017. "pity, n. and v." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 144814. Accessed 3 July 2017. Last Name, 10 "propagation, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 152614. Accessed 2 July 2017. "reaper, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 158995. Accessed 1 July 2017. "reaver, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 159128. Accessed 2 July 2017. "ripe, adj., n.2, and adv." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/ Entry/166205. Accessed 1 July 2017. "ripener, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 166213. Accessed 2 July 2017. "riper, n.1 and † n.2." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/ Entry/166218. Accessed 1 July 2017. "substantial, adj., n., and adv." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/ view/Entry/193050. Accessed 1 July 2017. "sustain, v." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2017, www.oed.com/view/Entry/ 195209. Accessed 1 July 2017. Last Name, 11 B Rubric | Draft Logistics Focus passage reproduced All data, including essay, contained in one document Assignment arrives on time to Canvas as directed Mechanics Grammar: few patterns of error MLA 8-style parenthetical citations MLA 8-style Works Cited and Works Consulted (if not directly cited) Close Reading Data: Glossing, Paraphrase, Analysis | 40% Narrative explanation of meanings for one focus word and two proximate words 300 words per explanation Draws on the Oxford English Dictionary Tight paraphrase Identifies and explains effects of figures of speech and ambiguity B Rubric | Final Logistics Focus passage reproduced All data, including essay, contained in one document Assignment arrives on time to Canvas as directed Mechanics Grammar: few patterns of error MLA 8-style parenthetical citations MLA 8-style Works Cited and Works Consulted (if not directly cited) Close Reading Data: Glossing, Paraphrase, Analysis | 40% Narrative explanation of meanings for one focus word and two proximate words 300 words per explanation Draws on the Oxford English Dictionary Tight paraphrase Identifies and explains effects of figures of speech and ambiguity Essay 750-1000 words—excluding header, block (four-line) quotations, and Works Cited Makes an original argument in response to prompt Supported by textual analysis that attempts a line of reasoning Includes original title F Rom fairelt creatures we defire increafe, That thereby beauties R9ft might neuer die, But as the riper fhould by time deceafe, His tender heire might beare his memory: But thou contracted to thine owne bright eyes, Feed'fi thy lights flame with (elfe rubllantiall fewell, Making a famine where aboundance lies, Thy felfe thy foe.eo thy fweee [e1fe tOOcrueU: Thou that art now the worlds frelh ornament, And only herauld to the gaudy (pring, Within thine owne bud buridl thy content, And tender chorle makfi wafi in niggarding: Pitty theworld,or el[e this glutton be, To eate the worlds due,by the graue and thee. From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty's rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decease, His tender heir might bear his memory: But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes, Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament, And only herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content, And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding: Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee. { 45} VVHen I fortie Winters /ball befeige thy brew. And digge deep trenches in thy beauties field. Thy yourhcs proud liuery fo gaz.'d on now. Wi! be a rotter'd weed offmal worth held: Then being askr.where all thy beautie lies. Where all the treafure of thy lufiy daies; To fay within thine owne deepe fimken eyes, Were an all-eating Ihame.and rhrifrlefle praife. How much more praife deferu' d thy beauties vfe, If thou couldll anfwere this faire child of mine Shall fum my counr,and make myoId excufc Proouing his beautie by fuccdIion thine. 'This were to be new made when thou art ould, And fee thy blood warme when thon feel'll it could. I I I When forty winters shall besiege thy brow, And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, Thy youth's proud livery so gazed on now Will be a tottered weed of small worth held: Then being asked, where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days, To say within thine own deep-sunken eyes Were an all-eating shame, and thriftless praise. How much more praise deserved thy beauty's use, If thou couldst answer, "This fair child of mine Shall sum my count, and make myoid excuse," Proving his beauty by succession thine. This were to be new made when thou art old, And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold. { 52 } A Wormns face with natures owne hand painted, Halte thou the Ma/l~r MiHris of rnyJallion, A womans gentle halt but not acquainte With /hifting change as is falfe wornens f./hion, An eye more bright then theirs,lei!"efalfe in rowling: Cjlding the obiea where-vpon it gazcth, A man in hew all Hews in his cc ntrowling, Which Ileales mens eyes and womens foules amafeth, And for a woman wert thou firO:created, Till nature as Ihe wrought thee fell a dcnnge, And by addition me of thee defeated, By adding one thing to my purpofe nothing. But fince fhe prickt thee out for womens pleafure-. Mine bethy laue and thy loues vU: their rreafure, A woman's face with Nature's own hand painted Hast thou, the master-mistress of my passion; A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted With shifting change, as is false women's fashion; An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling, Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth; A man in hue, all hues in his controlling, Which steals men's eyes and women's souls amazeth. And for a woman wert thou first created, Till Nature as she wrought thee fell a-doting, And by addition me of thee defeated, By adding one thing to my purpose nothing. But since she pricked thee out for women's pleasure, Mine be thy love, and thy love's use their treasure. { 127 } *fv\..UY\'4 -t- / 11\\ lXI\l\
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