History research paper

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I would need help writing history research paper about the War in the Middle East specially in Iraq during the first world war.

  1. The paper should be 10 pages (excluding the bibliography), 12-point font, double-spaced, left justified,. You should use Chicago style for the work.Remember to cite the sources.
  1. A minimum of 8 sources must be used for reference.
    1. Six from journal articles.
    2. Two from books.
    3. Please find attached pages from the course book. The book is “The First World War” by William Kelleher

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pute a revolta tratans to rise a au of Europe. ed thousand Rus Chapter 9 ble in 191 90 southern Iraq, where floods, swamps, and heat impeded their advance. And finally, local Arabs resented both the Ottomans and the British, and engaged shed significan marian prepara th December ins on the Otta the most of then happened, the British general in charge of the Indian army in Mesopotamia, The Ottoman dies of retaking cities of topogra menan leadership several million p nithe Oitoman si ir Otoman Ara sem. In any cas in sniping and ambushes against both sides. Nevertheless, the capture of Amara and Nasiriya and the securing of the oil fields at Ahwaz represented successes for the British at a time when the Gallipoli campaign was bogging down. Had the British stopped there, they would have been overextended and subject to a Turkish counterattack. As it Sir John Nixon, with the support of the British government, decided to con tinue moving up the Tigris River toward Baghdad. His subordinate, Major General Charles Townshend, led four brigades up the river in November 1915. At Ctesiphon, just south of Baghdad, Townshend’s Indian force en- countered a larger Turkish force, which they fought to a standstill. With many of his officers and troops wounded and sick, Townshend withdrew south to the town of Kut, which he fortified in preparation for a siege. Townshend had fought before in such a situation. In 1895, as a junior officer, he successfully commanded Indian troops who were besieged at Chitral on India's Northwest Frontier. Yet Kut was different. Townshend hoped to be relieved by Indian units to the south, even though he knew that these were outnumbered. At Kut, Townshend overestimated his food supply. Indian troops were unwilling to contemplate eating cattle and horses, which would have violated religious scruples. The Ottoman force was led by pro- fessional officers, including both Turks and Germans, who engineered excel- lent positions in order to prevent a breakout or an attack from the outside. And the environment around Kut favored the attackers: winter rains turned the banks of the river into a sea of mud, making it difficult for armies to move. Townshend and his troops began to starve. On April 29, 1916, Town- shend surrendered his force of thirteen thousand. This was the worst defeat for the British Empire since 1781, when Washington defeated Cornwallis at Yorktown. Townshend himself was treated well in captivity, living in a villa near Istanbul, but most of his soldiers were killed in forced marches that the Ottomans required them to make on their way to prison. Ottoman and Ger- wine in the Cau a soldiers began the loting , rid cament ordered Sra . Armenia led on them those who sur chey were man victories in the Middle East and the propaganda that went with them did not persuade many Indians to rebel against the British Empire , even as the empire's prestige suffered. And at least the oil remained secure. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE CLIC ATT soldiers East. In the Ottoman territory of Iraq, then still called Mesopotamia, the Ottomans inflicted what was, in some ways, a worse defeat on the British. away. nously, de EMPIRES AT WAR IN IRAQ onnet. The British had two reasons for being interested in Iraq. In the years before the war, the British navy, led by Winston Churchill, began to convert its battleships from coal to oil. Oil-powered engines were capable of greater speeds, and speed, as we have seen, was a principal goal of the British navy-in designing battle cruisers, the admirals had even been willing to sacrifice armor for speed. There was another sacrifice involved in the switch from coal to oil: plenty of coal was produced in Britain itself, while oil supplies had to come from sources overseas. Depending on oil from overseas ran the risk of it being cut off by hostile powers. The large oil fields of the day lay in the United States, the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), and the region around the Caspian Sea. It would be difficult for the British to secure une Kars October 30, 1918 CASPIAN SEA *** Trebizond Sarikamish ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN une 8 Rakas Z- Bitlis OTTOMAN EMPIRE 6101 Front Line August 1916 120 Anglo- severe Front Line January 1915 & Jeu Aleppo Front Line August 1916 Front Line October 30, 1918 A The & ladia's Muslims hardc MESOPOTAMIA Damascus Front Line March 1917 Baghdad PERSIA ********* Ctesiphon The ca Front Line January 1918 Amman PALESTINE Jerusalem Front Line August 1916 te Otton candles Beersheba Front Line March 1917 Basra Front Line January 1915 abot na dar lea Aqaba strength Front Line October 1914 Conc ARABIA arsye Okorna mured 0 100 200 300 km EGYPT RED SEA the tow bat ra The Middle East, 1914-1918 Whe access to these sources. Oil exploration had only just begun in the Persian Gulf during the years before the war. The oil fields on the southern, Arab side of the gulf were not yet discovered, but it was then at least becoming clear that there was abundant oil on the northern shores, in Persia (Iran). The War in the Middle East, 1914-1916 89 ZERBAIJAN which had obtained a concession from the weak Persian government. The Persian oil was starting to be exploited by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Persian government was so weak, in fact, that in 1907 Russia declared a southwest. The British protectorate was managed by colonial officials from protectorate over northern Persia and Britain declared a protectorate over the British India, who supported the development of Anglo-Persian's large refin- eries on the offshore island of Abadan. When Churchill began to build oil- burning battleships, he took steps to secure this oil supply for Britain. In 1913, Churchill persuaded the British parliament to acquire a majority share in Anglo-Persian. When the war broke out, Churchill was keen for the Indian government to take steps to secure the oil supply from Ottoman attack. Concerns about oil were not the only motive for the British invasion of January romane Aug. 19 the war, a power that was under threat in the most important British colony, India. The Indian government had special concerns. A significant proportion of India's population was Muslim and disinclined to fight against fellow Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. To complicate the picture further, the fig- urehead Ottoman sultan, Mehmet V, was the caliph—the successor of Mo- hammed and leader of all Muslims. When the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers and went to war against the Allies, Mehmet V called for all Muslims in British, French, and Russian territory to rise in a holy war, or Baghdad Cohor jihad, against their rulers. 16 Front Line January 1915 The call for a jihad failed, but British administrators were conscious of the need to maintain British prestige when it came to the war effort against the Ottomans. British defeats would not only play into the hands of propa- gandists from the Central Powers. In prewar India, there had been a rising tide of nationalism. Few Indians called for independence yet, but many In- dian leaders hoped for greater self-government. Their hand would be strengthened by British defeats as well as by pleas for help from India. Concerns about prestige, coupled with the desire to secure an oil supply, persuaded the British cabinet to request that India send troops to attack the Ottomans in Iraq. In the fall of 1914, troops of the Sixth Indian Division secured southern Iraq, driving Ottoman forces out of the port of Basra and the town of Qurna, where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow together. They also secured the oil fields in Ahwaz, Persia, the source of oil for a pipeline that ran to Abadan, near the gulf. Reinforced by the Indian Twelfth Division in the early months of 1915, British forces in Iraq rose to nearly thirty thousand to form an army that had significant manpower but that lacked equipment and medical supplies . British officers led Indian soldiers in suc- 100 200 200 st begun in the per on the southern cessful campaigns to take Amara, up the Tigris River, in June 1915, and to take Nasiriya, up the Euphrates River, in July. In doing so, the Indian army not only had to overcome Ottoman defenders who built fortifications along the rivers. They also had to find their way across the hostile landscape of then at lave
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Just the thing I needed, saved me a lot of time.

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