Journal Article Summary & Discussion:DEFINITION: a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.SUMMARY: Summarize the article this should be in the 150-200-word range. Be sure to note the article's author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions.DISCUSSION: Using 300-350 words, write a brief discussionREFERENCES: All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format.NO PLIGARISM PLEASE

Discussion Questions Requirements: Main discussion post should be at least 2-3 paragraphs. Two peer responses should be at least 50 words minimum.NUR415 Discussion post:Step 1: Thoroughly research the issue of “Human Trafficking: The Need for Nursing Advocacy.”Step 2: Post a response to the discussion board by addressing the following:The scope of the problem of human trafficking from a global perspectiveHuman trafficking as a domestic issueHuman trafficking as a health issueState how nurses can advocate for the victims of human trafficking.Step 3: Read other students’ posts and respond to at least two of them. Cite any sources in 7th ed. APA format.NUR415 Student Posts:Student#1: Human trafficking (HT) occurs all over the world, in both rural and urban areas, and basically any setting imaginable to all ages and genders. There are two major Human trafficking categories, which are sex trafficking and labor trafficking. Sex trafficking is HT that people are mostly familiar in the United States because it is the most common one in our country. Although labor trafficking isn’t as common in the U.S, “55% of foreign adults and 62% of foreign children brought into the country in 2010 were victims of labor trafficking.” (Lynne, 2021). In the U.S it is estimated that there are 14,500-17,000 people trafficked into the country yearly. With a worldwide estimated at 40.3 million a year. “In the United States, although the number is believed to be higher, 7623 cases of potential HT were reported in calls made to the National Human Trafficking Hotline in 2016” (Lynne, 2021). To me this means that the U.S may have a higher rate, but it is because it is caught and reported here more than in other countries.Although nobody volunteers to put their selves in a situation like this, many are put into this situation by being kidnapped, blackmailed, and physical restrained. There are some factors that increase the risk of being a victim to human trafficking. Some of these risks are economic hardship, drug addiction, refugee, and economic hardship, and poverty. As a health issue, human trafficking can be a lifelong detrimental devastation. The victims may end up with physical, emotional, and even medical problems such as PTSD, STD’s, Substance abuse disorders, TB, and physically abused trauma. The best way for a nurse to advocate for a patient the is involved in human trafficking is first and foremost to identify the signs of a victim involved. The odds are likely a nurse may come across a HT victim. Although it may be hard to distinguish a HT victim. Some signs would be abnormal behavioral such anxiousness, nervous, tense, submissive or paranoid. Other signs may be not being free to be alone or leave alone. Signs of labor trafficking would be working long and unusual hours for little pay, no breaks or unable to leave work. if a nurse sees someone, they think may be a victim, they can get the victim away is by saying they have to have an x-ray and nobody else is allowed in the room. It is always important for the nurse to be calm and to let the patient know they are safe and that they will do everything in their power to help them get out of the situation. If a patient does admit to it then the nurse can call the police and help give the victim out of the situation, so they do not have to go back.Student#21. The scope of the problem of human trafficking from a global perspectiveAccording to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Human trafficking (HT) is a global problem. Most countries are affected either as a point of origin or destination. However, human trafficking can occur within a country where victims are transported from one location to another. Victims are recruited, transported, held hostage by improper persons through improper means like abduction then used to sell organs, forced labor, or sexual exploitation (2021). Although most victims come from poor regions like Africa, Globally, the majority are children, and women make up two-thirds of the human trafficked victims (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d)2. Human trafficking as a domestic issueHuman trafficking results in the separation of families where kids are separated from their parents, affecting their upbringing. Countries where the victims originate from, are deprived of human labor or capital, affecting the countries economy. The government loses income because most of these acts are organized by criminals who evade paying taxes from the money received from smuggling victims. It is expensive to care for the victims in the country where they are transported (Mason et al., 2020). The recent case of how overwhelming and expensive it can be for a country where the victims are transported is currently happening at the US- Mexico border. According to NPR news, it is a challenge for the agencies at the US-Mexico border to find shelter for the unaccompanied minor (2021).3. Human trafficking as a health issueMost human trafficking happens through kidnapping, blackmail, or some agencies that pretend to be recruiting for some jobs outside the country or within the country regardless of age, sex, or social status. Once the victims are recruited, some end up being forced into labor or become sex workers. As a result, these victims are at risk of exposure to several health problems like contracting sexually transmitted diseases, physical harm, suffers from a psychological disorder like post-traumatic stress disorder, and also may result in being victims of substance abuse. Consequently, these victims require healthcare services (Mason et al., 2020) 4. State how nurses can advocate for the victims of human trafficking. Nurses are at the forefront when patients come seeking medical care. They assess them and provide necessary care to the victims of HT. Hence, nurses need to know and be aware of the signs and symptoms to look for in HT victims during assessment and know the resources available to help take care of them. Being equipped with such knowledge would help nurses advocate for these victims. They should be able to identify human trafficking cases. They should identify the extent of human trafficking that might have occurred on the patient, how and provide support, and help them receive the treatment they need. Nurses can advocate for these victims by becoming involved in creating Human Trafficking related policies at the workplace, at nursing professional organizations, and active in local and national anti-human trafficking campaigns. Additionally, nurses can also be involved in advocating for these victims by volunteering, donating funds to help organizations handling human trafficking issues, and support policies that support providing services to human trafficking victims (Mason et al., 2020)NUR425 Discussion PostStep 1: In your initial post to this discussion forum, respond to the following prompts. Include personal and practice-related experiences or observations as examples that support your response:Describe the components of a case-management system used in population-based nursing.Select one component of the case-management system used in population-based nursing.Provide an example of how a public health nurse (PHN) would address that component of the case-management system for a particular target population. Be sure to identify the population.Step 2: Please submit a post that is 2-3 paragraphs long. Comment on the postings of your classmates. Compare the components of a case-management system as presented by others with what you described. How are they the same? How are they different? What aspects are most consistent with the lesson and your readings? Respond to the "fit" of the examples of case-management system application posted by others. Use a professional tone when interacting with your peers. Cite all references in APA format. NUR425 Student Posts:Student#1: Case management is provided by the disciplines of nursing, social work, and rehabilitation counseling. Components of case management include, assessment, diagnosis, planning for outcomes, implementation and evaluation. These components also coincide with conflict resolution strategies, negotiation, ethics, relevant legislation, interpersonal communication, and roles and functions required in various settings. Noting that the case manager is a central figure in ensuring quality in the patient-centered experience. The main focus in case management is to advocate and support patients while improving overall care (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2020)After reading the article, one component of the case management system that’s important is implementation. This situation is very unfortunate. I work directly with OPO (organ procurement organizations) and caring for their patients before and during OR when the surgeons remove the organs. During implementation, all providers are contacted and care is coordinated. This is a precise process. Negotiating services with insurance takes place during this time. Somewhere the lines were blurred and this was unacceptable on all parties involved. A public health nurse would address this component in the organ transplant population by participating in assessing, implementing and evaluating health care services to ensure that people are informed of available programs and services and assist in the utilization of those services.Student #2:There are four key components within this definition that make up successful case management: Intake, Needs Assessment, Service Planning, and Monitoring and Evaluation. Human service organizations of all sizes require the correct implementation of each of these four components to ensure client success. Case management is a care delivery model designed to coordinate and manage patient care across the continuum of health care systems (“What”, 2020). Nursing case management is a dynamic and systematic collaborative approach to provide and coordinate health care services to a defined population. Although its roots are over a century old, contemporary case management began in the 1970s to assure both quality outcomes and cost containment in an increasingly complex system. Case management is a collaborative process that assesses, plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, and evaluates the options and services required to meet the client's health and human service needs. The second level of the case-management system is a needs assessment. In the second level, the case manager will review the records and information collected during the intake and referral stage. The primary objective in this level is to identify an injured persons problems, challenges, and risks and the circumstances that led to the injury or sickness. Case managers will consider the injured persons co-morbidities and socioeconomic hinders for effective recovery. Within 24 hours the case manager will make the appropriate contacts with adjusters to assist in bringing about the most appropriate and cost-effective solutions for care. This ensures the injured person to achieve medical improvement and return to daily living. Case managers are professional nurses who will do everything within their ability to move claims in a positive direction. At this point, the case manager will determine the expected care goals and target outcomes. To conduct a needs assessment on the pregnant population a public health nurse would start with a series of questions. The PHN might check for symptoms of poor nutrition or lack of iodine. The nurse will ask questions like if the patient has sore or bleeding gums and burning or numbness of the feet. They would assess the pregnant patient's weight, temperature, and pulse. It would also be important for the PHN to check for signs of anemia, like pallor, fast pulse or difficulty breathing. The PHN would assess blood pressure and for diabetes depending on the term of pregnancy.

International companies promote localizations to increase the organizational responsiveness to issues. Read Pritchett’s “A Review of Edward Luce’s ‘In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India’” about the issues and problems companies face in relation to the social, religious, and caste systems of India (2009). With this backdrop in mind, what are some of the issues that a company might encounter with local managers relating to hiring and retention? Recommend at least one strategy for overcoming potential biases related to these issues.Your responses should be a minimum of 300 words.