Effects of Temperature Change on
Composite Materials
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Agenda
Introduction
➢ Problems
❖ Temperature
❖ Moisture
➢ Methodologies and Scientific Discussion
➢ Apparatus and Testing
➢ Expected Results and Outcomes
➢ Conclusion
➢ References
➢
Introduction
❖
Composite materials consist of two or more physically separate and
mechanically releasable elements called reinforcements and matrices.
❖
In this proposal, temperature and humidity were the major environmental
concerns
❖
The first objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of humidity and
temperature on polyester resins, vinyl esters, and epoxy resins, as well as
various data on wind turbine blade performance in wet conditions and at other
different temperatures.
Problems
➢
Temperature
❖
Composite materials for wind turbine blades can be subjected to a low
temperature (-20 ° C or lower) or high temperature (50 ° C or higher) for 30year life. Exposure to the low temperatures of certain hard polymers can make
them vulnerable and increase.
❖
It has been reported that the effect at the fiber matrix interface at this
temperature is strong only as a treatment of fiber and resin properties.
Problems
➢
Moisture
❖
Water molecules can diffuse into the composite network and affect its
mechanical properties.
❖
The ability to predict water diffusion and its effect on resin properties are
necessary to predict long-term behavior of composite materials.
➢
However, the behavior of some compounds to absorb water is an important
factor in adjusting the Fick model. This subtle mechanism is not fully understood
due to the complexity of the absorption behavior and the variability of the
experimental data.
Methodologies and Scientific Discussion
The experiment utilized E-glass fabric as the key reinforcement material.
All fibers contain a universal blending agent compatible with all types of resins used
Five types of resins for this work have been compared which represent the cost of
potential resins for wind turbine blades and are suitable for formation with resins low
viscosity.
All samples were processed from the plates using a water-cooled diamond saw and
the edges were sandblasted prior to packaging. Some dry samples are stored in the
laboratory ambient air, called ambient temperature and drying temperature; the
laboratory has no temperature or controlled humidity but is usually around 23 °C with
low humidity.
Apparatus and Testing
➢
Tension and Compression
➢
Micro-bonding Test
❖
The sample used for the micro-bonding test consisted of a composite sample with a carefully polished
cross-section
❖
This process was repeated at higher loading and control stages until exfoliation was observed.
➢
Water Absorption Test
❖
In the experiment, as the measurement time increases, the wet weight of the sample decreases.
Expected Results and Outcomes
❖
In this section, we present the results of an environmental impact study of composites
using five resin systems.
❖
Firstly, considering the water absorption behavior of composite materials and pure
resin, and then considering the moisture in the composite material, the effects of
humidity and temperature on the compressive strength of the composite, tensile
strength and modulus, and phase-to-phase resistance are proposed.
Expected Results and
Outcomes
❖The figure
shows the approximate cost of
five high- capacity resins
❖Composites with the layup [0/±45°/0]
pure resin was immersed in distilled water
and carried out at 50 ° C for about 2,500
hours.
❖The o-ester, iso-ester, vinyl esters 411
and 8084 appear to be stable, while the
epoxy SC-14 is near saturation.
❖ It is observed that the epoxy resin SC-14
absorbs the maximum amount of moisture
after soaking in distilled water at 50 ° C for
the same conditioning period, and then the
content of the vinyl ester of the 8084 vinyl
ester, the vinyl ester, and the hetero-411
ester.
Conclusión
❖
The moisture content of the composite and pure resin depends on the
chemical nature of the matrix.
❖
The moisture diffusion constant follows a tendency opposite to that of the
resin system.
❖
Different polyesters have excellent resistance to environmental
conditions and interlaminar fracture toughness, such as ortopoliester.
Based on the final conclusion, it is recommended that vinyl esters and
isomeric polyesters require further investigation.
References
Tsotsis, K.T.(1998), “Long-Term Thermo-Oxidative Aging in Composite Materials:
Experimental Methods,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol.32, No.11,1998, PP. 1115-1133.
Springer, S. G., “Effects of Thermal Spiking on Graphite-Epoxy Composites,” Report AFMLTR-79-4059, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (1979)
Schutte, L.C., “Environmental Durability of Glass Fiber Composites,” Polymer Composites
Group, Polymers Division, NIST (1994).
Carter, G.H., Kibler, G.K(1977).“Entropy Model for Glass Transition in Wet Resins and
Composites,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol.32, PP. 265-273.
Soutis, C., Turkmen, D.(1997), “Moisture and Temperature Effects of the Compressive Failure of unidirectional Laminates,” Journal of
Composite Materials, Vol.31, No.8 / 1997, pp. 833-848.
Shen, C., Springer, S.G (1977)., “Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Tensile Strength of
Composite Materials,” Journal of Composite Materials, Vol.11, pp. 2-15. 24.
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