Running head: [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] [Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] [Author Name(s), First M. Last, Omit Titles and Degrees] [Institutional Affiliation(s)] Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] 1 [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 2 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 [Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] ............................................................ 4 [Heading 1] ......................................................................................................................... 4 [Heading 2] ..................................................................................................................... 4 [Heading 3] ................................................................................................................. 4 References ........................................................................................................................... 5 Footnotes ............................................................................................................................. 6 Tables .................................................................................................................................. 7 Figures................................................................................................................................. 8 [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] Abstract [The abstract should be one paragraph of between 150 and 250 words. It is not indented. Section titles, such as the word Abstract above, are not considered headings so they don’t use bold heading format. Instead, use the Section Title style. This style automatically starts your section on a new page, so you don’t have to add page breaks. To apply any text style in this document with just a tap, on the Home tab of the ribbon, check out Styles.] Keywords: [Tap here to add keywords.] 3 [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 4 [Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines] [The body of your paper uses a half-inch first line indent and is double-spaced. APA style provides for up to five heading levels, shown in the paragraphs that follow. Note that the word Introduction should not be used as an initial heading, as it’s assumed that your paper begins with an introduction.] [Heading 1] [The first two heading levels get their own paragraph, as shown here. Headings 3, 4, and 5 are run-in headings used at the beginning of the paragraph.] [Heading 2]1 [To update the table of contents (TOC), apply the appropriate heading style to just the heading text at the start of a paragraph and it will show up in your TOC. To do this, select the text for your heading. Then, apply the style you need.] [Heading 3]. [Include a period at the end of a run-in heading. Note that you can include consecutive paragraphs with their own headings, where appropriate.] [Heading 4]. [When using headings, don’t skip levels. If you need a heading 3, 4, or 5 with no text following it before the next heading, just add a period at the end of the heading and then start a new paragraph for the subheading and its text.] (Last Name, Year) [Heading 5]. [Like all sections of your paper, references start on their own page, as shown on the page that follows. The body of the References section uses the Bibliography style. For more detailed information on formatting references, see the APA Style Manual, 6th Edition. (Last Name, Year) [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] References Center For Disease Control:http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/general_info.htm Center For Disease Control How viruses Change: Drift and Shift: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info-viruses.htm#virusoverview Center For Disease Control: http://cdc.gov/h1n1flu 08/11/2010 5 [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 6 Footnotes 1 [Add footnotes, if any, on their own page following references. For APA formatting requirements, it’s easy to just type your own footnote references and notes. To format a footnote reference, select the number and then apply the Footnote Reference. The body of a footnote, such as this example, uses the Normal text style. (Note: If you delete this sample footnote, don’t forget to delete its in-text reference as well.)] [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 7 Tables Table 1 [Table Title] Column Head Row Head Row Head Row Head Row Head Row Head Row Head Column Head 123 456 789 123 456 789 Column Head 123 456 789 123 456 789 Column Head 123 456 789 123 456 789 Column Head 123 456 789 123 456 789 Note: [Place all tables for your paper in a tables section, following references (and, if applicable, footnotes). Start a new page for each table, include a table number and table title for each, as shown on this page. All explanatory text appears in a table note that follows the table, such as this one. Use the Table/Figure style to get the spacing between table and note. Tables in APA format can use single or 1.5 line spacing. Include a heading for every row and column, even if the content seems obvious. To insert a table, on the Insert tab, tap Table. New tables that you create in this document use APA format by default.] [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] Figures 8 [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50 CHARACTERS] 9 Figure 1. [Include all figures in their own section, following references (and footnotes and tables, if applicable). Include a numbered caption for each figure. Use the Table/Figure style for easy spacing between figure and caption.] For more information about all elements of APA formatting, please consult the APA Style Manual, 6th Edition. The Cost of A High Risk Disease H1N1 H1N1 Education • The influenza type A virus, known as H1N1 is a respiratory infection that was popularly named as “swine flu”. The virus was first recognized in April 2009 and spread quickly to 74 countries worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the virus a global pandemic. This was the first global pandemic in over 40 years and was listed as a global pandemic for more than a year. The name “swine flu” means influenza in pigs and occasionally the influenza virus can be transmitted to people who work with pigs. Very seldom does the person who works with pigs transmit the virus to others, but this was the case with H1N1. The virus does not spread by consuming pork. H1N1 Education cont’d • The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus had two genes from flu viruses that normally circulate in pigs in Europe and Asia, plus avian and human genes. The CDC believes that this virus resulted from antigenic shift, which as noted above is a process through which two or more influenza viruses can swap genetic information by infecting a single human or animal host. When antigenic shift occurs, the virus that emerges will have some gene segments from each of the infecting parent viruses and may have different characteristics than either of the parental viruses, just as children may exhibit unique characteristics that are like both of their parents. In this case, the shift most likely occurred between influenza viruses circulating in North American pig herds and among Eurasian pig herds. Influenza type A viruses can undergo both antigenic drift and shift, while the influenza type B viruses only change by antigenic drift. Decreasing the spread of H1N1 including the economical cost • National surveillance detected an atypical increase in influenza-like illness(ILI) in mid to late February 2009 and a further increase in early to mid April. Anecdotal reports in April of increased hospitalizations of previously healthy young adults with severe pneumonia led to active surveillance in 23 hospitals in Mexico City and identification of 47 such cases. Patient samples showed nonsubtypeable influenza A, identified on April 23 as a adaptation of a pandemic influenza preparedness plan that had been developed for a virus originating abroad. • All educational facilities were closed beginning April 24 in Mexico City and, soon after, nationwide. Parents were advised to keep children at home; authorities distributed educational materials for home use. By May 11, when educational facilities reopened, all schools had been thoroughly cleaned. Parents were requested to keep ill children home; peer pressure among parents to comply was high. • In addition to federal measures, April 27,the mayor of Mexico City suspended dine-in service in all restaurants and similar establishments, allowing only take-out orders. Many restaurants simply remained closed. When affected businesses were allowed to reopen on May 6,social distancing measures(e.g., avoiding crowding)were encouraged, and hygiene measures were enforced. Grocery stores and supermarkets remained open, with additional cashiers used to keep lines short. Persons in public places were advised to remain separated by at least 2 m. Large gatherings were cancelled or postponed, and entertainment venues, e.g., movie theatres, were closed. Professional sport matches were broadcast, but stadiums were closed to the public. Churches and temples also remained closed, with religious services broadcast over radio and television. When normal services resumed, communion cups and other shared objects were wiped with hand gel after each use. Mass transit operated normally. Masks were provided for drivers and passengers and buses and subway cars were cleaned frequently. Decreasing the spread of H1N1 including the economical cost cont’d • Frequent hand washing and cough etiquette were promoted, and all government and private facilities open to the public were provided with alcohol gel and other disinfectants. Due to limited water availability in some areas or households, alcohol gel was distributed free. A mass media campaign promoting a healthy distance discouraged greeting others by hugging or kissing, common practice among Mexicans of all social strata. Military personnel distributed disposable surgical masks in public places; their use was recommended primarily for sick persons, but many healthy persons also wore them daily. Compliance with recommendations appeared to be high, although some persons wearing masks may have developed a false sense of security that took priority over cough etiquette and hand washing. When commercially available masks became scarce, some persons made their own, disposal occasionally was problematic, resulting in littering. Over time, recommendations about cough and sneeze etiquette were followed least frequently. • Occasional early discrepancies between recommendations from official and academic sources (e.g., regarding mask use)led to a few critical media reports without apparent consequence. Thousands of workplaces of all sizes in Mexico City and the rest of the country were closed for several days, taking a huge toll on the economy. The government provided no financial compensation to businesses or workers. The economic impact of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in Mexico during the spring is estimated as >$2.3 billion (0.3% of gross domestic product). • Most important among the many lessons learned in Mexico is that preparation paid off. Although requiring adaptation, the preexisting pandemic plan and planning process facilitated intersectoral work, decision making and rapid development of a public communications campaign. The availability of a national stockpile of antiviral drugs reassured the public. The participation of the secretary of health as the spokesman demonstrated highlevel leadership. Clear and transparent communication was important because Mexico was entering mid-term elections, and some politicians hypothesized that the outbreak was a farce to distract Mexicans. • The outbreak also enabled detection of some weaknesses in the Mexican health system. In Mexico, healthcare is provided by 3 major healthcare systems; thus compilation of epidemiologic information regarding hospitalizations was complex. However, after a few days, a system was devised that provided the necessary consolidated information. Laboratory capacity was inadequate for the challenges posed by the outbreak. At the onset of the break out, the Ministry of Health had no state-level laboratories with capabilities for influenza molecular diagnostics; all molecular diagnosis was centralized at the National Epidemiological Reference Laboratory in Mexico City. The Ministry of Health rapidly improved the national laboratory network and Mexico has now 28 laboratories(1 in nearly every state) with PCR molecular diagnostic capabilities. Although having a pandemic plan was useful, operationalization of the plan was less smooth. For example, procedures existed to close schools, but criteria for reopening them and the ability to reassure parents that reopened schools were safe did not. Patients with special medical conditions • 2009 H1N1 and People with Asthma • People with asthma who develop influenza – seasonal flu- are at increased risk for serious complications and are more likely to be hospitalized. The flu may also make chronic health problems worse. For example, people with asthma may experience asthma attacks while they have the flu. If you have asthma, you should follow the recommended steps for protecting yourself from the flu, and follow an updated, written Asthma Action Plan, developed with your doctor. Everyone with asthma who is 6 months and older should get vaccinated with a flu shot. This includes people 65 and older. People with asthma should talk with their health care provider now and plan what to do if they get a flu-like illness. It’s very important that antiviral drugs be used early to treat flu in people who are very sick (for example people who are in the hospital) and people who are sick with flu and have a medical condition that puts them at increased risk of serious flu complications, like asthma. Patient’s with special medical conditions cont’d • Resources for pregnant women • Take time to get vaccinated. • Take everyday preventive actions. • Take flu antiviral drugs if your doctor recommends them. Health promotion • This activity was intended to affect the positive and contain the negative health determinants, contributing to a better control of people over their health. Through the mass media and the distribution of brochures, posters and fliers emphasis was made on the use of masks, frequent hand washing, the use of alcohol gel, the “etiquette sneeze", the use of disposable tissues and their proper and hygienic disposal, avoiding overcrowded and/or closed places, and not leaving the home, unless it was necessary. Health promotion cont’d • This activity focused on two large areas. The first, and most important one, consisted of raising the awareness of the population by means of information dissemination through the mass media so that, if anyone of any age had the cardinal symptoms, i.e., fever, cough or respiratory distress (suspicious case), they would go to the institutional healthcare services in the country. Health promotion cont’d • Get vaccinated against seasonal flu. Vaccination is the best protection we have against flu. CDC is now encouraging everyone to get vaccinated against H1N1. The vaccines to protect against H1N1 are widely available yearly. Wash your hands often with soap and water. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand rub. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth. Germs spread that way. Stay home if you get sick. CDC recommends that you stay home from work or school and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. Questions • If any questions of concerns or for more clarification you can call the CDC for more information. • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd Atlanta, GA 30333 • 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348 • Contact CDC-INFO
Purchase answer to see full attachment