Planning for Tourism:
Creating a Vibrant Singapore
A common misconception is that tourism policy primarily
focuses on promotion and marketing campaigns. While
these activities are essential, another important but
sometimes overlooked aspect is how creative city planning
can support tourism promotion, and consequently, how
the needs and goals of tourism policy can influence
development and planning decisions.
In Singapore, tourism has shaped the built environment,
influenced conservation and heritage policies, and
enhanced quality of life for Singapore’s residents. The
industry has also helped to anchor Singapore’s global
reputation and attractiveness as a place to conduct
business, study and live.
URBAN SYSTEMS STUDIES
This book will examine how Singapore’s tourism strategies
and city planning support each other. It should be noted
that even though the Singapore Tourism Board does
not typically own the tourism assets in Singapore, it
nonetheless plays an integral part in aligning government
agencies, private firms and civil society to Singapore’s
long-term tourism plans.
millions of tourists. Yet, we made it happen.
“No one ever dreamed tiny Singapore could accommodate
We did not build castles in the sky. Based on calibrated
decisions, made hand in hand with the urban planners
with inputs from private sector developers, we built what
we needed. The pages of this book share how it
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
all happened.”
Pamelia Lee, Former Senior Consultant to the Singapore Tourism Board
9 789810 968953
Planning
for Tourism:
Creating
a Vibrant
Singapore
Planning for
Tourism:
Creating a Vibrant
Singapore
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
CHAPTER 3
Seeking Distinction
as a City
(From the 1990s)
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
192
Will Singapore be part of
this new world, or will we be
bypassed and left behind?
We seek to be a global city,
attracting talent from around
the world, lively, vibrant, and
fun to live and work in. We
want Singapore to have the X
factor—that buzz that you get
in London, Paris or New York ….
We cannot stand still … if we
become a backwater, just one
of many ordinary cities in Asia,
instead of being a cosmopolitan
hub of the region, then many
good jobs will be lost, and all
Singaporeans will suffer. We
cannot afford that.
Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore
BECOMING A GLOBAL CITY
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68
By the early 2000s, tourism had become a highly visible industry.
Landmark attractions like the Singapore River, Clarke Quay and the
Esplanade had come to define Singapore’s city centre and skyline for
both locals and tourists.
However, the tourism sector did not fare well, relative to the rest of
Singapore’s economy in the 1990s and early 2000s. From 1993 to
2002, visitor arrivals stagnated at between 6.5 to 7.5 million a year,
while tourism receipts tumbled 17% from S$11.3 billion to S$9.4 billion.193
In the face of growing regional competition from destinations such
as Malaysia and Thailand, visitors were also staying in Singapore for
shorter periods—just over three days. Minister for Trade and Industry
at the time, Mr Lim Hng Kiang, revealed that tourism’s contribution to
Singapore’s GDP (gross domestic product) had fallen by half, from 6.1%
in 1993 to 3% in 2002.194 With Singapore’s scarce land and limited labour
force, the tourism sector was also facing increased competition for
talent and resources from other growing industries.
To make matters worse, Singapore had been significantly affected
by global developments: the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998, the
September 11 terrorist attacks in New York in 2001, and the United
States dot-com bust of 2000-2002 shook global confidence and hit
Singapore’s export-dependent economy hard. Soon after, a regional
outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) diverted
tourism away from East Asia. Overall, business arrivals fell to six million
in 2003, and average hotel occupancy rates fell to around 20% to 30%,
compared to normal levels of 70% and above; retail sales declined
between 10% to 50%. Some restaurants’ revenues were halved and taxi
drivers’ incomes were significantly reduced. During the worst months,
hotel occupancy fell below 10% in April and May, and inbound visitor
arrivals fell by 15% in March and 61% in the first 13 days of April.195 The
outbreak was arrested by May 2003, through rigorous and concerted
efforts by the government, private enterprises, civil society and the
public, but economic sentiments remained sluggish.
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Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
In the face of these various setbacks, the government saw the need
to coordinate and facilitate the periodic intensification and renewal
of the tourism industry. Mr Lim stressed the importance of sustained
commitment to, and investment in the tourism industry. He explained
that “the more attractive we are as a tourism destination, the easier it is
for us to develop our convention and exhibition industry, and grow as an
aviation hub… Apart from a number of sizeable investments in cultural
attractions such as the Esplanade and the museums, we have not made
major investments in tourism attractions over the past decade. The last
significant investment in a tourist attraction was really the Night Safari
in 1994. Moreover, several tourism investments made in the early 1990s
turned out unsuccessful, like the Haw Par Villa, Tang Dynasty City, Asian
Village and Fantasy Island.”196
In the 2000s, familiar tourism attractions such as Orchard Road were
spruced up, while newly-built, iconic attractions reshaped the Singapore
skyline and waterfront to a far greater extent than in previous decades.
The government also made a concerted effort to draw top quality global
sporting and cultural events such as the Formula One race and Broadway
musicals to Singapore for the benefit of both residents and visitors.
These initiatives required constant collaboration with the private sector.
For instance, through the Sale of Sites programme using a fixed land
price, a “Request for Concept” tender was called to build two integrated
resorts, tapping on private sector networks reaching beyond Singapore.
Government efforts at place-making and rejuvenation of historical areas
displayed more sensitivity and sophistication than in previous decades,
reflecting the more discerning preferences of both Singaporeans and
tourists for authenticity and local flavour.
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GROWING ECONOMIC VOLATILITY AND THE
REVITALISATION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
In response to the economic downturns in the late 1990s and
early 2000s, an Economic Review Committee (ERC) comprising
representatives from the private sector, public sector and academia was
set up in December 2001 to review current policies and advise on future
economic strategies.
The ERC recommended that Singapore become a fully globalised
economy and a key node in the global network of major economies;
seek new growth prospects as a “creative and entrepreneurial nation”
encouraging new ventures and innovation; and diversify its economy
by encouraging dynamic local start-ups and companies to complement
multi-national corporations (MNCs).197
A Tourism Working Group (TWG) under the ERC Sub-Committee
on Service Industries was formed to examine challenges faced by
the tourism industry, and recommend measures to boost tourism’s
economic contributions. The TWG recommended that Singapore proactively engage key and emerging markets, and focus on lucrative
market segments with good potential such as education and medical
tourism; encourage regional tourism; create distinctive tourism products
and experiences; and establish a conducive environment for enterprises
to thrive in a tourism ecosystem. Through these proposals, the Subcommittee assessed that Singapore could double both its visitor arrivals
and tourism receipts, to 15 million visitors and S$20 billion a year
respectively, by 2012.198
Shortly after the end of the SARS outbreak, visitor arrivals began
to increase. In 2004, STB launched a “Tourism 2015” roadmap in
consultation with industry partners in a bid to revitalise the sector. A
more ambitious target of doubling visitor arrivals to 17 million, tripling
tourism receipts to S$30 billion and creating 100,000 new jobs was
set. Tourism 2015’s three focus areas closely matched the ERC’s
recommendations: to strengthen Singapore as a leading convention and
exhibition city in Asia with a strong and dynamic business environment;
to develop Singapore as a leading Asian leisure destination with
engaging experiences that were “Uniquely Singapore”; and to establish
Singapore as a top Asian destination for high-end services such as
healthcare and education.
This roadmap complemented URA’s own plans to rejuvenate the new
downtown area to meet the expanding needs of businesses, and
to extend the tourist and commercial centres beyond the Orchard
Road and Shenton Way belts.199 URA further sought to create activity
corridors for leisure and entertainment along Orchard Road, Bugis and
Selegie, and from the Civic District to the new Downtown Core.
71
EXHIBIT 3
Significant Tourism Developments
and Total Visitor Arrivals from
2000-2012
*Excludes Malaysian Citizens arriving by land
8,943,029
2005
10,284,545
2007
• SARS
• Economic Review
Committee Report
8,328,720
• Orchard Road
Rejuvenation
Taskforce Vision
• Orchard Road
Development
Commission Set Up
• IR Debate &
Decision
• Tourism 2015
• Uniquely
Singapore
• Dot-com Bust
• Low Cost Carriers
Gain Popularity
• Economic Review
Committee
.c
om
2004
6,127,291
2003
7,522,163
2001
6,000,001 – 8,000,000
14,000,001 – 16,000,000
8,000,001 – 10,000,000
• ION Orchard
2010
14,496,091
2012
• Your Singapore
• Integrated Resorts
11,641,701
• Gardens by the Bay
10,000,001 – 12,000,000
2009
9,682,690
• Master Plan 2008
Leisure Plan
• Formula 1 Grand
Prix
10,116,054
• Orchard Mall
Enhancement
Initiative
2008
Gardens by the Bay.
Image courtesy of Jannick Timm.
Orchard Road is Singapore’s largest and most
famous shopping and entertainment corridor.
The development of Orchard Road and the
growth of the tourism industry in Singapore
are closely linked.
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
REJUVENATION OF
A SHOPPING
CORRIDOR:
ORCHARD ROAD
venues such as Lido Cinema, Orchard Theatre
The former began as a stretch of nutmeg
plantations and fruit orchards until the early
1900s. CK Tang department store, the first
large retail centre along Orchard Road, opened
in 1958.200 Subsequently, entertainment
and Jackie’s Bowl opened in the 1960s and
1970s, along with hotels such as Ming Court,
Mandarin, Hilton and Singapura, to serve the
bustling tourist trade. In the 1970s, it replaced
High Street as the city’s main shopping
street after a devastating fire broke out at
Robinson’s Department Store in 1972.201 By the
1980s, with three Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
subway stations—Orchard, Somerset and
Dhoby Ghaut—located along the corridor,
Orchard Road had become Singapore’s “most
accessible, intensive, and specialised shopping
street” and the largest concentration of
office space outside the Golden Shoe central
business district.202
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In contrast with many other attractions and districts in Singapore,
Orchard Road was not originally conceived as a coherent shopping
and entertainment street, but grew “piecemeal over time” through
private entrepreneurial efforts.203 Much of the area is already fully
developed. Land is scarce and planners must build upon what is
already there. Constant innovation and rejuvenation is therefore
essential to maintain the area’s appeal.
The 2.5-kilometre road runs along a valley, and is naturally prone to
flooding. Stamford Canal, which drains a catchment area of more than
600 hectares into Marina Bay, was built in the 1960s to alleviate the
floods. From the 1970s, the Ministry of National Development (MND)
and the Public Works Department (PWD) covered the canal to provide
wide walkways or “pedestrian malls” on both sides of the street,204
and to improve its aesthetic qualities. Prior to that, in the words of
Professor Menon, former Chief Transportation Engineer of PWD, the
canal had simply been a “big unattractive longkang [drain].”205
Under the Tourism 21 plan, Orchard Road was identified as an
opportunity area, as part of the “Mall of Singapore,” which stretches
from Orchard Road to Marina Square, with extensions to the ethnic
districts. A facelift for Orchard Road was explicitly mentioned.206 STB
worked closely with various development and planning agencies.
The segmentation of Orchard Road into different zones targeting
different consumer groups required URA’s assistance with zoning
and implementation, while LTA was closely involved due to the high
traffic volume along Orchard Road, and NParks had been constantly
maintaining the lush avenue of Angsana trees207 planted in the 1970s
to provide shade for pedestrians.208 These agencies also collaborated
with private stakeholders, such as the Orchard Road Business
Association (ORBA), to ensure that the improvement measures
addressed the needs of the businesses operating in the area.
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to avoid utilities like cables and pipes, the underground canal, subway
tunnels and the basements of other buildings. Ensuring ventilation
to the tunnels was expensive, but building owners could only expect
moderate rental yields for underground space. Furthermore, different
stakeholders disagreed over the location of linkways, fearing a loss
of human traffic from their premises. Undaunted, URA doubled the
78
Over the years, there have been various
programmes and promotions to encourage
more vibrant street life and attract more
visitors, including the introduction of street
busking and performances, temporary
pedestrianisation and road closures on
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one Sunday per month between 1989 to
1992, and the annual Great Singapore Sale
organised by STB in conjunction with the
Singapore Retailers Association.209
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
REJUVENATION OF
A SHOPPING
CORRIDOR:
ORCHARD ROAD
Continued...
To encourage greater private sector participation in the redevelopment
of Orchard Road, the Orchard Road Development Commission
(ORDEC) was set up in 2005. Based on ORDEC’s recommendation,
proposals that are innovative and constructive were supported with
development incentives and allowed some flexibility for deviations from
existing planning parameters.212
grant in 2012 but to no avail. With increasing pedestrian volumes,
the authorities repaved the street-level walkways, installed street
furniture, and closed one lane on the road to widen the pavements
in front of Ion Orchard, Wisma Atria and Ngee Ann City shopping
centres.210 The underground linkways that exist today are largely due
to pre-emptive planning and establishing conditions for planning
approval, since such linkways are important to prepare for future
increases in pedestrian traffic.211
The government has also used various
incentives to achieve desired design and
planning objectives. In the 1990s, mall
developers were encouraged to build
“urban verandas” which were really alfresco
dining spaces on the second storeys of
malls to provide vantage points of the
street and serve as sheltered walkways
for pedestrians. From 2004, developers
were also offered extra gross floor area
if they designed and constructed visually
One significant use of planning instruments to rejuvenate Orchard
Road was the designation of the land above Orchard MRT station as a
landmark site, due to its location as the gateway to the shopping belt.
This designation as a landmark site allowed for the development, Ion
Orchard, to go beyond the 30-storey height limit of the surrounding
appealing building façades.
However, not all efforts to motivate the
private sector to take on beneficial projects
were successful. In 2004, URA offered
buildings, as stipulated in the Master Plan 2003, providing opportunities
for a prominent landmark to revitalise Orchard Road.213 This led to the
construction of the iconic Ion Orchard complex with cultural and civic
spaces—an observation deck, an art exhibition space, space for public
events, provisions for the surrounding tree-scape, as well as new or
expanded underground links to Wheelock Place, Orchard MRT station
grants for malls to construct underground
pedestrian linkways beneath Orchard Road,
but there was little interest. Underground
construction was at least four times more
expensive, and complex due to the need
and Wisma Atria.214
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Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
To accelerate the growth of the tourism sector, to back the Tourism
2015 initiative launched by Minister Lim Hng Kiang in January 2015,
the government set up a S$2 billion Tourism Development Fund (TDF)
to support initiatives in four areas—developing critical infrastructure
to support tourism growth, encouraging Singapore-based tourism
capability development, anchoring iconic and major events in
Singapore, and developing strategic tourism products.215 Mr Lim Neo
Chian, former Chief Executive of STB, explained that “the whole idea
of this S$2 billion fund is to use the resources to build the necessary
infrastructure and capabilities, and catalyse the developments of new
products and events, in partnership with the private sector.”216
By the early 2000s, Singapore had gained some ground as a tourist
destination, but it was still largely considered a business city. Weekend
occupancy at hotels was lower than weekday occupancy, as many
visitors came for business rather than leisure travel. The business travel
sector was important, but Singapore could gain further market share as
a leisure and services centre of the region, offering travel opportunities
for those seeking high quality healthcare, banking and education. Mr
Lim noted that these areas were mutually dependent. For instance,
organisers of Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE)
events would want to locate their business events in destinations with
exciting leisure options for their participants and delegates. Singapore
needed to reinvent herself—it was not enough to be clean, efficient and
safe; it had to be fun and vibrant as well.217
Mr Lim stressed the importance of STB’s role in capability building,
planning and coordination. This was to ensure that “when we market,
when we push for new products, we’re in a position to handle the
increased number of visitors.” For instance, under the Tourism 2015
Roadmap, Singapore had to manage an incremental capacity of some
100,000 tourists per day and “what it means is that you need to create
a destination… in order to accommodate them, to service them, to
entertain them and find new things to do for [them].” Even business
and services visitors would require additional recreational and leisure
offerings, as “businessmen [do] not only visit Singapore for business;
they want to enjoy themselves as well.”218
THE INTEGRATED RESORTS
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Of all the strategic tourism products that Singapore has developed
since independence, it is arguable that the two Integrated Resorts (IRs)
built in the 2000s are the largest and most visible, as well as the most
obvious indication that the government was prepared to explore new
frontiers in reinventing Singapore as a global city for tourism, business
and leisure.
Each IR—Marina Bay Sands (MBS) and Resorts World Sentosa (RWS)—
comprises a variety of lifestyle, leisure and tourism attractions such
as entertainment and concerts, hotels, restaurants, convention and
exhibition spaces, shopping, public spaces and gardens, and a museum
or an amusement park. Each IR also houses a casino, the first and only
two of their kind in Singapore.
Prime Minister (PM) Lee Hsien Loong emphasised in 2004 that
Singapore’s concept of an IR went beyond just a casino. Addressing
Parliament, he explained that “three major developments caused us to
re-examine our position [on gaming]: we are losing ground in tourism.
Cities all round the world are reinventing themselves. [And] we are
not considering a casino, but an IR—an integrated resort. The IRs will
have all kinds of amenities…. The great majority will not be there to
gamble…. But within this large development and slew of activities, there
is one small but essential part which offers gaming and which helps
make the entire project financially feasible. And as a result, there is no
need for government grants or subsidies to the Integrated Resort. The
investors will put in the money, and take the commercial risk.”219 The
following year, PM Lee explained again that cities around the world
were reinventing themselves—New York, London, Paris, Shanghai, Hong
Kong, Kuala Lumpur. He explained that Singapore needed “to do many
things to become a global city. A casino itself is not essential to this
vision. But an IR is not just a casino. An IR is a significant idea we must
consider, that will help us reinvent Singapore.”220
Beyond the direct economic benefits of the IR, it would broadly
stimulate growth in various service sectors, and potentially revive the
sluggish construction industry in the early 2000s. The increased activity
and visitor arrivals due to these mega-projects would spin-off a host
of benefits for the entire tourism industry and the Singapore economy
in general. Hotels would be upgraded, stimulating the property
sector, and new businesses would compete for a share of the growing
tourism market. The higher passenger volumes would likewise bolster
Singapore’s position as an aviation hub and a centre for conventions
and meetings.
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Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Detailed planning and study went into the conception of the IR. The
pros and cons of various gaming models, including London’s private
gambling clubs restricted to the wealthy as well as huge casinos in Las
Vegas and Macau, were studied. Multiple venues, including the Southern
Islands and Sentosa, were considered. A Request for Concept (RFC)
was initiated in late 2004 to solicit proposals from interested bidders.
The RFC defined clear government objectives as well as the regulations
that would be imposed on the successful bidder. Nineteen proposals
were received, many from world-class resort operators. This exercise
allowed the government to evaluate the project’s financial feasibility.221
Simultaneously, a public consultation exercise was launched to weigh
in public sentiments on the establishment of casinos. Although there
were calls for a national referendum on the issue, they were rejected.
PM Lee explained that a referendum was not necessary because there
were already “many forms of legal gambling in Singapore. […] It is a
policy matter: whether to allow an additional outlet for gambling, and
to weigh the pros and cons to decide whether the economic benefit to
Singapore of doing so outweighs the social costs.”222
During this research and consultation phase, the Ministry of Trade and
Industry (MTI) suggested building two IRs instead of one, to which PM
Lee responded, “I was not convinced because I thought one is already
a big investment. Two... your problems will be in two places instead of
one place.”223
Despite PM Lee’s initial reservations, further research and market testing
was done, and it revealed the soundness of MTI’s recommendation.
A Straits Times newspaper article titled From an Outright ‘No’ to a
Reluctant ‘Two’ announced the government’s decision to build two
IRs, and then to observe and learn from any problems faced over the
next five to seven years.224 It was argued that the two projects would
complement each other, providing market competition and establishing
a critical mass to draw new visitors. The government gave its assurance
that a concerted effort would be made to control and minimise adverse
social consequences that could arise.
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While the two IRs—MBS and RWS—are often jointly referred to,
they are positioned differently. The IR at Marina Bay seeks to create
a “compelling MICE precinct in the heart of the city”. Its prime
location in the city centre would allow it to take advantage of
existing infrastructure and facilities and enjoy excellent visibility and
accessibility. The IR would double MICE space to 200,000 square
metres and double the number of hotel rooms in the area to 10,000,
all within walking distance. This would offer logistical convenience,
and attract major MICE events with thousands of delegates each.
Planners understood that MBS should be an iconic development that
enhanced the city skyline, given its prime location by the sea in the New
Downtown. MBS was seen as an attractive way to achieve quick and
coordinated development of the Bayfront. “Without the IR, it might take
us 15 years or more to tender out the land in individual parcels, and to
develop the area on the same scale. But if we build an IR, within four
years the Bayfront will be developed. This will complement other major
developments such as the Esplanade, the new Sports Hub in Kallang
and the Marina Barrage, to bring new life and excitement to the new
Downtown and our city.”225
In contrast, the IR on Sentosa was conceived as a “large-scale family
resort with its host of world class family leisure attractions.”226 The IR
would transform a huge 47-hectare area—as large as the Singapore
Zoological Gardens and Singapore Bird Park combined—by bringing to
Sentosa “a large scale, high quality anchor attraction which it has so
far lacked.”227
The consensus among Singapore’s hoteliers is that the IRs are a positive
force in the tourism industry, accounting for a major share of the surge
in tourism receipts by attracting “incremental visitors”—people who
would not have come to Singapore without the lure of the theme
parks, conventions, entertainment options or casinos. The situation is
best described by Mrs Tan-Wee Wei Ling, Executive Director (Asset
Management) of Pan Pacific Hotels Group Limited, who observed that
“domestic competition is constructive. For example, the IRs have not
taken away our customers but have created a bigger customer pool for
all as evident in the surge of arrivals when they opened.”228
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The Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Integrated
Resort is built on reclaimed land bordering
a freshwater reservoir, in the heart of the
new Downtown Core. In addition to the
IR, the Marina Bay area now houses a new
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
A MICE HUB AND
IN THE CITY CENTRE:
RESORT
MARINA
BAY SANDS
banking and financial district, an expansion
of the existing Central Business District. How
was Singapore—one of the most densely
populated countries in the world—able to
locate a large, new Integrated Resort and
a new business district in its crowded city
centre, and how did the government decide
on the best way to allocate the land?
In 1971, Singapore’s first Concept Plan
foresaw the need to build an adequate road
network ahead of time, to prepare for the
inevitable growth of the city centre. One
part of this network consisted of a coastal
highway on reclaimed land to the south.
This would connect the east and west of
Singapore, discourage urban sprawl, and
relieve some of the traffic flow through
the city. Large-scale land reclamation was
also undertaken to create space for the
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84
the new “Downtown Core” conceptualised Marina Bay as a focal point of
nation branding, a national symbol and gathering place, the “face” and
“showpiece” of Singapore.
85
Planning decisions shaped the Marina Bay area in other ways—the
government decided not to completely reclaim the entire bay, leaving
an attractive waterfront with a larger catchment area, which controlled
flooding and enhanced the value of the existing land. Starting from a clean
slate also permitted coordinated planning with sustainability in mind. Areas
were zoned for mixed-use developments to create a vibrant live-workplay district even after office hours and on weekends, a comprehensive
pedestrian network was built, and a new underground Common Services
Tunnel was installed to house water, electricity, telecommunications,
district cooling and other utility connections. Former Minister for National
Development Mr Mah Bow Tan commented that “if we had [sic] not started
many years ago and put in this infrastructure, it would have been difficult to
sell the sites around Marina Bay in the way we had.”230
When the decision to proceed with the IRs was made with STB as the
main liaising agency, it was decided that, for the first time in the history of
government land sales in Singapore, a fixed-price method would be used
to allocate the land. The price of the land at Marina Bay was fixed at S$1.2
billion, so that bidders could compete solely on the strength of the design
and concept of their proposals.
involved extensive coordination between multiple public agencies.
The process from conception to completion took about six years, and
future expansion of the city.229 By the 1990s,
these far-sighted decisions had paid off—
urbanisation had become a global trend,
but few major cities enjoyed Singapore’s
competitive advantage of a large parcel
of undeveloped, prime waterfront land
adjacent to the city centre, available for
planning and leasing by the state. In 1993,
This was done because the IR was not a normal development—there
were no precedents in the country, and it was a mega-project of strategic
significance for Singapore, with multiple uncertainties and commercial
risks. The government was concerned that if it used the normal land tender
process of awarding the land to the highest bidder, the winner of the tender
might overbid for the land, and this would affect the subsequent quality of
the design, construction and programming of the IR.
URA’s Development Guide Plan (DGP) for
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
EVOLUTION OF
A LEISURE
ISLAND:
SENTOSA
Sentosa is an offshore island of Singapore
accessible by a road link, cable car, and a light
railway line, and is about ten minutes’ drive
from the city centre. It has been designated for
recreation and tourism purposes since the 1970s.
The establishment of Singapore’s second IR—
Resorts World Sentosa (RWS)—can be seen as
a move to qualitatively transform Sentosa into a
world-class tourist destination, while enhancing
its recreational and leisure options for tourists
and locals.231
Over the decades, the Sentosa Development
Corporation (SDC)232 has undertaken many
planning efforts and projects to improve the
convenience and attractiveness of visiting
Sentosa. More transportation options were
provided in the 1970s and early 1980s, and greater
private sector involvement and investment was
encouraged from the late 1980s. Mr Alan Choe,
chairman of SDC then, recalled, “It’s a question of
[an] island. Everybody knows it’s so inaccessible;
nobody goes there, how to make money? [So] I
talked to the business community.”
From these discussions, a new formula for
public-private collaboration was established.
Investors were not keen on making a lump sum
upfront payment for a long land lease on Sentosa.
The Sentosa Causeway was critical in ensuring easy
access for locals and tourists to visit the island.
Image courtesy of superjoseph.
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86
Instead, SDC would provide the land and construct essential utilities and
infrastructure, and private firms would develop and run the attractions on
these sites according to SDC’s designated themes. Payments to SDC were
structured as a percentage of the firms’ gross revenue.233 This unique Sale
of Sites programme reduced the market risk and capital outlay, resulting
in 12 major commercial projects, which include the presently active and
accomplished Underwater World, being launched between 1987 and
1993.234 This increased and diversified Sentosa’s recreational options.
Meanwhile, infrastructure improvements continued. The opening of the
Sentosa Causeway in 1992 was effective in generating a critical mass of
visitors to improve the viability of Sentosa’s attractions, while lowering the
associated business costs.235
The Tourism 21 Master Plan proposed further steps to increase the number
of night visitors and lengthen their visits to Sentosa. With the limited
ability of theme attractions to sustain a regular flow of repeat visitors,
other event programming, involving large parties and events was taken
up. As such, hotel facilities on Sentosa were upgraded to meet demand
from the corporate and MICE sectors.
The establishment of RWS, with its cluster of family entertainment,
restaurants and attractions such as a Marine Life Park and the Universal
Studios Singapore amusement park, provided Sentosa with an anchor
tenant that could attract new groups of visitors and generate spinoff benefits for existing businesses on Sentosa. Today, Sentosa been
transformed from a “rundown flop to booming pleasure isle.”236 In spite
of this, the subsequent challenges keep the development sustainable, to
prevent the IR from overshadowing other attractions, and to preserve the
character of Sentosa as a leisure island.
87
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
The decision to introduce casinos in Singapore was not a
straightforward nor easy one. The government conducted extensive
research and consultation, including public engagement and feedback
sessions.237 When the decision to proceed was made, strong regulatory
measures and safeguards were implemented to mitigate the
social costs.
Two new organisations, a Casino Regulatory Authority and a National
Council for Problem Gambling, were established; the latter comprised
of experts in areas such as psychology, rehabilitation, social services,
counselling and religious services. Public education and community
partnerships were strengthened to identify chronic gamblers and
protect vulnerable segments of the population, and provide avenues for
gambling addiction treatment and counselling.
Key elements of the regulatory regime include strict licensing and
licence renewal conditions for the casino operators; a casino entry
levy on all Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents to discourage
impulse gambling; empowerment of spouses and family members to
exclude persons with gambling problems from entry to the casinos;
automatic exclusion of persons on public social assistance programmes,
who are insolvent, or with poor credit records; self-exclusion measures;
and prohibition of advertisements that promote gambling.238
THE FORMULA ONE SINGAPORE
GRAND PRIX
Chapter 3
88
Singapore’s annual Formula One (F1) Night Race, which first flagged
off in 2008, is a premier branding exercise that aimed—in the words of
Mr Lim Neo Chian—to change the image of Singapore as strait-laced
and “boring”, and to show that “we’re always prepared to try new
ideas and to change things.”239 Such anchor events have an important
role in tourism development and marketing that is distinct from, but
yet complement the recreational attractions, business facilities and
infrastructure such as the IRs. Once a year, in September, the world’s
attention is focussed on Singapore, with the beautiful night city skyline
of Singapore as the backdrop for the F1 event. The F1 race is also an
example of sports event tourism, along with the 2010 Youth Olympics
and the Volvo Ocean Race, which help to boost the Singapore brand.240
The Singapore F1 Night Race in 2013.
Image courtesy of CaterhamF1.
89
Car races were popular in Singapore in the
1960s. These races, jointly organised by
the Singapore Motor Club and the Ministry
of Social Affairs, were discontinued in
1973 due to government concern that
they would encourage reckless driving.
Moreover, there had been seven deaths
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
THE LONG ROAD TO
THE SINGAPORE
FORMULA
ONE RACE
over 11 years from the races along
public roads.241
Dr Ahmad Mattar, then Acting Minister
for Social Affairs, explained that “motor
racing up to April 1973 was held at Upper
Thomson Road. The Grand Prix was
cancelled as the Thomson Road Circuit
was proving to be a great danger to
spectators and participants. It was also
a great inconvenience to residents of the
area as it required the closure of roads
leading into it.”
The 1973 oil crisis also contributed to the
government’s decision not to continue
with motor racing on public roads. It
explained that the organisation of motor
racing under controlled conditions would
require the provision of a proper motor
racing circuit. Considerable expenditure
would be entailed in acquiring a sizable
acreage of land and building costs. It was
also estimated that recurrent expenditure
would be high.242
Chapter 3
90
Race cars at the 1966 Singapore Grand Prix, rounding the infamous “Circus Hairpin” .
Image from Ministry of Information and the Arts Collection, courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.
Singapore’s founding Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew initially believed
that car races were for the masses, and did not help Singapore become
a culturally refined city.243 However, in 2005, Lee mentioned that he
regretted the decision to discontinue motor-racing, because it could
have “made Singapore richer and more established” as a host country.
He added that the Singapore government had come to consider popular
culture, including F1 racing, as big business today.244
91
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
In 2006, a multi-agency task force was set up to seriously explore
organising an F1 race, after STB had funded a study with URA
Chapter 3
92
Police Force on security issues. STB also works closely with private
organisers and engages commercial stakeholders to innovate and
test ideas, increasing the benefits for the tourism industry and local
communities. Finally, STB curates a range of lifestyle events including
the lighting and visibility conditions would not affect the safety and
performance of the drivers, the enjoyment of the spectators, and the
visibility of the advertisers.247 Another key objective was to have the
race within the city centre instead of a stadium or racetrack, against the
backdrop of the Singapore cityscape, with its architectural icons and
landmarks beautifully lit. This would yield the biggest global branding
impact for Singapore.
However, it was also technically more challenging. No country had
organised an F1 night race before, and it was critical to ensure that
savvy” when working with the private sector in order to reach
reasonable agreements on the sharing of responsibilities and costs,
Useful lessons were also learnt: even governments have to be “business
The F1 race was a game-changer for Singapore as it “caught the
attention of everybody around the world.”249 Following the inaugural
race in 2008, major newspapers around the world carried the Singapore
F1 race on their front pages, quoting Mr Ecclestone’s remark that the
Singapore Grand Prix was the “crown jewel of F1.”250 The Singapore
Grand Prix has achieved other major objectives. It has helped shape
global perceptions of Singapore as a fun and exciting place, increased
concerts, dance parties, and entertainment and dining promotions, to
be held in conjunction with the race.248
STB and URA worked together to identify the best routes for the city
since such events provide lucrative opportunities for some firms to
earn additional profits. Conversely, other private stakeholders may be
negatively affected by the Grand Prix, such as businesses that lose
customers during the F1 period due to road closures. There is a need to
assistance to define a possible city circuit around Marina Bay.245
Leveraging on private sector networks, Mr Ong Beng Seng, founder of
Singapore-based Hotel Properties Limited, was asked to negotiate a
deal with F1 President and Chief Executive Mr Bernie Ecclestone. This
proved successful, and agreements were signed to host the first F1 race
in Singapore.
race circuit. Apart from the branding advantages, a temporary circuit
was deemed preferable to the alternative of a permanent F1 track at
the Laguna National Golf and Country Club. A permanent track would
require downstream efforts to ensure its sustainability by hosting other
understand and address their concerns as much as possible. Ultimately,
the sustained success of the Singapore Grand Prix also relies on public
support from Singaporeans. The organisers have therefore taken steps
to involve the community and make the race event more inclusive, such
as providing school excursion opportunities, a diversity of side events
The idea of a night race originated from a passing remark by Mr
Ecclestone, and gained traction as the timing would allow viewership
by European audiences, where the majority of F1 fans were based.246
events throughout the year. To defray some of the cost of organising
the Grand Prix, an F1 cessation tax was levied on gazetted hotels, with
slightly higher rates for hotels nearer to the circuit, in recognition of the
additional profits earned by these hotels over the F1 period.
for various audience groups, and allowing public access to exclusive
areas such as the Paddock and the Pit Building where feasible.
incremental visitor arrivals by the global community of F1 fans, offered
business and networking opportunities through industry partner events,
given local firms the opportunity to learn the ropes of organising world
class events by working with international experts, and catalysed the
motor and tourism industries.251
STB is the government’s lead agency and facilitator for the Singapore
Grand Prix, and handles planning and execution in coordination with
other agencies. For instance, STB works with the Singapore Land
Authority to ensure land availability for the race buildings and marquee
venues; the Land Transport Authority to facilitate road closures, road
infrastructure and public transport requirements; and the Singapore
93
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
LESSONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Today, Singapore’s tourism sector contributes some 4% of GDP and
supports some 160,000 jobs, but it could play an even bigger role as
Singapore’s economy matures.252 Tourism as an economic sector has
some unique characteristics—it bolsters Singapore’s image as a vibrant
global city that is a magnet for capital, talent and recreation, enhances
the quality and diversity of leisure options for residents, and it provides
further justification for projects that beautify and improve the living
environment through the generation of economic spin-offs and
tourism receipts.
Four key learning points can be distilled from the success of tourism
development in Singapore. First, there is a need for long-term plans
with clear targets. This makes desired outcomes and policy directions
transparent, and aligns the various stakeholders and agencies. A
consistent long-term plan improves investor confidence, given the
high upfront capital investment and lengthy payback periods that are
characteristic of large tourist attractions.
Flexible allocation mechanisms, for instance through the Sale of
Second, better outcomes have been achieved through working with
markets. The mission of the government has evolved from being
“first class regulators” to “efficient facilitators” of business activity.253
Sites programme, enable the government to respond to the private
sector’s demand for land. There are often market failures in tourism
development due to coordination problems and information asymmetry,
which private firms are often unable to resolve by themselves. Properly
targeted and implemented, government intervention can be effective
to allocate scarce resources properly, align the incentives of private
stakeholders, and harness zoning and other administrative tools to
guide and organise tourism development.
Third, while Singapore has sought to harness the strengths of private
initiative and investment, the government also has an important role
to play. Over the decades, sound urban and development planning has
given a much-needed boost to tourism development. Planning improves
the siting of investments and the timely provision of infrastructure
that can anticipate changing needs, and minimise overcrowding and
Chapter 3
94
friction between different user groups. It has allowed Singapore to
make the best use of its very limited land to cater to both tourists and
locals. Coordinated planning also minimises failures due to lack of
coordination, such as when one tourism attraction (e.g. a resort) cannot
perform well in the absence of supplementary infrastructure such as
a cruise terminal, or other complementary attractions such as good
quality malls and restaurants. Software such as activity programming
can also be better coordinated with hardware investments through
government facilitation and incentives, and close collaboration with
industry partners.254 Given the diversity and number of initiatives
and developments, future challenges include better coordination
between agencies for events, to avoid overlaps and situations where
multiple events fight for a share of the same visitor pie. This will enable
Singapore to better navigate the global tourism market as it grows
more sophisticated, and better understand the complexity of the
tourism industry and its relationship with various stakeholders.
Fourth, tourism development strategies must display sensitivity and
address concerns from stakeholders and the public in order to win
support and approval. This is especially important where emotive
aspects of heritage, community identity and lifestyle are concerned.
Public support and patronage, as demonstrated in cases such as
Sentosa, is necessary for the long-term sustainability and financial
viability of tourism attractions.
Above all, public attractions and recreational sites are shared spaces for
both tourists and locals. Given its relatively small resident population,
tourism development has enabled Singapore’s citizens to enjoy a wider
range of entertainment and leisure options than would otherwise be
commercially viable. In the words of former STPB chairman, Mr Tan I
Tong, in 1984, “Without tourism… you won’t have the [Jurong] Bird Park,
Sentosa would not have been developed as it is today. When you don’t
have three million tourists, you wouldn’t need a big airport, you won’t
need so many good hotels and restaurants, and you won’t have so
many shopping centres. There are many things we cannot have without
tourism.”255 This insight remains valid today as Singapore continues
to pursue the successful management and innovative development
of its tourism industry, in a manner that suits its unique national
characteristics as an urbanised, global city-state.
95
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Planning for Tourism:
Creating a Vibrant
Singapore
1959
Designation of the Department of Tourism
under the purview of the Ministry of
Finance instead of the Minister for Culture
in the State of Singapore Government
Gazette Supplement of 1959.
Before 1960
1960
Chapter 3
96
97
Singapore Tourist Association formed on
20 February.
1960
Tourist Promotion Bill presented by Dr
Goh Keng Swee (Minister for Finance);
Tourist Promotion Board Act passed on
20 December.
Design of the Merlion gazetted in the
Singapore Tourism Act of 1963 with the
Merlion subsequently serving as the
STPB’s promotional emblem from 1964
to 1997.
1964
Singapore Tourism Promotion Board
(STPB) set up on 1 January.
1967
Singapore named “The Garden City” by
then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. Start
of the Garden City campaign.
1960
1970
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Closure of the Singapore Tourist Association.
Formation of Special Committee for
Conversion of Selective Historic Sites into
Tourist Attractions in December.
Introduction of daily “Instant Asia”
Cultural Show.
Opening of Jurong Bird Park on 3 January.
1971
Opening of Sentosa.
1972
Official opening ceremony of Raffles
Landing Site on 3 February.
Merlion Project completed and installed
at the mouth of the Singapore River,
inaugurated by then Prime Minister, Mr
Lee Kuan Yew on 15 September.
1973
Opening of Singapore Zoological Gardens
on 27 June.
1970
1974
Formation of Singapore Convention
Bureau in April.
1976
Opening of Singapore Handicraft
Centre by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew
on 25 September.
1979
STPB came under the purview of the
newly created Ministry of Trade &
Industry in March.
Official opening of Singapore Cultural
Theatre by Mr Goh Chok Tong, then
Minister for Trade & Industry, in March.
1981
Singapore’s new Changi Airport opened
for commercial operations on 1 July.
1984
Tourism Task Force was formed by Dr
Tony Tan, then Minister for Trade and
Industry, in August.
The Product Development Division
was established to coordinate the
development of tourism infrastructure on 1
September.
Introduction of Festival Light-Up with
“Christmas at the Equator” on Orchard
Road in December.
1985
Haw Par Villa acquired by the government.
Introduction of Light-Up for Lunar New
Year, Hari Raya and Deepavali.
1980
1986
Chapter 3
98
Redevelopment of Haw Par Villa into
a Chinese mythological theme park
awarded to International Theme Parks
(S) Pte Ltd, a consortium formed
between two local companies: Fraser &
Neave (S) Pte Ltd and Times Publishing
Berhad, in April.
99
One billion dollars allocated by
government to fund the Tourism Product
Development Plan aimed at revitalising
Singapore’s existing attractions and
building new ones.
1987
Rebirth of the Singapore River as a
cultural and entertainment centre.
Traditional bumboats were reintroduced
to provide regular cruises, Singapore
River Cruises, on 14 November.
1991
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Development of a new strategic plan to
identify mid-term to long-term goals of
Singapore’s tourism industry (1992-1995).
Raffles Hotel re-opened after its
restoration on 16 September.
Opening of a 710-metre land link to Sentosa.
1992
1993
Official opening of Boat Quay in August.
Official opening of Clarke Quay by Dr
Richard Hu, then Minister for Finance,
in December.
1990
1994
Initiated Tourism Unlimited strategy with
expansion of the STPB’s role in tourism
business development, in addition to
destination promotion role.
1995
New destination position branding,
“New Asia-Singapore”, was formulated.
1996
Launch of the industry’s National Tourism
Plan, “Tourism 21”, in July.
1997
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board renamed
Singapore Tourism Board (STB).
1998
The Chinatown Experience Guide Plan
first mooted.
2003
Bridging Loan Programme for SARSaffected, tourism-related sectors.
Programme administered by SPRING
Singapore in consultation with STB,
from 1 May to 31 December.
2005
Tourism Master Plan—Tourism 2015
launched on 11 January.
2008
First ever night circuit Formula One
race launched.
2000
Chapter 3
100
Opening of integrated resorts.
2010
2010
101
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Endnotes
102
103
Singapore Parliament Reports (Hansard). (1958, December 17) Budget, Ministry of Commerce
and Industry, Vol. 8, Col. 1450. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the Parliament of Singapore web site:
http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00049202-ZZ¤tPubID=00068946ZZ&topicKey=00068946-ZZ.00049202-ZZ_1+id003_19581217_S0003_T00141-budget+
Ibid.
Tan Chin Nam, Pamelia Lee, Lim Neo Chian and Lok Lik Peng. (2013, August 27). CLC Lecture Series:
Tourism & Singapore’s Development. (Unpublished transcript). Accession number CLC/017/2013/002.
Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
20-year hitch. (1957, February 25). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National
Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article aspx?articleid=straitstimes
19570225-1.2.69
Ibid.
Ibid.
Tourist expert for Singapore Government. (1956, September 17). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 9
June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?
articleid=straitstimes19560917-1.2.69
Tourism hopes. (1956, November 13). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National
Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19561113-1.2.37
‘Take the road to S’pore’ drive. (1955, November 10). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from
the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19551110-1.2.96
Bid to attract American tourists to Colony. (1957, April 15). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 9 June
2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid
=straitstimes19570415-1.2.46
Tourist men to hold talks in Singapore. (1957, February 11). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved 9 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19570211-1.2.95
Govt. to take a hand in tourism. (1957, May 3). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the
National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=freepress
19570503-1.2.27
Tourist bureau. (1957, June 21). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Library
Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19570621-1.2.59
The tourist board gets a new motto. (1957, August 17). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved 9 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19570817-1.2.105
Fiji man gets top tourist job. (1958, April 20). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the
National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes
19580420-1.2.9
Seeking the tourist. (1958, September 17). The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the
National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes
19580917-1.2.103.1
The VIP treatment for 260. (1959, January 25). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved 21 July 2015 from
National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?
articleid=straitstimes19590125-1.2.27
Tourist Dept. closure ‘economy measure’. (1959, June 19). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 9 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19590619-1.2.57
400 firms from all sectors back the association. (1970, January 15). The Straits Times, p. 12. Retrieved 9
June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?
articleid=straitstimes19700115-1.2.70.3
Goh, K. S. (2013). The Economics of Modernization, pp. 19-20. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish
International Asia Pte Ltd.
Chan, C. B. (2002). The Birth of EDB. In Heart Work, p. 15. Singapore: Singapore Economic
Development Board and EDB Society.
ENDNOTES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Planning for Tourism: Creating a Vibrant Singapore
Chiang, L. C. (1999). Strategies for sustainable visitor growth: A case study. The Journal of Tourism
Studies Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 18-24.
Goh, K. S. (1964, January 31). Address by Dr. Goh Keng Swee at the luncheon given by the Singapore
Tourist Association. Retrieved on 9 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site:
http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19640131c.pdf
Ibid.
Finance Ministry to handle tourism. (1963, January 23). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved 9 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes
19630123.2.53.aspx
Big boost for tourism as govt steps in. (1964, May 20). The Straits Times, p. 12. Retrieved 9 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes
19640520.2.147.1.4.aspx
Goh, Keng Swee. (1964, January 31). Address by Dr. Goh Keng Swee at the luncheon given by the
Singapore Tourist Association. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web
site: http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19640131c.pdf
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (7 March 1972). Tourist Promotion (Cess Collection) Bill, Vol.
31, Col. 548. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the Parliament of Singapore web site: http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/
search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00054950-ZZ¤tPubID=00069252-ZZ&topicKey=00069252ZZ.00054950-ZZ_1%2Bid046_19720307_S0003_T00211-bill%2B
Getting set for the million. (1970, January 29). The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the
National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes
19700129-1.2.78
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (27 January 1970). Tourist Promotion Board (Amendment)
Bill, Vol. 29, Col. 395. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the Parliament of Singapore web site: http://sprs.
parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00054084-ZZ¤tPubID=00069214-ZZ&topicKey=
00069214-ZZ.00054084-ZZ_1%2Bid017_19700127_S0003_T00111-bill%2B
Goh, K. S. (1964, January 31). Address by Dr. Goh Keng Swee at the luncheon given by the Singapore
Tourist Association. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site: http://
www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19640131c.pdf
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Who says we get fewer visitors than Taiwan? (1971, November 22). The Straits Times, p. 20. Retrieved
9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/
Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19711122-1.2.131.4
U.N. men to study industrial potential. (1960, October 5). The Straits Times, p. 16. Retrieved 9 June
2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid
=straitstimes19601005-1.2.103
Lee, K. Y. (2000). Surviving without a Hinterland. In From third world to first: The Singapore story:
1965-2000, Volume 2, p.66. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Winsemius, Albert. (1982, August 31). Oral History Interview by Tan Kay Chee, Economic Development
of Singapore (Transcript), Accession number 00246/18 Reel 2, p. 16. Oral History Centre, National
Archives of Singapore.
Han, J. & Lim, T. S. (n.d.) Industrial Relations (Amendment) Act. Singapore Infopedia. Singapore:
National Library Board. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://
eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-07-07_133856.html
Goh tells of Govt plans to speed up economic growth. (1968, April 17). The Straits Times, p. 8.
Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/
Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19680417-1.2.72
Ibid.
Plan for growth. (1968, April 18). The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Library
Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19680418-1.2.53.1
Conversion of bases: S’pore sets up new department. (1968, February 18). The Straits Times, p. 2.
Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/
Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19680218-1.2.12
Campbell, W. (1967, August 1). A new life planned for an old fortress. The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved
9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19670801-1.2.71
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Endnotes
104
105
‘Blakang Mati can handle the largest ships’. (1966, August 25). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved
9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19660825-1.2.22
Chandran, R. (1966, August 6). Blakang Mati as industrial depot planned. The Straits Times, p. 5.
Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/
Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19660806-1.2.28
A new life planned for an old fortress. (1967, 1 August), The Straits Times, pg. 10, http://newspapers.
nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19670801-1.2.71
Alan Choe was then head of the Urban Renewal Department (URD), under the Housing and
Development Board (HDB).
Winsemius, Albert. (1982, August 31). Oral History Interview by Tan Kay Chee, Economic Development
of Singapore (Transcript), Accession number 000246/18, Reel 10, pp. 119-120. Oral History Centre,
National Archives of Singapore.
A $900 million plan to beat the slump threat. (1968, March 31). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved
9 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19680331-1.2.10
Ibid.
The Master Plan (MP) is the statutory plan which guides Singapore’s land use and development in
the medium term, for the next 10 to 15 years. It provides a comprehensive and integrated planning
framework for urban development. It has evolved from a plan which simply reflected preceding land
use amendments, to a focus on planning ahead for future developments. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from
Urban Redevelopment Authority web site: http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan.aspx?p1=ViewMaster-Plan
Abrams, C., Kobe, S. & Koenigsberger, O. (1980). Growth and Urban Renewal in Singapore, Part I –
Action Planning. Habitat International, Vol. 5, Nos. 1/2, pp. 85-127.
Jurong gets ready to grow three times. (1968, October 26). The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved 9 June
2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid
=straitstimes19681026-1.2.58
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (1970, March 17). Budget, loans and general, Vol. 29, Col. 591.
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jsp?currentTopicID=00054145-ZZ¤tPubID=00069216-ZZ&topicKey=00069216-ZZ.00054145ZZ_1%2Bid017_19700317_S0003_T00061-budget%2B
Goh tells why the bird park was built. (1971, January 4). The Straits Times, p. 15. Retrieved 9 June 2015
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Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (1968, December 12). Debate on Annual Budget Statement,
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Ibid.
The men behind the project. (1973, January 29). The Straits Times, p. 14. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from
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Out of the Box (2008) Challenge Magazine, May-June, pp. 26-27. Singapore: SPH Magazines. Retrieved
from: http://www.challenge.gov.sg/archives/2008_05/ideas.html
Ibid.
Harrison, Bernard. (2014, April 8). Interview with Centre Liveable for Cities (Unpublished transcript).
Accession number, CLC/017/2014/009. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development,
Singapore.
Ho, L. H. (2004/2005). Flight into Fantasy: Singapore’s journey into Aviation. Air Line Pilots
Association Singapore (ALPA-S) web site. Retrieved from: https://archive.is/ejNq
Lee, K. Y. (2006, July 1). Speech by Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Minister Mentor, at Changi Airport 25th
Anniversary Dinner, 1 July 2006, 8.00 pm at the Raffles Ballroom, Swissotel the Stamford. Retrieved
10 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site: http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/
speeches/view-html?filename=20060701991.htm
Lee, K. Y. (2006, July 1). Speech by Mr Lee Kuan Yew, Minister Mentor, at Changi Airport 25th
Anniversary Dinner, 1 July 2006, 8.00 pm at the Raffles Ballroom, Swissotel the Stamford. Retrieved
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Lee, K. Y. (2000). Conductor of an orchestra. From third world to first: The Singapore story: 1965-2000,
Volume 2, pp. 230-231. Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings.
Choe, A. (1968, August 31). The Role of Government in Tourist Promotion, Symposium on Tourism at
Cultural Centre on 31st August 1968 by Mr Alan Choe.
Background behind that great take-off.... (1981, July 3). The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved 10 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19810703-1.2.24
Pek, Hock Thiam. (2015, January 19). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities (Unpublished transcript).
Accession Number CLC/017/2015/013. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development,
Singapore.
Ibid.
The airport challenge. (1989, March 4). The Straits Times, p. 34. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from the
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19890304-1.2.54.1
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. (1993). Strategic Plan for growth, 1993-1995.
New high in air travel this year. (1967, December 29). The Straits Times, p. 2. Retrieved 9 June 2015
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straitstimes19671229-1.2.15.9
‘More hotels’ forecast for Singapore (1967, June 1). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 9 June 2015 from
the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19670601-1.2.33
Chang, K., & Lim, C. (1990). Fifty Years in Singapore, p. 66. Singapore: Knight Frank Cheong Hock Chye
& Baillieu (Property Consultants) Pte Ltd.
Choe, Alan. (1997, 20 May) Oral History Interview by Soh Eng Khim on The Public Service – A
Retrospection (Transcript), Accession number 001891/18 Reel 14, p. 1. Oral History Centre, National
Archives of Singapore. Retrieved 20 July 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site:
http://archivesonline.nas.sg/viewer?uuid=ea127c26-115f-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad-OHC001891_014
Wardlaw, Henry. (2013, October 18). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities (Unpublished transcript).
Accession Number CLC/025/2013/001. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development,
Singapore.
Goh, K.S. (1968, August 2). Speech By Dr. Goh Keng Swee, Minister For Finance, at Opening Of Lion
City Hotel Ltd. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site: http://drm.
a2o.nas.sg/DJVUServer/PdfStampServlet?app=stars&filepath=pdfdoc/PressR19680802e.pdf
Housing and Development Board. (1963). Annual Report, p. 2.
Choe: Slums in city centre block progress. (1967, April 18). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved 10 June
2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/
Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19670418-1.2.43
Land Acquisition Act (Chapter 152). (1967, June 17). Attorney-General’s Chambers, Singapore. Retrieved
form: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=3a5063ba-7501-48d3-b99c-ba5c9a
085f10;page=0;query=CompId%3A3a5063ba-7501-48d3-b99c-ba5c9a085f10;rec=0
Choe, Alan. (2013, July 31). Alan Choe’s interview with CLC on Urban Renewal (Unpublished transcript).
Accession Number CLC/015/2013/003. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development,
Singapore.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1983). Chronicle of Sale Sites.
Advertisements Column. (1967, June 16). The Straits Times, p. 17. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the
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articleid=straitstimes19670616-1.2.140.7
Chiang, L. C. (1999). Strategies for sustainable visitor growth: A case study. The Journal of Tourism
Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 18-24.
Ministry of National Development. (1967, April 24). Property Tax Concessions For Approved Building
Projects. Singapore Government Press Statement. Retrieved from the National Archives of Singapore
web site: http://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19670424.pdf
Offer opens today for 14 more urban renewal sites. (1968, November 16). The Straits Times, p. 10.
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newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19681116-1.2.76
Development charges are levies imposed on the change of use of a building to something of a higher
value development or use.
89
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97
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100
101
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104
105
106
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109
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Endnotes
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Offer opens today for 14 more urban renewal sites. (1968, November 16). The Straits Times, p. 10.
Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/
newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19681116-1.2.76
No more special deal for hotels. (1969, December 18). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved 10 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19691218-1.2.12
Choe, Alan. (1997, May 20) Oral History Interview by Soh Eng Khim on The Public Service – A
Retrospection (Transcript), Accession number 001891/18 Reel 14, p. 2. Oral History Centre, National
Archives of Singapore. Retrieved 20 July 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site:
http://archivesonline.nas.sg/viewer?uuid=ea127c26-115f-11e3-83d5-0050568939ad-OHC001891_014
Shaw: Don’t be complacent. (1974, December 5). The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the
National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19741205-1.1.12.aspx
Chiang, L. C. (1999). Strategies for sustainable visitor growth: A case study. The Journal of Tourism
Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1999, p. 20.
S’pore to manufacture souvenirs to show skills to world. (1964, July 8). The Straits Times, p. 11.
Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/
newspapers/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19640708-1.2.102
What we are missing in souvenirs for the tourist. (1970, October 15). The Straits Times, p. 11. Retrieved
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aspx?articleid=straitstimes19701015-1.2.102
Cash-in idea for Asia’s arts and crafts. (1969, April 24). The Straits Times, p. 8. Retrieved 10 June 2015
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straitstimes19690424-1.2.52
Lee, K. Y. (1972). The Merlion is officially lighted. The Papers of Lee Kuan Yew: Speeches, Interviews and
Dialogues, Vol. 6, p. 141. National Archives of Singapore. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Lee, P. (2004). Tourism Icons – Merlion: In the Eyes of Tourism. Singapore, Tourism & Me, p. 100.
Singapore: Pamelia Lee Pte Ltd.
Goh, K. S. (1964, January 31). Address by Dr. Goh Keng Swee at the luncheon given by the Singapore
Tourist Association. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Archives of Singapore web site: http://
www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/PressR19640131c.pdf
Handicraft Centre may give S’pore a heritage. (1974, September 13). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved
10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19740913-1.2.46
Make STPB part of the Culture Ministry, says MP. (1976, April 15). The Straits Times. Accessed from the
NewspaperSG web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19760415-1.2.77
Handicraft Centre may give S’pore a heritage. (1974, September 13). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved
10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.
aspx?articleid=straitstimes19740913-1.2.46
$5 mil handicraft centre opens today. (1976, September 25). The Straits Times, p.32. Retrieved 10 June
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Singapore’s ‘home’ for cultural shows. (1979, November 10). The Straits Times, p. 13. Retrieved 10 June
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Menon, A. P. Gopinath. (2014, March 19). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2014/007. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
R-and-R: ‘Loss is of little consequence. (1970, January 7). The Straits Times, p. 5. Retrieved 10 June
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NO MORE R&R. (1970, January 5). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from National Library
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S’pore tourist boom is only just beginning. (1973, May 21). The Straits Times, p. 30. Retrieved 10 June
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straitstimes19730521-1.2.66.1
Singapore Hotel Association. (2011). The Heritage of Hospitality: A History of the Singapore Hotel
Industry, p. 108. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore.
Chua, Jennie. (2014, February 26). Interview with Jennie Chua. Accession Number CLC/017/2014/006.
Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
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Singapore Hotel Association. (2011) The Heritage of Hospitality: A History of the Singapore Hotel
Industry, p. 108. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore.
Chua, Jennie. (2014, February 26). Interview with Jennie Chua. Accession Number CLC/017/2014/006,
Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development.
The Merlion is Singapore’s new tourist image. (1972, August 9). The Straits Times, p. 19. Retrieved
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aspx?articleid=straitstimes19720809-1.2.110.33
Pek, Hock Thiam. (2015, January 19). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2015/013. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Teo, P. & Chang, T. C. (1999) Singapore: tourism development in a planned context. In Hall, C. Michael
& Page, Stephen, (Eds.) Tourism in South and Southeast Asia: issues and cases, pp. 117-128. Boston:
Butterworth Heinemann.
Lee, P. (2004). Mrs Pamelia Lee’s speech on 1st Update Seminar on Development Projects to
Government Officials, Come Share Our World – End of the 1970s: Transition. In Tourism, Singapore &
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Call to resurrect Chinatown and Boat Quay. (1984, November 4). Singapore Monitor, p. 6. Retrieved 10
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articleid=singmonitor19841104-1.2.6.15
Bishop, R., Phillips, J. & Yeo, W. W. (2004). Beyond description: Singapore space historicity, p. 116.
Singapore: Routledge.
STPB to press ahead with building of attractions. (1981, September 14). The Straits Times, p. 9.
Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/
Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19810914-1.2.38
Lee, Pamelia. (2013, August 27). CLC Lecture on Tourism & Singapore’s Development. Accession
Number CLC/017/2013/002, Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development.
Ministry of Trade and Industry. (1984, November). Report of the tourism task force.
The saga behind the villa. (1990, September 20). The Straits Times, p. 3.
Teo, P. & Lim, H. L. (2003). Global and local interactions in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30,
No. 2. pp 287-306.
Yeoh, B. & Teo, P. (1996). From Tiger Balm Gardens to Dragon World: Philanthropy and profit in the
making of Singapore’s first cultural theme park, Geografiska Annaler, 78B, pp. 27-42.
Singapore Tourism Promotion Board. (1984/85). Annual Report, p. 21.
Tseng, C. (1985, March 16). Haw Par Villa to Get a Facelift. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved 10 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Issue/
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Khalik, S. (1986, April 29). $30m rebirth of Haw Par Villa. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved 20 July 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/
straitstimes19860429-1.2.2.aspx
Yeoh, B. & Teo, P. (1996). From Tiger Balm Gardens to Dragon World: Philanthropy and profit in the
making of Singapore’s first cultural theme park, Geografiska Annaler, 78B, pp. 27-42.
Yeoh, B. & Teo, P. (1997). Remaking local heritage for tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 24,
Issue 1, pp. 192-213.
Teo, P. & Lim, H. L. (2003). Global and Local Interactions in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.
30, Issue 2, pp. 287-306.
Tan, S. (2000, May 5). Sleeping tiger? The Straits Times, p. 6.
Hong, L. & Huang, J. (2008). The scripting of a national history: Singapore and its pasts, p.228.
Singapore: NUS Press.
Ibid, p. 228.
Tourism festival breathes new life into Haw Par Villa; restoration works planned. (2014, March 23).
AsiaOne. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from AsiaOne web site: http://news.asiaone.com/news/relax/tourismfestival-breathes-new-life-haw-par-villa-restoration-works-planned
Goh, Hup Chor. (2013, December 17). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2013/005. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Panel studies Chinatown. (1985, May 26). The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved 10 June
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aspx?articleid=straitstimes19850526-1.2.18.14
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Endnotes
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109
Lee, Pamelia. (2012, November 15). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2012/001. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Lee, Pamelia. (2004). A turning point. In Singapore, tourism & me, p. 121. Singapore: Pamelia Lee Pte
Ltd
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (2009) 35 Good Years. Skyline March-April. Singapore: Urban
Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the Urban Redevelopment Authority Web
site: http://www.ura.gov.sg/skyline/skyline09/skyline09-02/text/01_4.htm
Goh, Hup Chor. (2013, December 17). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2013/005. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Ibid.
Kong, L. (2011). Conserving the past, creating the future: Urban heritage in Singapore, p. 88.
Singapore: Urban Redevelopment Authority.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1988/89). A Boost for Conservation. In URA Annual Report, p. 21.
Chan, C. B. (2002). Our First Resilience Test. Heart Work, pp. 185-186. Singapore: Singapore
Economic Development Board and EDB Society.
Ministry of Trade & Industry. (1986). The Economic Committee, The Singapore Economy: New Directions.
Ministry of Trade & Industry. (1984). Report of the Tourism Task Force.
Revitalising the tourist industry. (1984, November 24). The Straits Times, p. 22. Retrieved 10 June 2015
from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19841124-1.2.35.1
Bigger tourism role slated for private sector. (1986, June 18). The Straits Times, p. 19. 10 June 2015
from National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=
straitstimes19860618-1.2.36.9
Pannell, Kerr & Forster. (1986). Section III – Implications and Justification. In Tourism Development in
Singapore, p. 1. Singapore: Singapore Tourism Board.
Hoe, I. & Khalik, S. (1986, December 16). Capitalise on ‘modern city-historic past’ link. The Straits
Times, p. 20. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the National Library Board web site: http://newspapers.
nl.sg/Digitised/Article.aspx?articleid=straitstimes19861216-1.2.22.41
Ministry of Trade and Industry and Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. (1986). Tourism product
development plan, p.2. Singapore: Singapore. Ministry of Trade and Industry and Singapore Tourist
Promotion Board.
lbid, p. 8.
Ibid, p. 8.
Teh, L. Y. (2011). Adapting Conservation Approach to Challenges in Singapore. Singapore: Urban
Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 11 June 2015 from: http://www.heritage.gov.hk/conference2011/
en/pdf/paper/teh_lai_yip.pdf
Bishop, R., Philips, J. & Yeo, W. W. (2004). Beyond description: Singapore space historicity, p.117.
Singapore: Routledge.
Goh, Hup Chor (2013, December 17). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2013/005. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Yeow, S. (1996, February 17). Historic conservation waterfront or one big trendy watering hole? The
Straits Times, p. 2.
Lee, Pamelia. (2012, November 15). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2012/001. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Goh, Hup Chor (2013, December 17). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2013/005. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
The plot ratio of a site is the ratio of the gross floor area of a building(s) to its site area.
All covered floor areas of a building, unless exempted, and uncovered areas for commercial uses are
considered the gross floor area of the building.
Kong, L. (2011). Conserving the past, creating the future: Urban heritage in Singapore, p. 39.
Singapore: Urban Redevelopment Authority.
Lee, P. (2004). Singapore, Tourism & Me, p. 49. Singapore: Pamelia Lee Pte Ltd.
Ministry of Trade and Industry. (1984). Report of the tourism task force, p. 37.
National Environment Agency. Singapore River clean-up: Against the Odds. Envision, Issue 1, p. 17.
Lee, Pamelia. (2004). Flourishing in new form. In Singapore, Tourism & Me, p. 109. Singapore: Pamelia
Lee Pte Ltd.
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Savage, V. R., Huang, S. & Chang, T. C. (2004). The Singapore River thematic zone: sustainable tourism
in an urban context. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 170, No. 3, pp. 212–225.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (2013). Urban Design Guidelines for Developments within Singapore
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Chew, V. (2008). Marina Barrage. Singapore Infopedia. Retrieved from the National Library Board web
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Lee, P. (2004). Tomorrow. In Singapore, tourism & me, p. 116. Singapore: Pamelia Lee Pte Ltd.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1987). Chairman’s Report – Sustaining The Growth Of The City
Centre. URA Annual Report 1986/87, p. 2.
Ibid, p. 13
Ministry of Trade and Industry and Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. (1986). Tourism product
development plan, p. 30. Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Trade and Industry and Singapore Tourist
Promotion Board.
Sadly the next ball at Raffles may be a Wrecker’s. (1980, May 15). Asia Wall Street Journal, p. 19.
Chia, W. (1988, August 1). Raffles Hotel owners win site tender. Business Times, p. 18. Retrieved 11 June
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Page/biztimes19880801-1.1.18.aspx
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1988). URA Annual Report 1987/88, p. 15.
Yeoh, B., Tan. E. S., Wang, J. & Wong, T. (2002). Tourism in Singapore: An overview of policies and
issues. Tourism Management and Policy: Perspectives from Singapore, p. 4. Singapore: World Scientific.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1995). The Civic District Lighting Plan Guidebook, pp. 3-5. Singapore:
Urban Redevelopment Authority.
Koh, N. (1984, December 25). How they lighted up Orchard Road. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved
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Lighting up our City (1995). Skyline, Vol. 34, May/June, p. 7. Singapore: Urban Redevelopment Authority.
Let there be light at the riverfront. (1993, December 9). The Straits Times, p. 16.
Light-up for four bridges on S’pore River. (1993, April 17). The Straits Times, p. 31.
Let there be Light. (1996). Skyline, Vol. 42, September/October, p. 8. Singapore: Urban Redevelopment
Authority.
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. (1996). Tourism 21: Vision of a Tourism Capital.
Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. (1993). Strategic Plan for growth, 1993-1995.
Lee, Steven. (1996, July 25). $600m plan to turn S’pore into tourism hub. The Straits Times, p. 1.
Tan, Chin Nam. (2013, August 27). Centre for Liveable Studies Lecture on Tourism & Singapore’s
Development, 27 August 2013. Accession Number CLC/017/2013/002. Centre for Liveable Cities,
Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Kong, L. (2000). Cultural policy in Singapore: negotiating economic and socio-cultural agendas.
Geoforum, Vol. 31, No. 4, p. 417.
Tan, T. K. (2001). Social capital and state-civil society relations in Singapore. Singapore: Institute of
Public Studies, p. 9.
Ibid.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (2014). Precinct associations in Singapore. Retrieved 10 June 2015
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2014/feb/~/media/User%20Defined/URA%20Online/media-room/2014/feb/pr14-11d.ashx
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, April 18). Proposal to develop Integrated Resort,
Statement by the Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, Vol. 80, Col. 59. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from
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Chua, J. (2005, April 19). Resorts could double visitor arrivals, add $1.5b to GDP; Property players hope
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Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (18 April 2005). Lim Hng Kiang, Minister for Trade and
Industry; Proposal to develop Integrated Resort, Vol. 80, Cols. 76-85. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the
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Ministry of Trade and Industry. (2003). New Challenges, Fresh Goals – Towards a Dynamic Global
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Balakrishnan, V. (2005, March 29). Speech by Dr Vivian Balakrishnan, Acting Minister for Community
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Chang, K. & Lim, C. (1990). Fifty Years in Singapore: 1940 – 1990, p. 89, Singapore: Knight Frank
Cheong Hock Chye & Baillieu (Property Consultants) Pte Ltd.
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Hee, L. (2005). Singapore’s Orchard Road as conduit: Between nostalgia and authenticity. Traditional
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Menon, A. P. Gopinath. (2014, March 19) Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/017/2014/007. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Ho, A. (2005, January 12). S’pore aims to double visitor arrivals by 2015; It also plans to triple tourism
receipts to $30b. The Business Times, p. 2.
An enclave of sidewalk cafes and seamless underpasses. (2009, July 4). The Straits Times, p. 79.
National Parks Board of Singapore. (n.d.) Highlight on some Heritage Tree. Retrieved from http://
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Lim, S. K. & Lim, I. (2009) Great Singapore Sale (GSS). Singapore Infopedia. Singapore: National
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Orchard Road through the years (2012, December 22). The Straits Times.
Orchard Road underground megamall. (2012, October 4). The Straits Times.
Urban Redevelopment Authority. (2006). Annual Report 2005/06, p. 50.
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Chandradas, G. (2005, March 30). 218m-tall landmark to boost shopping belt; Panel to study designs
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Singapore Sets Out to Triple Tourism Receipts to S$30 Billion by 2015. (2005, January 11). Media
release by Singapore Tourism Board. Retrieved 20 July 2015 from the Singapore Tourism Board web
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Ho, A. (2005, January 12). S’pore aims to double visitor arrivals by 2015; It also plans to triple tourism
receipts to $30b. The Business Times, p. 2.
Lim, Neo Chian. (2013, October 22). Interview with Mr Lim Neo Chian, former STB CEO. Accession
Number CLC/017/2013/003. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
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Ibid.
Tan, S. B. (2014). Managing the Sin in Singapore’s Casinos. Singapore: Lee Kuan Yew School of Public
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nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/20140814-Managing-the-Sin-in-Singapores-Casinos.pdf
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, March 2). Debate on Annual Budget Statement,
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Chia, S. A. (2005, April 28). From an outright ‘no’ to a reluctant ‘two’. The Straits Times, p. 10.
Ibid.
Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, April 18). Proposal to develop Integrated Resorts,
Vol. 80, Col. 65. Retrieved 10 June 2015 from the Parliament of Singapore web site: http://sprs.parl.
gov.sg/search/report.jsp?currentPubID=00004697-WA
Jayakumar, S. (2006, December 8). Remarks by DPM Prof S Jayakumar at Press Conference on Award
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Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, April 18). Proposal to develop Integrated Resorts,
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transformation: Land use in Singapore, 1960–2000, p. 21. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
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Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, April 18). Lee Hsien Loong, Statement by Prime
Minister and Minister for Finance, Proposal to develop Integrated Resort, Vol. 80, Cols. 65-66.
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topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00001088-WA¤tPubID=00004697-WA&topicKey=00004697WA.00001088-WA_1++
The SDC is a Statutory Board under the Ministry of Trade and Industry, established in 1972 to oversee the
development, management and promotion of Sentosa Island. http://www.sentosa.gov.sg/about-us/.
Choe, Alan. (2012, February 27). Interview with Centre for Liveable Cities. Accession Number
CLC/004/2012/010. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Henderson, J. C. (2001, September). Developing and managing small islands as tourist attractions.
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Singapore Parliament Reports. (Hansard). (2005, April 18). Proposal to develop Integrated Resort.
Speech by Minister for Community Development, Youth and Sports, and Second Minister for Trade
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Lim, Neo Chian. (2013, August 27). Centre for Liveable Cities Lecture on Tourism and Singapore’s
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Koh, L. (2005, April 17). MM Lee voices 2 regrets. The Straits Times, p. 8.
Ibid.
Lim, Neo Chian. (2013, October 22). Interview with Mr Lim Neo Chian, former STB CEO. Accession
Number CLC/017/2013/003. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
Lew, Jasmine. (2014, January 26). Civil Service College interview with Jasmine Lew, Assistant Director
(MICE), STB by Toh Boon Kwan, Senior Researcher, and Eddie Choo, Research Associate, IGP, CSC.
Institute of Governance and Policy, Civil Service College.
Leong, Yue Kheong Lawrence. (2014, March 21) Civil Service College interview with Mr Leong Yue
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Researcher, and Eddie Choo, Research Associate, IGP, CSC. Institute of Governance and Policy, Civil
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Behind the scenes at the Formula 1 SingTel Singapore Grand Prix. P@ssport, p. 9. Singapore: Singapore
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Lim, Neo Chian. (2013, October 22). Interview with Mr Lim Neo Chian, former STB CEO. Accession
Number CLC/017/2013/003. Centre for Liveable Cities, Ministry of National Development, Singapore.
National Library Board. (2014). First F1 Grand Prix is held at Marina Bay Street Circuit. Retrieved 11 June
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Kwek, Mean Luck. (2014, April 7). Civil Service College interview with Kwek Mean Luck, Dean, CSC on
7 Apr 2014 conducted by Toh Bo...
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