Effective leadership is essential to successful democratic governance. Different leaders have different styles. Ghandi and Martin Luther King Jr. preached passive resistance, whereas Dwight Eisenhower commanded one of the greatest military forces ever assembled. Nelson Mandela preached forgiveness. All of these men shared a love of peace and accomplished great deeds. Strong leaders also may have a great impact on public policy formulation and implementation. Leaders may influence what policies are enacted and how they are implemented. Thus, leadership is a significant tool of democracy. As you approach this Discussion on leadership, think about leaders whom you admire and the great public policy successes they achieved. Reflect on the leadership styles they used to accomplish their goals, bearing in mind that there are many different ways to be an effective leader when it comes to influencing public policy.To prepare for this Discussion:Select two articles or book excerpts from this week’s Learning Resources. Take note of broad themes about leadership and public policy in the readings that you choose.Peruse periodicals, the Internet, and other resources for examples of leaders who you think have been effective in implementing public policy.Think about leadership styles that may be effective in implementing public policy.Recall monumental leadership figures, such as Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr., and consider what made them effective leaders.Consider the influence political leaders might have in the public policy arena.Select two leaders, at least one of which from your country, who are or have been effective in implementing public policy and think about similarities and differences in terms of their effectiveness in implementing public policy.Consider the importance of leadership as a tool for implementing public policy.With these thoughts in mind:Write a brief description of each of the leaders you selected. Then, explain similarities and differences among them in terms of their effectiveness in implementing public policy. Finally, based on your comparison, analyze how various leadership styles enable the development and implementation of public policy.Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources while adhering strictly to APA style of reference.ReadingsNote:You are required to select and read two of the following articles or book excerpts (of your choice) to complete this week’s Discussion. Please review the Discussion area for more details.Blair, R. (2001). Managing urban growth: Can the policy tools approach improve effectiveness?Public Works Management and Policy,6(2), 102–113.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Boin, A., & Christensen, T. (2008). The development of public institutions: Reconsidering the role of leadership.Administration and Society,40(3), 271–297.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Sandfort, J., Selden, S. C., & Sowa, J. E. (2008). Do government tools influence organizational performance? Examining their implementation in early childhood education.The American Review of Public Administration,38(4), 412–438.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1990). Behavioral assumptions of policy tools.Journal of Politics,52(2), 510–529.Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.Haberman, F. W. (Ed). (1972). Martin Luther King Jr.: Biographical. InNobel lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Retrieved June 2, 2014, fromhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.htmlThe Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies. (2003).Policy tools and government performance. Retrieved fromhttp://ccss.jhu.edu/publications-findings?did=242May, P. (n.d.).Social regulation workbook. Retrieved fromhttp://ccss.jhu.edu/publications-findings?did=61The White House. (n.d.a).Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved fromhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/AbrahamLincoln/The White House. (n.d.b).Franklin D. Roosevelt. Retrieved fromhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/The White House. (n.d.c).George Washington. Retrieved  http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/Document:Case Study: The Winds of Change (PDF)MediaLaureate Education (Producer). (2014g).Tools of democracy[Audio file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.In this media piece, a subject-matter expert discusses what leadership looks like in public policy and considers effective leadership principles and practices in public policy.Optional ResourcesPrewitt, K. (1965).Political socialization and leadership selection.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,361(1), 96–105.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science by Prewitt, K., in theANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 361(1). Copyright 1965 by Sage Publications Inc. Journals. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc. Journals via the Copyright Clearance CenterWiatr, J. J. (1988).Introduction: Political leadership from a comparative perspective.International Political Science Review, 9(2), 91–94.Introduction: Political leadership from a comparative perspective by Wiatr, J. J., in International Political Science Review, 9(2). Copyright 1988 by Sage Publications Inc. Journals. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc. Journals via the Copyright Clearance Center.Biography.com. (2007).Mary Harris Jones biography. Retrieved fromhttp://www.biography.com/people/mother-jones-9357488#awesm=~oD1ZtFBlw9BDRU

Read chapter 3, watch Week 6 Lectures, and watch the films "Gone Baby Gone" and "Sleepers". Pick one movie and apply Kant's moral philosophy to judge the MAIN FINAL action. For “Gone Baby Gone” judge Patrick’s final decision and for “Sleepers” judge the priest’s final decision. Judging any other action in the movie is an automatic zero. 500 words minimum in MLA format. Minimum 3 sources from LIRN Code: 24439 You must apply Kant's 3 premises (course materials) for 50 points and Michael Sandel's 3 contrasts (Week 6 Lecture "Mind your Motive") for 50 points.

Read Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest",finish 2 discussionDiscussion 1:"Earnest" Posting:Wilde's play is full of amusing and profound lines. Choose 1 funny line and 1 deep line and explain why you like those lines of dialogue.What makes that line humourous? How thoughtful is that second line?Discussion 2: pick any 1Earnest 2nd Posting:There are several topics to consider posting a comment on:1. In some ways Cecily and Gwendolen see interchangeable--both are sweet, vain, witty and spoiled women. It might be difficult for an audience to separate the characters on stage. Think like a director, actor, or costume designer and make a posting that explains how you might go about individualizing these two characters so as to lessen the confusion for spectators and readers. Explain the rationale behind your choice.2. Pretend that you are the stage manager for a production of the play. Make an inventory of all the props/furniture needed for either Act I, II, or III. Would this be a difficult and expensive play to produce based upon the number and types of props needed?3. Is there any one character who is wittier and funnier than the others? If so, then explain who it is and give a few examples of their lines to prove your point.4. After reading about the dandy in the notes, design a suitable costume for either Algy or Jack or Lady Bracknell. How would they be dressed?5. Find an example of a paradox or epigram in the play. Explain its use.6. Throughout the play the characters make rather confident statements about what is morally right and wrong. Find one of these comments and explain whether or not they approve or disapprove of it, and if it is a serious or trivial topic.7. The play is first and foremost a comedy. But a number of serious topics are dealt with the play. Give an example from the play, then choose a recent TV of film comedy and compare how it mixes comedic elements with more serious issues.8. How rich of a resource is Wilde's play for finding out about late 19th century life in England? Choose a quotation from the play under one of these headings that tells us something about how affluent people lived in the 1890s:education/marriage/religion/food and drink/ servants/clothes/transport/entertainment/politics/money/romance/death/class.Choose 1 word from the list to answer. Provide analysis and examples.9. What moments of farce can you see in the play? Give an example.10. Provide a detailed character sketch of Lady Bracknell. What kind of personality does she have? Give an example from the play.12. Provide a profile of Canon Chasuble or Miss Prism. What kind of character are they? What is the play satirizing through that character? Explain.13. Explore the interview scene between Lady Bracknell and Jack in Act I. What makes the scene amusing, tense, and what do we learn about late 19th century British society?14. Explore the tea party scene between Gwendolen and Cecily. What makes it so humourous and an example of comedy of manners?15. Miss Prism's name is a pun on misprision. What are the links between that word and the play? Explain and give examples.16. Is there a line in the play that best illustrates the concept of aestheticism, decadence, or fin de siecle? Explain.