final progress paper-02

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Writing requirement:

Your first progress paper should demonstrate that you have read the guidelines and have familiarized yourself with the USDA Star Tracker website for the Energy Balance Project.

Following submission directions

  • Demonstrating that you have read the project guidelines by providing a brief summary of what you will be doing (7 points).
  • Demonstrating that you have familiarized yourself with a Food Tracker app or website of your choice (3 pts).

The final project guidelines are post in the attached file, please check them carefully. Need total word count 350 words. Need to show you read and understand about the final project guidelines and summarize guidelines, and make some plans of how you gonna work in final project. Second, need to choose one app or website such as Food Tracker or others, and tell something about this app/website and why choose it. Total together for this essay is about 350 words count.

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Anthropology 220, Online Energy Balance Final Project Information and Guidelines PART 1 Your final project will be graded according to the rubrics and information provided in our syllabus, in the Final Project module, and in my announcements. First, please read the Information and Guidelines for the Research Final Project. Your Energy Balance Project will follow the same basic guidelines. In this project, you will record and analyze your own dietary intake over a 3-day period using the SuperTracker online software provided by the USDA, and you own energy expenditure over a 3day period using the information provided in the Energy Balance Appendix. There are three main goals to this project: 1) to analyze your diet in terms of energy intake, nutrient intake, and other concepts discussed and read about in our course. 2) to analyze your energy expenditure in terms of activity and in relation to energy intake and other concepts discussed and read about in our course. 3) to critically evaluate the SuperTracker software program based on your personal experience. You will communicate your findings in a formal scientific written report that must include the following five sections: Introduction, Methods and Materials, Results, Discussion, and Conclusions. Since this is a complex assignment, I am providing you with detailed guidelines for each section of your report, an separate file that explains what information goes into each section of a scientific report found in the Final Project Information module, an example of several sections at the end of this document, and several exemplars. Step 1: Get prepared 1. Set up your dietary analysis profile at www.supertracker.usda.gov/. You will be using the Food Tracker portion of the site. Play around with this program and familiarize yourself it. This will make your data collection and entry much easier. Make the necessary copies of data collection forms (see below) and decide which days you plan to collect data. Try to choose 3 days that will be representative of your usual food intake and will give you plenty of time for your data analysis. They can be consecutive days, but do not have to be. From the date of introducing this project, you only have about nine weeks to collect, organize, analyze, and write your data. We suggest getting started now, collecting your data over three consecutive days, and having data ready to analyze before your second progress paper is due. 2. Write a (or a few) prediction(s) and your dietary goal. Do you think you are in perfect, negative, or positive energy balance? Why? Are you getting enough protein? Fats? Lipids? Step 2: Collect the data 1. Maintain a record of your food intake for any 3 days. You may use the dietary intake sheet we have provided, but you do not have to (i.e. use whatever works best for you). Be as accurate as possible in describing the types of foods and the quantities consumed. Keep in mind that the SuperTracker software may expect quantities recorded in weight (grams, ounces, etc.), serving size (cups, teaspoons, etc.) or number of whole items (1 medium apple, 1 large orange, etc.). What if you can’t find values for a particular food? What if you cannot weigh you food? Use the closest weight or approximation you can find, and clearly and concisely explain your selection in your methods section. 2. Maintain a record of your energy expenditure for the same 3 days as your food intake record. You may use the energy expenditure sheet we have provided, but you do not have to. Be as accurate as possible in recording every activity that you are involved in. This includes sleep, rest, study, eating, and activity of any nature. You will need to record the duration of activity (in minutes), and the intensity of the activity (light, moderate, high). You will later use the appendix to calculate energy expenditure. What if you cannot find a specific activity in the appendix, or one that reflects the correct attributes for that activity? Use the closest activity you can find, and clearly and concisely explain your selection in your methods section. 3. As you record and enter your data, keep notes on your own experiences with this assignment. How easy or difficult is it to accurately record your food intake and energy expenditure? How easy or difficult is it to use the SuperTracker software? Are all the foods in your diet and all the activities in your day easily found in the software program and in the appendix and the information provided? Do you think your results are accurate, or reflective of your dietary choices and activity levels? Are the results suprising? How can you use the results to better achieve your dietary goals? How does the results, or the process, relate to our course lectures and readings? How can you situate this project into a larger Nutritional Anthropology perspective? Describing these experiences will be an important part of your final report (i.e. in your discussion section). Step 3: Write the methods and materials section After completing the data collection and before doing any analysis, write the methods section of your report, i.e., a detailed description of how you collected the data. Why should the methods be written before the results are analyzed? It is good practice in scientific research to write out the methods (at least as notes) immediately so that nothing is forgotten, and so analysis of the results does not influence one’s memory of the methods. Describe the dates, locations, software and/or equipment used; as well as any exceptions, inconsistencies, or changes to the procedures during the project. Be sure to explain how quantities were measured or estimated at home, in restaurants, etc., and how accurate you were able to be. Remember, methods should be clear and detailed enough that another person could read them as if they were instructions (or a recipe ;-), and repeat the procedures exactly the same way that you did in your project. Step 4: Analyze the data Before you can write the next section of your report, you must analyze the data and think about what you want to write. To complete this part of the project you will use the Food Tracker portion of the SuperTracker software, the energy expenditure and activity information in the Energy Balance appendix, and Microsoft Excel or a comparable program to generate tables and figures. Here are the steps you should follow in your data analysis: 1. Dietary intake and Energy Expenditure. Analyze your food intake by determining total energy intake (kilocalories), macronutrient (carbohydrate, protein, fat) distribution and quantities consumed each day, and as a 3-day average. The Food Tracker program provides this information. Do this same analysis for your energy expenditure using the information provided in the appendix. You will have to calculate your energy expenditure, so be sure to input your data into Microsoft Excel to easily calculate your values. You should calculate energy expenditure each day and as a 3-day average. 2. Comparisons to recommendations for nutrient intakes. Using the “Nutrient Intake Report” link in Food Tracker, compare your energy and nutrient intakes with the recommended values (DRI). Specifically, you should record energy intake (kcal), and each of the macronutrients (protein, fats, and carbohydrates). Do the comparisons for each day and for the 3-day averages. 3. Comparison of your energy intake and your energy expenditure values. Using Microsoft Excel or a similar program, how does your energy expenditure compare to your energy intake? Do the comparison for each day and for the 3-day averages. Although it is not required, you may decide to run a correlation coefficient analysis on your 3 days of data (the totals for each day). If so, y can include the r-value in your results section. You may also want to include a scatter plot graph to illustrate the correlation, and / or a table. 4. For all other data, use Microsoft Excel or a similar program to generate figures or tables. Both figures and tables are required, they need to be labeled, clear, easy to understand, and highlight what you believe are the most interesting findings. Step 5: Write the results section In this section, summarize the findings of your analysis both in written word and using tables and figures. This is not the place to discuss your interpretations or feelings about the results. It is the place to simply present the results and highlight the most important and interesting findings for the reader. Why can’t the results section include comments and interpretation? It is good scientific practice to keep the actual results separate from the interpretation so the reader can evaluate the results before the writer’s opinions are introduced. Summarize the results in written form. As you are summarizing your results in writing, refer to relevant tables and figures. You should use the tables and figures to help you highlight the most interesting findings, and direct the reader to more detailed information. You do not need to reiterate any information that is provided in a table or graph, simply refer the reader to the appropriate figure. Tables and figures: These should be numbered consecutively, and be in the same order that they are mentioned in the text. Each table should have a number and title at the top which clearly describes what it presents. For example, “Table 1. Daily energy and nutrient intakes” or “Table 2. Daily energy expenditure” or “Figure 1. Protein intake relative to DRI recommendation.” All columns in a table or graph should have headers clearly indicating contents and units of measure used. A table should have all of its columns and rows on the same page; in other words, tables should not cut across page breaks. Likewise, figures should have all axes clearly labeled and should appear on a single page. Also, be sure to create a key for any differently colored components of your figure (e.g. different shades or patterns of lines or bars). Step 6: Write the discussion This is the place to interpret, discuss and explain what you found, and describe how your methods influenced your findings. The discussion is arguably the most important part of your report, since it explains the “so what” of your research. At the very minimum, the discussion should address the following points: • Was your predictions (or hypotheses) on Energy Balance supported? Was this surprising in any way? If so, why? What would you plan to change if anything? How would you propose that change? • Were you surprised about any of your other results? If so, what surprised you and why? If not, why? • What problems/difficulties/inconveniences did you encounter in collecting the data? Did the actual process of data collection affect your food intake or energy expenditure in any way? If so, how? • How accurate were you able to be? Were there any circumstances that influenced your accuracy? Unexpected visitors to your home? Traveling? Work scheduling? Were there problems with the SuperTracker software? If so, how did they influence your results? • How representative are the data of your usual food intake and energy expenditure patterns? Were there unforeseen circumstances that resulted in abnormal food intake or activity levels? • How much day-to-day variation in energy expenditure and intake do your records show? Are your days consistent, or are there major differences from day to day? If there are differences, why? • How do your energy expenditure and intake values compare with the recommendations (DRI, etc)? What, if anything, do these comparisons tell you about the adequacy of your diet and activity levels? • Based on your experience, what are the strengths and weaknesses of the USDA’s SuperTracker program? In what ways was it easy or difficult to use the program? This program is designed to be quick, simple, and intuitive for all members of the public to analyze their energy balance – specifically in terms of the dietary recommendations. Has the programs succeeded in this goal? Do you think the programs can be a useful tool for improving the nutritional quality and health of diets in the United States? How about outside the United States? • How does your results and your predictions relate to our course (lectures and readings). I what ways do our readings provide new perspective to interpret your results? How can you explore your results and this project from a biocultural nutritional perspective? Step 7: Write the introduction and title The introduction should provide a little background information including what the report is about, why it is important and why the reader should find it interesting, how it relates to aspects of our course (the lecture and reading material you have learned). Because you provided at least one prediction(s), you should present your prediction(s) in the introduction. After reading the introduction, the reader should have a clear idea of what to expect in the rest of the report. A ‘Title’ for your report has two important functions. 1) Your title should tell the reader what the report will be about, and 2) your title should catch the attention of the reader. Give your title a bit of thought. Why write the introduction and title last? So you know what you are introducing! Step 9: Write the conclusion This is where you tied everything together in a few lines, and present a final take away message. This can easily be done in a paragraph because you really can only conclude one of three things: (1) you found what you expected to find; (2) you found something you did not expect to find; (3) you found some combination of 1 and 2. Add a few more sentences briefly describing your final verdict regarding the SuperTracker program and how you incorporated the course material into your project (the culture of food). Step 10: Add the references cited It is likely that you will want to refer to outside sources in writing your report (e.g., lectures, discussions, readings, websites, etc.). If so, list them under your references cited section. Do not forget, anything that you use (reference material including the websites you use for the energy balance project) should be cited and referenced. You should at least cite material lecture (including our Energy Balance appendix), and the SuperTracker software you use for this project. For citations in the text, use the standard format used in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, or American Journal of Human Biology. For example, when you cite a source in your paper (e.g. in your methods and materials section), you should include the author and the date of the publication. For example, you might cite our files or lectures as According to Ulibarri (2017), energy balance is…. Or Total daily energy expenditure was calculated by using the Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks table provided to our class (Ulibarri & Sloan, 2016). When you cite a source, you need to include that reference in the References Cited section at the end of your paper. In your References be sure to include the author, the date, the title of the file or lecture, the course, the campus, and the location. For example, you might reference our files or lectures as Ulibarri, L. (2017). Lecture 1, Basics of Nutritional Anthropology. Anth. 220, Nutritional Anthropology. University of Oregon. Step 11: Putting the report together You should now have everything you need to assemble the report. All text should be typed (double-spaced, 1-inch margins, 12-point font). The length of your paper will partly depend on the detail you provide, the number of graphs and charts you make, and the thought put into your discussion. Typically, your report will be 10 pages long. It can be longer, but remember to be concise! It can also be shorter, but that should not sacrifice detail. The report should consist of the following sections in the order listed: • Title and your name (you do not need a cover page, but you can do this if you want) • Text with each section titled: • Introduction • Methods and materials • Results • Discussion • Conclusion • References Cited • Tables (both in numerical order and same order as mentioned in text)* • Figures (both in numerical order and same order as mentioned in text)* • Data collection sheets attached as an appendix (these are provided in Information sheet part 2). These can be in written form, or printed if you use Excel or a similar program. • Anything else you might want to include • Keep your electronic file. If your paper is top quality (the top 3 papers in our class), we will request an electronic copy to use as an exemplar for a future term. Your paper will be a citable resource for future students. I will also award bonus points to the top three papers upon receiving the electronic copy. For an assignment worth 80 points, that is not too shabby! *Tables and figures can either be presented in text or as an attached appendix at the end of the report. Even if they are in the appendix, they need to be in the same order that they are mentioned in the text. EXAMPLE METHODS & RESULTS Here is an example Methods and Results sections to assist you in your writing. Please also view the exemplars for more complete examples. Note that this is just an example meant to give you an idea of what these sections should look like – your own sections will probably be different based on what you did and what you found. Although you can refer to these examples, be sure to write your paper in your own words. Also, please remember that tables and figures are REQUIRED, as is your prediction (or hypothesis) about your energy balance (and for any other aspect of diet that you are interested in, e.g. protein intake, energy expenditure, etc.), and a discussion about that hypothesis. Methods: remember that the goal of this section is to let the reader know exactly how you collected and analyzed the data. Ideally, the reader should be able to reproduce your experiment step-by-step; s/he should never be left thinking, “I wonder how the author came up these data.” Importantly, you need to explain how you handled any deviations from your original data collection plan, such as misplacing a dietary intake sheet, recording foods that are not listed in the SuperTracker database, etc. Results: the goal here is to simply present the data in a clear way, without additional commentary or interpretation (that comes in the Discussion). Here I have just included data for energy and macronutrient intake, but it should give you a good idea of how to report your other results as well (micronutrients, comparison to recommendations, etc.). Focus on the main results (e.g., energy intake, macro/micronutrient intake), but also include any additional results you found interesting. In the example, I talk about the types of fats consumed, but you do not necessarily need to do this – for instance, perhaps you discovered a lot of day-to-day variability in sodium intake, or an unexpectedly low intake of Vitamin C across the board, etc. You get to decide on what is interesting, based on the knowledge you have gained in class. EXAMPLE METHODS AND RESULTS SECTION BELOW METHODS Dietary intake data and energy expenditure for this project were collected from a single participant for 3 consecutive days beginning on Monday, May 16, 2016 and ending on Wednesday, May 18, 2016. These days were chosen in order to obtain a representative sample of weekday dietary patterns. All data were collected while the participant was at home, at restaurants and on the UO campus in the city of Eugene, Oregon. All data were analyzed using the Food Tracker component of the USDA’s SuperTracker online database (a link is provided in the references under USDA, 2016) as well as the information and physical activity sheets provided in the Anthropology 220 Nutritional Anthropology course (Ulibarri & Sloan, 2016; USDA, 2016). Dietary Intake Dietary intake data were collected each day from the time the participant awoke in the morning until the time that he went to bed that evening. The type, quantity and location of all foods and beverages (including water) consumed were recorded in a pre-printed food diary (see Appendix A) as they were consumed. The time that each food was consumed was also recorded in the food diary. Meals that were prepared and consumed at home were recorded using a weighed inventory method. For recipes that produced multiple servings, the components of the recipe were recorded and entered into the My Recipe function in Food Tracker, and the portion of the recipe consumed was recorded in the food diary and software for analysis. During recipe preparation, each individual food was measured and recorded into the food diary. Dry foods were measured using dry measuring cups and recorded in cups. Liquids were measured in a graduated liquid measuring cup and recorded in fluid ounces. Small additions (e.g., spices) were measured using graduated teaspoons and tablespoons, and recorded as teaspoon or tablespoon quantities. Pre-packaged snacks and meals consumed on campus or at restaurants were recorded using a modified weighed inventory method by using the serving size information provided on the package labels, or from information provided in the restaurant menu or website. In cases where the information was not readily available, the quantity consumed was recorded using a visual estimate of portion size, and then later the nutrition information was obtained from the restaurant website or Food Tracker database. Fresh fruits and vegetables that were consumed whole were recorded by size. For example, for apples, the apple type (e.g., Honey Crisp, Gala) and size (small, medium, large) were recorded. All beverages consumed were recorded in fluid ounces. For beverages purchased at restaurants, the size of the cup was used to estimate ounces. For example, if a large coffee was served in a 20 ounce to-go cup, then that was the quantity recorded in the food diary. Water consumption was measured using a graduated CamelBak water bottle. Energy Expenditure (you now have an idea of what the methods for Energy intake look like, simply extrapolate this to Energy Expenditure). Data Analysis All data were analyzed using the Food Tracker software and in Microsoft Excel. Actual intakes were compared to Dietary Reference Intake recommendations provided by the software. The dietary recommendations for the participant were generated through the user-defined profile option provided by the software and were based on age, sex, height, and weight. In order to calculate day to day energy intake, foods were entered separately for each day of data collection. When the exact brand of food was not available in the database, the closest available match was used. Once all data were entered into the software, the Nutrient Intake Report function was used to generate total energy expenditure for each day as well as a 3 day average. The Nutrient Intake Report was also used to generate total and average macronutrient and micronutrient intakes. All data on energy expenditure was entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, 2015), and kcal for each activity were calculated using the values provided in Anthropology 220 Nutritional Anthropology Energy Balance project directions (Ulibarri & Sloan, 2016). Each activity was entered separately for each day of data collection. If the exact physical activity was not found in the appendix of physical activities, or the correct degree of intensity, the closest available match was used. When all the data was put into Microsoft Excel, the total kcal expended for each day (starting from midnight of the first day, ending at 11:59 pm) was calculated, as was the total for 3 days (72 hours). The daily energy intake values (kcal) were then compared to energy expenditure values (kcal) using correlation coefficient analysis in Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Energy and macronutrient intake by day Total energy intake values for each day of data collection are presented in Table 1. Energy intake was similar across all three days, and ranged between 1629 and 1759 kilocalories. Energy intakes between May 16 and 17 were the most consistent, with only a 43 kilocalorie difference between the two days. The largest difference in energy intake was 130 kilocalories, which occurred between May 17 and May 18. Table 1. Total energy intake (kcals) by date of data collection. Date Energy Intake (kcal) Between day difference (kcal) May 16, 2016 1672 43 (May 16-17) May 17, 2016 1629 130 (May 17-18) May 18, 2016 1759 87 (May 16 to May 18) When energy intake data were analyzed for macronutrient distribution, carbohydrates and fats made up the largest percentage of energy, while protein contributed to the lowest percentage of energy on all three days. May 16 and 17 had similar macronutrient distributions, with 40% of total energy coming from carbohydrates (Figure 1). However, on May 18, carbohydrate intake was slightly higher (44%) and made up almost half of total energy intake (Figure 2). Figure 1. Average macronutrient distribution for May 16 and May 17. Fat 45% Carbohydrate 40% Protein 15% . Figure 2. Macronutrient distribution for May 18. Fat 41% Carbohydrate 45% Protein 14% Fat intake accounted for over 30% of total energy intake on all three days, with the highest on May 16 and 17. Although total fat intakes were similar on these two days, the types of fat differed. On October 13, the largest percentage of fat came from polyunsaturated fat, and the smallest percentage came from saturated fat (Table 2). On the other hand, on May 17, the largest percentage of fat came from saturated fat while the smallest percentage came from monounsaturated fat (Table 2). The percentage of fat intake on the 18th was slightly lower, and there was little difference between the sources (1% or less) (Table 2). Date May 16 May 18 May 18 Table 2. Percentage of fat intake by date and source. Total Fat Saturated Monosaturated (% of total intake) (% of fat intake) (% of fat intake) 33 9 11 33 13 9 31 11 10 Polyunsaturated (% of fat intake) 13 11 10 Energy expenditure by day (you’ve seen with the results look like for energy intake. You will need to provide something similar for Energy Expenditure, and for Energy Balance). Energy balance evaluation Anthropology 220, Online Energy Balance Final Project Information and Guidelines PART 2 I. Energy Balance Prediction / Hypothesis: Before you collect data on your energy intake and your energy expenditure, you will be testing a hypothesis about your energy balance. Are you in negative, positive, or perfect energy balance? After reading this once through, you can begin to write your active hypothesis(es) below. You will test this hypothesis in this project, and analyze your data to explore your energy balance. II. Dietary Recall Activity: To quantify your daily intake of food energy (kilocalories) and other nutrients, you will use a standard 24-hour dietary survey. Once you have recorded the amounts of different food items you have consumed, you will convert these amounts into nutrients using a standard dietary analysis program. The details are as follows: 1. Collection of dietary data. You should record all of the foods that you eat for THREE days (using the provided 24-hour dietary record). This will allow you to look at aspects of variation in dietary consumption. When collecting dietary data, it is generally easier (and more accurate) to collect the information as the day is progressing rather than waiting until the next day to remember what you ate. Additionally, try to be as specific as possible in recording food items and amounts. This will improve the accuracy of the estimation of nutrient intakes. 2. Analysis of Dietary Data. From the dietary data that you have collected, you will calculate energy and nutrient intakes using a standard dietary analysis software noted in Part 1 of this lab. https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/foodtracker.aspx As Noted above, before collecting your data, please familiarize yourself with this software program. You will need to register to use it. 3. Recording your evaluated data. The program will give you estimates of your intake of a variety of different nutrients. You should record your data for the following nutrients: a) energy (kilocalories), b) protein, c) fat, and d) carbohydrates. You can explore other nutrients (vitamins, minerals, and water), but this is not required. II. Physical Activity Recall: To quantify your daily activity level (energy expenditure), you will use a standard 24-hour physical survey for THREE days. These should be the same days as your dietary recall data. 1. Collection of time allocation data. In addition to recording your diet, you should record your physical activity for THREE days (using the provided 24-hour activity diary), including the intensity of each activity (Low, medium, or high intensity). 2. Analysis of physical activity data. Using the charts and formulas provided below calculate your basal metabolic rate (BMR), estimated physical activity level (PAL), total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), and metabolic equivalent tasks (METs). Estimating Daily Energy Requirements A. Prediction of Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) Predictive equations of BMR (kcal/day) based on body weight (in kilograms) (kg = lbs/2.205) Find your age group, scroll over to your biological sex. You will input your weight (wt) into the equation to calculate your BMR. Age group Males Females 10-17 years 17.5(wt) + 651 12.2(wt) +746 18-29 years 15.3(wt) + 679 14.7(wt) + 496 30-59 years 11.6(wt) +879 8.7(wt) + 829 60 years & older 13.5(wt) + 487 10.5(wt) + 596 i. What is your predicted BMR? _______________ B. Physical Activity Levels (PAL): According to the WHO, the general ranges of PALs for different lifestyles are: Physical Activity Levels (PAL) Sex “Survival” Light Moderate Heavy Males 1.4 1.55 1.78 2.10 Females 1.4 1.56 1.64 1.82 i. What is your estimated PAL based on your particular lifestyle? (Simply input the appropriate PAL from the chart above). ___________ ii. With the BMR and general PAL values calculated above, find your estimated TDEE using the formula below. This formula will provide you with a predicted value of your energy expenditure based on body weight and activity level. Total energy expenditure (TDEE) = (PAL)x(BMR) Estimated long-term lifestyle TDEE = ____________ The TDEE you just calculated is a general estimation of long-term energy expenditure based on one’s general activity intensity. This can be one of your predictions for this project. In order to more accurately calculate your energy expenditure for a single day, complete the following section using the 24-hour recall activity data you recorded for three days of data collection and the information provided in the Energy Balance (MET values) appendix. You will need to add values together and perform some calculations. This information is all outlined below. Activity Categories for Estimating Daily Energy Expenditure Individual activities are often described in terms of their metabolic costs as a ratio of basal levels, with the metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) describing the energetic costs of individual activities above the basal costs. These range from sedentary (e.g., sitting or sleeping with METs of 1.0) to strenuous activities (e.g., running up a flight of stairs or running at ~14 mph, with METs of 15 and 23, respectively). MET values will allow you to calculate how much energy you have used in an activity for a duration of time. In order to calculate your energy expenditure, multiple your BMR (see above) per minute by the MET value for the specific activity and the amount of time (minutes) that you participated in that activity. NO, this is not difficult. YES, you can understand this. A MET is only a ratio of the amount of work required to do an activity compared to your BMR. An EE per MET value (the energy expenditure for a particular activity) is calculated as: BMR per day = X kcal per day BMR per minute = BMR per day / 1440 (the number of minutes in a day) EE per MET = (BMR per min) x (MET value per activity) x (minutes of activity) 1. For example: You went mountain biking at Mount Pisgah for 1 hour, and want to know how much energy you expended in that hour. If your BMR is equal to 1407 kcal per day (you calculate your predicted BMR above), divide that number by 1440 (number of minutes in a day) to get your BMR/ minute (1407/1440 = 0.98 kcal/min). Multiply 0.98 kcal/minute by the MET value provided for mountain biking in the appendix provided. The value is 8.5 METS, so your calculation for energy expenditure would be 8.5 x 0.98 = 8.33. That figure, 8.33 kcal/minute, is your "cost" in terms of energy for mountain biking for one minute. Now multiply 8.33 by the time (in minutes) you spent mountain biking (in this case 60 minutes). The energy you expended during your ride is 8.33 x 60 = 499.8 kcal. 2. Calculate your daily Energy Expenditure. In order to calculate your energy expenditure, use the charts in the Appendix to determine MET values for all activities for each of the three 24-hour activity recall days. Once you have a calculated MET value for all your activities, calculate the energy expenditure for each day by simply adding up the MET values for a 24-hour period (12:00 am through 11:59 pm). This will give you a calculated (estimated) amount of energy (kcal) you expended each day. You can than average the values to get your average energy expenditure for the 3-day period. Average Energy Expenditure calculated as: (Day 1) + (Day 2) + (Day3) = Avg. PA energy expenditure 3 i. As opposed to the above formula for PALs, you have already calculated your TDEE as a combination of BMR and Physical Activity. What are your daily TDEE values for energy expenditure, and what is your 3-day average value? How does it compare to your estimated TDEE using PAL? Calculated TDEE for DAY 1 = ____________ Calculated TDEE for DAY 2 = ____________ Calculated TDEE for DAY 3 = ____________ AVG. Calculated TDEE = ____________ How does the above values (using METs) compare to your estimated value using PAL? Which value is more accurate? Why? You might discuss this in your discussion section, and you might use the PAL values to make a prediction for your TDEE in your introduction. Calculating your Energy Balance Using your daily kcal input (from SuperTracker) and your daily TDEE, compare. Are you in negative, positive, or perfect energy balance? Do the daily values differ from the average (threeday average) values? If so, why? Although it is not required, you can perform a correlation coefficient analysis in Microsoft Excel. If so, what is you calculated r-value? What does it mean? These represents some of the questions you can address in your Discussion section. Calculated r-value = ____________ Datasheet for recording Energy Intake (you will need to input this data into the software along with weight and quantity) Breakfast Food items Quantities Lunch Food items Quantities Dinner Food items Quantities Snacks Food items Quantities Datasheet for recording Energy Expenditure Activity and Intensity MET value Duration (minutes) Energy Expenditure Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) =
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Energy Balance Final Project Guidelines
The final project on Energy Balance will focus on individual reflection. As a student, it is
expected for me to collect personal data relevant in calculating my energy balance and use the
findings to the grade and recommend healthy measures required to keep fit. The first step to take
in completing this assignment will be developing hypothesis on my energy balance. This will
involve predicting whether I am in the negative, positive or perfect energy.
The second step will be conducting a dietary recall activity. The essence of carrying out
this activity is to determine he variation present in my daily consumption. The proposed time line
to record food eaten in three days. I will do so by the help of a 2-hour dietary record that will
enable me recall the trend of consumption during calculation. This step shall be divided into
three sub-categories. The first one is collection of dietary data. This data shall help me to
calculate my rates on energy and nutrients intake using the E-balance calculator
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