Running Head: THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
DEVELOPMENT
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The Effects of Parenting Style on the Childs Overall Development
Satik Shushanyan
West Coast University
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
DEVELOPMENT
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Abstract
Parenting styles are gaining more attention today. Parenting styles involve the distinct
methods utilized by parents in bringing their children up. Different cultures and societal demands
dictate such approaches. Other things that determine them of parenting children experience
include social class, level of income, and divorce among others. This paper looks at different
parenting styles that families follow. It looks at the patterns of different parenting styles. In
addition, it looks at how such styles impact child development.
Introduction
Different cultures will have distinct descriptions of what good parenting is. This is
because good parenting involves preparing children to meet a culture's demands while different
cultures have different demands. According to Darling & Steinberg (1993,), good parenting
comprises of the general climate for the parent-child relationship. Parenting style sets the tone on
how the parent interacts with the child. One’s own parent majorly affects parenting style.
Temperament, culture, socioeconomic status, level of education, as well as a spouse’s influence
has an impact on parenting style as well. While the temperament of the parent, as well as the
child, will affect parenting style, the two parents can apply distinct parenting styles. Different
families apply authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, or interactive parenting style and each of
these has different effects on children and majorly determines the persons they will grow to
become.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
DEVELOPMENT
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Research question:
What are the different ways in which parenting styles affect children?
Parenting Styles
Researchers are familiar with 4-key parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian,
permissive, and neglectful. Baumrind (1967-1991) defined three of them: authoritative,
authoritarian, and permissive, in his pioneering longitudinal study. Later, research uncovered the
neglectful parenting style, citing it as the worst form of parenting.
Authoritarian parenting style
Authoritarian parenting is characterized by compliance with rules, some great deal of
control, and a dominating style. The parent could be punitive and follow the rule ”spare the rod,
spoil the child.” Engagement happens to be adult-centered. The parents are afraid of being
unable to control the young ones and they do not encourage open communication.
Authoritative parenting style
This is the parenting’s gold standard. Authoritative parents inspire their kids to be
independent; however, they as well set boundaries and limits. They apply discipline, however, in
some supportive, non-punitive manner. It is normal for such parents to offer increasing
independence levels to children as they become more mature. Authoritative parenting is
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
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characterized by moderate control and responsiveness, open communication, trust, and
encouragement of mental autonomy.
Permissive Parenting Style
Parents here are quite attentive and offer a great deal of warmth, as well as interaction.
They are friends instead of parents but set a few rules and limitations. In other words, indulgent
parents show high acceptance, however, are non-demanding. They lack parental control.
Neglectful parenting style
Parents here are unresponsive and not demanding. They do not supervise or monitor the
behavior of their kids. They simply do not participate as such in their parenting role. Very little
time is spent with children and parents let video games and the TV babysit their children.
Effects of parenting styles on children
According to Baumrind (1967), well-adjusted pre-school children are those brought up by
authoritative parents. Baumrind found that such children were socially responsible, cheerful,
self-reliant, cooperative with others, as well as achievement oriented. Kids brought up by
authoritarian parents are moody and outwardly unhappy. They are easily annoyed and relatively
aimless in addition to the fact that people will not be pleased to be around them.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
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Children brought up by permissive parents are most aggressive and impulsive, most
specifically the boys. They are mostly bossy, as well as self-centered, lacking self-control,
rebellious, very low in achievement and independence, and rather aimless. Baumrind (1967)
found that kids of permissive parents are quite immature. It is usually difficult for them to
control their impulses; in addition, they happen to be disobedient, as well as disobedient when
requested to do what contradicts their momentary desires. They also happen to be quite
demanding and highly dependent on adults. They are less determined on tasks as compared to
kids with parents who exercise more control. There is a strong connection between indulgent
parenting and reliant, non-achieving behavior specifically for boys (Berk, 1998).
Subsequent research came to associate neglectful parenting with the worst developmental
results. Kids brought up in this form of parenting are found to have behavioral issues like
frequent temper tantrums and aggressiveness right from an early age of three. According to
Sigelman (1999), as such kids become adolescents, they tend to become anti-social as well as
hostile.
As children join educational institutions, peer and community settings, a change in the
parent-child relationship occurs.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
DEVELOPMENT
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Common changes in family occurring today, such as maternal employment and divorce,
could have both negative and positive effects on children. The time spent with parents decline
completely during middle childhood (Bell, 1971). This leads to a child’s growing independence
meaning that a parent will have to deal with new problems such as misuse of facilities, for
instance, mobile phones, internet access, early pregnancy, substance abuse, emotional issues,
child exploitation, and abuse, issues between peer groups, and lack of social responsibility
among others. Many would agree that an authoritative parenting pattern is favorable for child
development. On the other hand, different cultures, as well as societal transformations pose
different demands. Hence, could differ in which parenting style pattern is the best for child
development (Myers-Walls et al., 2006).
Conclusion
Parenting styles have a strong impact on child development and determine the kind of
person a child grows to become. As such, the society’s view of parenting is a new direction.
Today, parents know that they do not have everything figured out and want to bring up
their children differently. On the other hand, cultural demands are still strong and determine how
parents raise children. Societal changes have a strong force as well and are changing the way
children are raised. It is a common belief among many that the authoritative parenting style is the
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
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best form of parenting for child development. On the other hand, some cultures would disagree.
It is not always a parent’s choice to bring up their children as they do. On the other hand, they
raise children to meet the demands of culture and societal changes. However, some chose not to
supervise their children’s behavior, raising kids that the society may not accept. Control over
children is limited during middle childhood as the independence of children grow, which means
changes in behavior occur. However, parenting styles during child development determine their
future behavior when they become free from the parental watch.
THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL
DEVELOPMENT
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References
Baumrind D. (1991) The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance
use, The Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 56-95.
Baumrind, D. (1967) Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior.
Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 43-88.
Bell R.R. (1971) Marriage and Family Interaction. The Dorsey Press, Illinois, p. 437.
Berk E.L. (1998) Development through the lifespan, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, p. 266
Darling, N., Steinberg, L. (1993) Parenting style as context: An integrative model, Psychological
Bulletin, 113, pp. 487- 496
Myers-Walls J.A., Myers-Bowman K.S., Posada G. (2006) Parenting Practices Worldwide in
Families in Global and Multicultural Perspective, IInd Ed. (Ed. Ingoldsby, B.B., Smith
D.S.),
Sage Publications INC, California, pp. 147-167.
Sigelman C. K. (1999) Lifespan Human Development, Third Edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company, p. 401.
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