Description
How has facial recognition changed Border security at different ports and law enforcement in general?
How will it change law enforcement in the future?
What are the different types of facial recognition and how it functions?
How people view the technology from an outside perspective?
Has this technology improved law enforcement? Is there more progress to be made?
The center focus is the use of the facial recognition technology at Washington Dulles Airport IAD. Then to expand into the larger topic.
Please use the directions below to complete this paper.
APA FORMAT REQUIRED.
The 11th page should be the works cited page.
I have attached a rubric to help meet grading criteria.
I have also attached a few source documents to help with the research.
If there are any addition questions or information needed for the paper please let me know.
Nature of the Research Paper
Submit an 8 to 10-page paper on a technology and policing topic of your choosing. The purpose
of this paper is to examine the relationship between technology and the components of the justice system (e.g. courts, corrections, policing). In the paper discuss the technology and its application to the criminal justice system, identify and discuss both benefit and potential harm (abuses) of the use of the technology. How might this technology improve the criminal justice system, today or in the future. This paper should NOT just summarize the technology topic by way of a literature review.
This paper is assigned to students as individuals, meaning you must do the research, analysis and writing on your own, with assistance as provided in the writing lab/recitation. Try to develop your paper through an iterative process of draft, review, and revision. Use the writing center and peer review processes to assist you in the successful completion on this paper.
Grading Criteria
Below are a few of the criteria I will be using to grade the paper. Please refer to the “Research
Paper Grading Rubric” for more information and point value for each the rating criteria. You
can also find resources on effective writing at writingcenter.gmu.edu, click on the “Resources”
tab.
Critical Thinking
The more clearly, logically, and strongly you make your points, using valid reasoning and
evidence, the higher your grade.
Composition
Spelling, punctuation, grammar and constructions are important elements of composition and
should not get in the way of communicating your ideas. I strongly recommend that you read
your paper out loud to yourself and have someone proof the paper to correct any errors.
Structure and Organization
Use headings to organize your paper, and make sure the discussion flows smoothly from one
topic to another. Say what you need to say as efficiently and concisely as possible, avoiding
excess verbiage.
The sections of your paper should include:
Cover page to include Title, Class, Student’s name, date and Instructor’s name
Introduction: Introduce the topic and purpose of the paper, provide a brief overview of
the technology and how it is relevant to the criminal justice system and the likely
outcomes from its use (hypotheses).
Literature Review: Use a minimum of four sources (Academic journals, professional
journals, trade journals, law reviews, articles and or government documents).
Methods: Explain the approach to data collection through document reviews and the
method used to select the literature.
Limitation: Discuss the limitations of the literature and the application science of the
behind the technology and the need for future study if applicable.
Discussion/conclusions: Explain the technology and application, how it fits with the
justice system priorities. What are the likely outcomes (+/-) of the application of the
technology? Evaluating the advantages and drawbacks of the technology under current
and future conditions. Explaining your preferred application and your rationale for that
choice. Discuss the social (moral, ethical and legal) implications as well as organizational
expectations (cost and efficiency).
List of sources cited page: APA style sources to correspond to in-text citations.
Format
All papers should be prepared in conjunction APA format to include citations, in-quote citations
and resources. Please print single-sided, numbering the pages and stapling them together. Use 1-inch margins all the way around, single spaced and 12-point font (any font that’s easily
readable).
Use and Citation of Sources
The content of your paper should show that you used the sources provided, and the sources
should be cited appropriately (when in doubt, cite!). Be sure to use quotation marks to denote
quoted material, and cite all sources quoted and all sources you drew on to develop your ideas.
Use quotations very, very sparingly. Most of your discussion of resource material should be
paraphrased into your own words, so I know that you understand it. When I see extensive use of quotations, I assume that you’re parroting what you heard, rather than actually explaining it,
because you didn’t understand it. That will not help your grade. Failure to cite all sources you read and used, as well as citing sources you didn’t actually read and use, are both plagiarism and will result in an F on the paper and a referral to the Office of Academic Integrity.
Timeliness of Submission
All papers are due on hardcopy in class by the start of class time on the due date. If you
don’t turn it in by then, you can make a late submission by email, but there’s a 5-point-per-day
(with a day defined as a 24-hour period beginning at the start of the class on the due date)
penalty for late submissions, and no papers will be accepted more than 7 days late. You must
provide me with a hardcopy turned in during class on the due date.
If you don’t get your paper in by 7 days of the due date, you’ll get a zero for this part of your
course grade.
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Explanation & Answer
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Outline
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
Running head: FACIAL RECOGNITION
1
How Facial Recognition has Changed Border Security and Law Enforcement
Name
Institution
Instructor
Date
FACIAL RECOGNITION
2
How Facial Recognition has Changed Border Security and Law Enforcement
Introduction
Facial recognition is touted as a leading approach when it comes to the automated
biometric solutions (ABCs) the main reason being that travellers consider it as more acceptable.
In Europe and the West, in general, it's regarded as the ideal modality in second generation
passports. The facial recognition systems are installed in small kiosks and also inside the e-gates
and would typically require high-quality facial images which would allow for better performance
and greater efficiency in the security checks. The facial recognition software and related
algorithms need to be those that are not affected by non-idealities which include the expressions,
changes in the light, obstructions, among other interference that could be as a result of the
physical environment in the airports or other high-security need areas (Del Rio et al. 2016). The
algorithms are more advanced which has made the entire process more efficient and with better
success rates than use of traditional biographic means by gathering information such as the
country of origin, date of birth, passport details and so on (Mason, n.d).
The automated solutions help handle the challenges that arise from such growth
especially in the number of travellers thereby removing delays experienced from arrival
schedules. A variety of modalities have been developed which include fingerprint, iris, and facial
recognition which are just a few of the strategies that may be employed in automated border
control (ABC) systems used in airports (Del Rio et al. 2016). Quite recently there have been talks
of introducing facial recognition systems and software at the borders especially the one between
the U.S and Mexico as a way of curbing the problem of illegal entry by immigrants and other
criminal entities (Levin, 2018). In Europe, the introduction of the ABC systems in major airports
is also being instituted in the European/Schengen regions.
The Department of Homeland Security was mandated under new legislation back in 2002
a few months after the 911, attack to use biometric technology when issuing visas and screen
non-U.S citizens who come into the country. Two years later, in 2004, there were more laws that
were passed that authorized DHS to capture biometric data for non-U.S citizen as they were
exiting the country. The 911 attack had triggered the enactment of the laws; however, for several
years the U.S government had struggled to find a practical and cost-effective approach to
developing a cost-effective entry/exit system which met the congressional requirement of
keeping the country safe (Mason, n.d). Ever since collaborative strategies between the
government agencies and the U.S air travel industry has been employed in achieving that
mandate, and it has been through the use of innovative biometric applications that allowed for
better performance and experience by the travellers.
FACIAL RECOGNITION
3
Facial recognition is a biometric identifier. Biometrics are unique markers used in
identification and verification of individuals identity by using specific intrinsic or behavioral
features (Lynch, 2018). A facial recognition system is a type of computer application that
identifies and verifies an individual with the help of a digital image or by use of a video frame
from a specific source. Fingerprints are some of the most commonly used and known biometric,
and others are iris, palm print, voice, wrist, gait, and DNA. To identify the subject, the software
selects from a choice of facial features and compares them with a facial database that already
exists. That particular type is commonly applied by law enforcement agencies when carrying out
follow up investigations and identify potential perpetrators of a crime.
The facial recognition systems are used to carry out one three things which are in
identifying an unknown individual which is what law enforcement officers commonly do in
ascertaining the identity of people. The second use is in the identification of a known individual,
and such an application is commonly used in smartphones or other areas where face recognition
is used to unlock a given device. The third type, which follows the same principles of
verification systems is configured to look out for various specific features in previously
identified faces. That type is used in recognition of certain people from a crowded area or in
commercial settings where they may be unwanted. The facial recognition systems are also
commonly applied in security systems which can also be integrated with other biometric tools
such as the iris and fingerprint recognition systems. In recent times it has also been employed in
commercial settings as an identification tool (Agaga, 2018). Face recognition is poised to
become one of the most used surveillance technology, and the uptake by law enforcement
agencies is increasing at a fast rate.
Size of the biometrics market and projected growth for the U.S between 2013-2024
Washington Dulles was originally constructed in the 10,000-acre piece of land located in
Loudon and Fairfax counties in Virginia which is approximately 26 miles from the downtown
Washington D.C (MWAA, 2018). The airport has 139 airline gates which in themselves create
for a challenging security environment. The airport comprises of the signature flight support as
well as jet aviation serve as fixed base operators for the general aviation communities. The
FACIAL RECOGNITION
4
airport is a valuable asset for the community, the state, and nation at large and is seen as a
powerful economic driver for the commonwealth. The airport provides over 200,000 jobs as
direct, indirect, and induced earning a labor income of close to 9 billion and providing the State
with more than $600 million in revenue earned from taxes (MWAA, 2016). The annual spending
by the passengers comes to a total of $ 3.4 billion which is from lodging, food, car rentals, retail,
entertainment, and hiring taxis. The airport served the commonwealth with more than 10,000
flights in 2015 which was a drop of 28% in 2007 (MWAA, 2016).
An expedited and automated biometric solution has been proposed as a critical
requirement for future border controls that are vital to the security of the key infrastructures and
the nation at large. The Washington Dulles Airport has approximately139 airline gates and
various levels that the travellers arriving into the country have to go through, they departures and
ticketing level, security checkpoint level, aerotrain level that gets to every gate, the arrival and
baggage claim level and ground transportation levels that all handle visitors entering and
departing. The need for automated processes such as an airport and similar ones countrywide
cannot be over-emphasized enough, such processes are applied for use in entry points have also
partly been driven by the desire to ensure that there is better efficiency in security checks that
can still meet the needs of the rapidly growing airports and ease congestion at the electronic
gates.
Facial recognition portends to be an invaluable tool for present and future use when it
comes to the security of such critical infrastructure and as entry points to the U.S. like the
Washington Dulles Airport IAD. The report will, therefore, give special focus on the biometric
tool, assess the technology focusing on the impact that it has had on the security of entry points
such as airports and borders. It will also focus on the technology's growth, its past, where it
currently stands, and what the future of its use will be like. The focus will then change on the
impact of that the application has had in the security environment as well as to the privacy
concerns of the public, explore how it is viewed externally by the public and other stakeholders.
The report will also focus on the facial recognition usage in law enforcement and in relation to
the overall security of the public and country. Facial recognition as a biometric tool will be used
increasingly in the future; however, the tool has the potential of introducing a host of challenges
and therefore viewed negatively by the public.
Literature Review
Impact of Facial Recognition to Law Enforcement and Border Security Activities
The use of facial recognition in border security is considered as the way to go thanks to
the great advances in the technology that are now more efficient, employ smarter technology, the
algorithms are more advanced and overall the entire process is much more effective and has
better success rates than the traditional biographic applications of gathering information (Mason,
n.d). Some of the advantages of the biometric tool use in border control and other entry points
are that it is convenient. Facial recognition software and related tools are now automated
allowing the travellers a more convenient time, and they are able to scan their documents and
then proceed without physical intervention of the border security personnel and staff is it would
traditionally have been. It, therefore, reduces the time needed in processing the travellers'
documents and...
Review
Review
