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Running Head: THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 1 The Effects of Parenting Style on the Childs Overall Development Satik Shushanyan West Coast University THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 2! Abstract Parenting styles are gaining more attention today. Parenting styles involve the distinct methods utilized by parents in bringing their children up. Different cultures and societal demands dictate such approaches. Other things that determine them of parenting children experience include social class, level of income, and divorce among others. This paper looks at different parenting styles that families follow. It looks at the patterns of different parenting styles. In addition, it looks at how such styles impact child development. Introduction Different cultures will have distinct descriptions of what good parenting is. This is because good parenting involves preparing children to meet a culture's demands while different cultures have different demands. According to Darling & Steinberg (1993,), good parenting comprises of the general climate for the parent-child relationship. Parenting style sets the tone on how the parent interacts with the child. One’s own parent majorly affects parenting style. Temperament, culture, socioeconomic status, level of education, as well as a spouse’s influence has an impact on parenting style as well. While the temperament of the parent, as well as the child, will affect parenting style, the two parents can apply distinct parenting styles. Different families apply authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, or interactive parenting style and each of these has different effects on children and majorly determines the persons they will grow to become. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 3! Research question: What are the different ways in which parenting styles affect children? Parenting Styles Researchers are familiar with 4-key parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful. Baumrind (1967-1991) defined three of them: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive, in his pioneering longitudinal study. Later, research uncovered the neglectful parenting style, citing it as the worst form of parenting. Authoritarian parenting style Authoritarian parenting is characterized by compliance with rules, some great deal of control, and a dominating style. The parent could be punitive and follow the rule ”spare the rod, spoil the child.” Engagement happens to be adult-centered. The parents are afraid of being unable to control the young ones and they do not encourage open communication. Authoritative parenting style This is the parenting’s gold standard. Authoritative parents inspire their kids to be independent; however, they as well set boundaries and limits. They apply discipline, however, in some supportive, non-punitive manner. It is normal for such parents to offer increasing independence levels to children as they become more mature. Authoritative parenting is THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 4! characterized by moderate control and responsiveness, open communication, trust, and encouragement of mental autonomy. Permissive Parenting Style Parents here are quite attentive and offer a great deal of warmth, as well as interaction. They are friends instead of parents but set a few rules and limitations. In other words, indulgent parents show high acceptance, however, are non-demanding. They lack parental control. Neglectful parenting style Parents here are unresponsive and not demanding. They do not supervise or monitor the behavior of their kids. They simply do not participate as such in their parenting role. Very little time is spent with children and parents let video games and the TV babysit their children. Effects of parenting styles on children According to Baumrind (1967), well-adjusted pre-school children are those brought up by authoritative parents. Baumrind found that such children were socially responsible, cheerful, self-reliant, cooperative with others, as well as achievement oriented. Kids brought up by authoritarian parents are moody and outwardly unhappy. They are easily annoyed and relatively aimless in addition to the fact that people will not be pleased to be around them. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 5! Children brought up by permissive parents are most aggressive and impulsive, most specifically the boys. They are mostly bossy, as well as self-centered, lacking self-control, rebellious, very low in achievement and independence, and rather aimless. Baumrind (1967) found that kids of permissive parents are quite immature. It is usually difficult for them to control their impulses; in addition, they happen to be disobedient, as well as disobedient when requested to do what contradicts their momentary desires. They also happen to be quite demanding and highly dependent on adults. They are less determined on tasks as compared to kids with parents who exercise more control. There is a strong connection between indulgent parenting and reliant, non-achieving behavior specifically for boys (Berk, 1998). Subsequent research came to associate neglectful parenting with the worst developmental results. Kids brought up in this form of parenting are found to have behavioral issues like frequent temper tantrums and aggressiveness right from an early age of three. According to Sigelman (1999), as such kids become adolescents, they tend to become anti-social as well as hostile. As children join educational institutions, peer and community settings, a change in the parent-child relationship occurs. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 6! Common changes in family occurring today, such as maternal employment and divorce, could have both negative and positive effects on children. The time spent with parents decline completely during middle childhood (Bell, 1971). This leads to a child’s growing independence meaning that a parent will have to deal with new problems such as misuse of facilities, for instance, mobile phones, internet access, early pregnancy, substance abuse, emotional issues, child exploitation, and abuse, issues between peer groups, and lack of social responsibility among others. Many would agree that an authoritative parenting pattern is favorable for child development. On the other hand, different cultures, as well as societal transformations pose different demands. Hence, could differ in which parenting style pattern is the best for child development (Myers-Walls et al., 2006). Conclusion Parenting styles have a strong impact on child development and determine the kind of person a child grows to become. As such, the society’s view of parenting is a new direction. Today, parents know that they do not have everything figured out and want to bring up their children differently. On the other hand, cultural demands are still strong and determine how parents raise children. Societal changes have a strong force as well and are changing the way children are raised. It is a common belief among many that the authoritative parenting style is the THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 7! best form of parenting for child development. On the other hand, some cultures would disagree. It is not always a parent’s choice to bring up their children as they do. On the other hand, they raise children to meet the demands of culture and societal changes. However, some chose not to supervise their children’s behavior, raising kids that the society may not accept. Control over children is limited during middle childhood as the independence of children grow, which means changes in behavior occur. However, parenting styles during child development determine their future behavior when they become free from the parental watch. THE EFFECTS OF PARENTING STYLE ON THE CHILDS OVERALL DEVELOPMENT 8! References Baumrind D. (1991) The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use, The Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol. 11, No.1, pp. 56-95. Baumrind, D. (1967) Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 43-88. Bell R.R. (1971) Marriage and Family Interaction. The Dorsey Press, Illinois, p. 437. Berk E.L. (1998) Development through the lifespan, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, p. 266 Darling, N., Steinberg, L. (1993) Parenting style as context: An integrative model, Psychological Bulletin, 113, pp. 487- 496 Myers-Walls J.A., Myers-Bowman K.S., Posada G. (2006) Parenting Practices Worldwide in Families in Global and Multicultural Perspective, IInd Ed. (Ed. Ingoldsby, B.B., Smith D.S.), Sage Publications INC, California, pp. 147-167. Sigelman C. K. (1999) Lifespan Human Development, Third Edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 401.
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