Research Proposal
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Read "A 15-Step Model for Writing a Research Proposal" in this week's Electronic Reserve
Readings. Remember that a Research Proposal describes what you plan to do -- it should be
written in future tense and describe the hypothetical study that your team is proposing to
implement. It should not be a summary of a study that has already been implemented by other
researchers (except in the literature review, where you explain the existing body of knowledge). This
is a Learning Team assignment.
▪ Submit a 2,800- to 3,500- word research proposal on a human-services-related topic of your
choice. Include the following:
▪ Title page-Lydia
▪ Introduction and literature review:-Lydia
▪ Refer to the Learning Team assignments for Week Two: Research Problem
and Literature Review. This can be the basis for this section of the Research
Proposal, but you will need to edit and apply the instructor's comments from
week 2.
▪ Make sure that this section address the following:-Willie
▪ Background information on the topic area
▪ Scope/rationale for the proposal or importance of the study
▪ Statement of the research question /hypothesis/research problem
▪ Methodology - describe the nuts and bolts of how you will design and implement your
study.
▪ Participants or target population (age, gender, inclusion and exclusion
criteria, and so on)-Sharell
▪ Recruitment and informed consent process-Sharell
▪ Sampling method and sample size-Kera
▪ Research design, including independent variable(s) and dependent
variable(s) -Kera
▪ Instrumentation or data collection methods (including data collection time
points, reliability and validity) -Kera
▪ Proposed data analyses-Alicia
▪ Descriptive statistics
▪ Inferential statistics
▪ Predicted findings
▪ Timeline for the proposed study - explain the chronology for implementing your
study-Sharell
▪ References- Lydia
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW
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What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
Alicia Saavedra, Markera, Sharell Manning, Willie Scruggs
BSHS/435
August 27, 2018
Staci Lowe
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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Introduction
Obesity in children and teens has spiked in the last couple of years approximately 12.7
million, or 17 percent of them are obese (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,
2018). Obesity in teens is spiking as years go by, questions also come up such as does it have to
do with the teens racial and ethnic backgrounds. Knowing if it also has to do with economic
problems is something that has come up. Another question that came to light has been what is
being done to improve these numbers? Obesity in teens has become an important issue that
society as a whole should be working on to overcome.
Effects of Obesity on Teens
Obesity occurs when a person's Body Mass Index (BMI) is 20 percent more than the ideal
number of pounds for his/her height and weight (Gallagher et al., 2016). The occurrence of
obesity is influenced by a number of factors which include genetics, metabolic factors,
socioeconomic factors and lifestyle choices. Genetic factor implies that the susceptibility towards
obesity can be inherited. On the other hand, metabolic factors which often determine how a
person expends energy plays a role in regulating weight gain (Gregg & Shaw, 2017). Regarding
the socioeconomic factors, it is likely that teens from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more
susceptible to obesity as compared to teens from higher socioeconomic status. Besides, lifestyle
choices such as overeating can also contribute to obesity.
With respect to the latest data regarding obesity in teenagers, the rate of obesity among
teens was 18.5 percent in the years between 2010 and 2014 (Smith & Smith, 2016).
Nevertheless, there has been a decline in the national obesity rate from 18.5 percent to 14.5
percentage for teenagers. This positive trend is attributed to different approaches taken by
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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communities in monitoring obesity among teenagers and supporting healthier environments.
Despite the decline in the obesity rate, this condition remains an American epidemic. In fact,
over 12million U.S teens are obese, that is, one out of six teens is obese.
Effects of obesity on teens can be categorized into health and psychological effects. Some
of the health conditions linked to obesity include cardiovascular diseases and Type 2 diabetes
(Gallagher et al., 2016). On the other hand, psychological effects include self-esteem issues and
depression. Obese teens risk being bullied by others. Such suffering may affect them
psychologically and may also result in suicidal thoughts.
The previous research has provided a number of evidence relating to the effects of
obesity on teens. In particular, the study focuses on factors that contribute to the increase in body
weight. For instance, social status, ethnic background, and gender. However, the research
evidence relating to ethnicity is inconclusive in the sense that the study does not differentiate
how some ethnic groups are susceptible to obesity than other groups. Every ethnic group has
different dietary habits (Gallagher et al., 2016). As such, the effects of diet on body weight varies
among the different ethnic group. This implies that some ethnic groups are at a higher risk of
becoming overweight than other groups. On this basis, further study needs to be done on the risk
of obesity basing on the different types of ethnic groups. That is the extent to which each ethnic
group is affected by obesity. This will show whether obesity is only prevalent in some specific
ethnic groups or not.
The effect of obesity in teens of different ethnicity
In a perfect world, everybody would have great bodies, and we wouldn’t even notice
our differences; however we don’t live in a perfect world, and our differences are also obvious,
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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and even more so if you are an obese teen. In the past 30 years, childhood obesity has more than
doubled in children and quadrupled among adolescents. The percent of adolescents aged 12-19
who were once obese increased from 5% in 1980 to nearly 21% in 2012. Overall nearly one-third
of children and adolescents are overweight or obese. Children become obese for a variety of
reasons the most common causes are genetic factors, also lack of physical activity, and unhealthy
eating patterns, or a combination of these factors. (Gavin, 2018)
Obesity is a complex condition with biological, genetic, behavioral, social, cultural,
and environmental influences, for example, individual behaviors and environmental factors can
contribute to excess caloric intake, and inadequate amounts of physical activity can promote
obesity in teens of that culture. So younger people are now getting health problems that used to
affect only adults. Diseases like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and type 2 diabetes,
another cause is high calorie, low nutrient snacks and beverages, bigger portions of food, and
less active lifestyles. Weight-related health problems include asthma, sleep apnea, gallstones,
fatty liver, and joint and muscle pain. Serious conditions including depression, people who are
obese are more likely to be depressed and have lower self-esteem (FRAC, 2016).
Rates of change for racial/ethnic minorities are significantly greater than those of
whites, making it critical for those in the obesity field to better understand the differentially
changing food and physical environments that are the of these recent trends. The solution to
stemming the rising obesity epidemic must be a coordinated multilevel environmental approach
involving multiple solutions from various government, local community, school, health care, and
other groups. Only then can disparities in obesity be reduced (Crawford, 2006).
Conclusion
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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In this world, there are so many teens who are obese, and if we don’t make a change
soon, that number will go up. Some people believe that the reason for obesity would be family
genes. An article written specifies that if promoting positive body images and decreasing
unhealthy weight control behaviors. Although this has proven to be a hard task because of the
world we live in, this article states that it is possible. (Quick, V., Wall, M., Larson, N., Haines, J.,
& Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). There is another theory that oversleeping could cause issues
with obesity as well. The study states that if sleep were to be cut down some, it might help with
the growing issue of obesity in teens. (Richards, A., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Mohlenhoff, B.
S., Rao, M. N., O'Donovan, A., & Neylan, T. C. (2017). The problem would be that most people
who are obese get to a point where it comes from eating to sleeping right after the other. Teens
who are overweight are stuck in a place where they want to eat and sleep only. This is a problem
with most obese people. It is a hard habit that needs to be broken. There are also problems when
it comes to parents who don’t care what their children eat. Many parents want to make their
children happy and sometimes no matter the situation. Parents will always have that moment that
they just want to give their children snacks not to be bothersome. There are many people guilty
of this and don’t realize how difficult this is for their child’s overall health. Another article was
written about learning cooking skills at any age. In this article it states, “A focus on alternative
sources including practical cooking skills education starting at an early age is required. This
study also highlights the need for further longitudinal research on the impact of age and source of
learning on cooking skills.” Lavelle, F., Spence, M., Hollywood, L., McGowan, L., Surgenor, D.,
McCloat, A., Dean, M. (2016). Parents who have a healthy lifestyle this research would come in
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
great hand, however those who are more inclined3 to eat unhealthily, teach unhealthy eating
habits.
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What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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References
American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2018). Obesity in Children and Teens.
Retrieved from
https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFFGuide/Obesity-In-Children-And-Teens-079.aspx
(FRAC) Food Research and Action Center
Retrieved from
www.//frac.org
Gallagher, D., Fernández, J. R., Higgins, P. B., & He, Q. (2016). 3 Influence of Ethnicity on
Obesity-Related Factors in Children and Adolescents. Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Etiology,
Pathophysiology, and Prevention, 35.
Gregg, E. W., & Shaw, J. E. (2017). Global health effects of overweight and obesity.
Lavelle, F., Spence, M., Hollywood, L., McGowan, L., Surgenor, D., McCloat, A., . . . Dean, M.
(2016). Learning cooking skills at different ages: A cross-sectional study. International
Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13
doi: http://dx.doi.org.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/10.1186/s12966-016-0446-y
Mary L Gavin (2015, September)
Retrieved from
kidshealth.org/en/parents/reviewers.html
Quick, V., Wall, M., Larson, N., Haines, J., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2013). Personal,
behavioral and socio-environmental predictors of overweight incidence in young adults:
What is the effect of obesity on teens of different racial and ethnic backgrounds?
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10-yr longitudinal findings. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and
Physical Activity, 10(1), 37-37. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-37
R Crawford-2006
Retrieved from
www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/16973678
Richards, A., Inslicht, S. S., Metzler, T. J., Mohlenhoff, B. S., Rao, M. N., O'Donovan, A., &
Neylan, T.C. (2017). Sleep and cognitive performance from teens to old age: More is not
better. Sleep, 40(1)
doi: http://dx.doi.org.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/10.1093/sleep/zsw029
Smith, K. B., & Smith, M. S. (2016). Obesity statistics. Primary Care: Clinics in office practice,
43(1), 121-135.
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