Job Title
Accountants and Auditors
Actuaries
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers
Administrative Services Managers
Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors
Advertising and Promotions Managers
Advertising Sales Agents
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians
Aerospace Engineers
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes
Agricultural and Food Science Technicians
Agricultural Inspectors
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
Air Traffic Controllers
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers
Airfield Operations Specialists
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers
Anthropologists and Archeologists
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval
Architectural and Civil Drafters
Architecture and Engineering Occupations
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary
Archivists
Art Directors
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
Athletic Trainers
Atmospheric and Space Scientists
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
Audiologists
Avionics Technicians
Biomedical Engineers
Boilermakers
Broadcast News Analysts
Brokerage Clerks
Budget Analysts
Business and Financial Operations Occupations
Business Operations Specialists, All Other
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products
Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers
Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Water Vessels
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School
Cargo and Freight Agents
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists
Chefs and Head Cooks
Chemical Engineers
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders
Chemical Plant and System Operators
Chemical Technicians
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary
Chemists
Child, Family, and School Social Workers
Chiropractors
Civil Engineers
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators
Clinical, Counseling, and School Psychologists
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers
Commercial and Industrial Designers
Commercial Pilots
Communications Equipment Operators, All Other
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary
Community and Social Service Occupations
Community Health Workers
Compensation and Benefits Managers
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
Compliance Officers
Computer and Information Research Scientists
Computer and Information Systems Managers
Computer and Mathematical Occupations
Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer Network Architects
Computer Network Support Specialists
Computer Occupations, All Other
Computer Programmers
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Computer Systems Analysts
Computer User Support Specialists
Conservation Scientists
Construction and Building Inspectors
Construction Managers
Continuous Mining Machine Operators
Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door
Conveyor Operators and Tenders
Cost Estimators
Crane and Tower Operators
Credit Analysts
Credit Counselors
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary
Curators
Database Administrators
Dental Hygienists
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas
Detectives and Criminal Investigators
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers
Dietitians and Nutritionists
Directors, Religious Activities and Education
Drafters, All Other
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary
Economists
Editors
Education Administrators, All Other
Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School
Education Administrators, Postsecondary
Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program
Education Teachers, Postsecondary
Education, Training, and Library Occupations
Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers
Electrical and Electronics Drafters
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay
Electrical Engineers
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers
Electricians
Electro-Mechanical Technicians
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education
Elevator Installers and Repairers
Embalmers
Emergency Management Directors
Engineering Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Environmental Engineering Technicians
Environmental Engineers
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health
Epidemiologists
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants
Exercise Physiologists
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters
Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
Farm and Home Management Advisors
Film and Video Editors
Financial Analysts
Financial Clerks, All Other
Financial Examiners
Financial Managers
Financial Specialists, All Other
Fire Inspectors and Investigators
Firefighters
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Fire Fighting and Prevention Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers
First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators
Fish and Game Wardens
Food Service Managers
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
Forensic Science Technicians
Forest and Conservation Technicians
Foresters
Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Fundraisers
Funeral Service Managers
Gaming Supervisors
Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators
Gas Plant Operators
General and Operations Managers
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
Geological and Petroleum Technicians
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners, All Other
Health Educators
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other
Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations
Healthcare Social Workers
Hearing Aid Specialists
Historians
History Teachers, Postsecondary
Hoist and Winch Operators
Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary
Human Resources Managers
Human Resources Specialists
Industrial Engineering Technicians
Industrial Engineers
Industrial Machinery Mechanics
Industrial Production Managers
Information and Record Clerks, All Other
Information Security Analysts
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
Instructional Coordinators
Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage
Insurance Sales Agents
Insurance Underwriters
Interior Designers
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education
Labor Relations Specialists
Landscape Architects
Lawyers
Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic
Legal Occupations
Legal Support Workers, All Other
Librarians
Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Life Scientists, All Other
Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations
Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining
Loan Officers
Locomotive Engineers
Logging Workers, All Other
Logisticians
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists
Management Analysts
Managers, All Other
Marine Engineers and Naval Architects
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists
Marketing Managers
Marriage and Family Therapists
Materials Engineers
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Mechanical Drafters
Mechanical Engineering Technicians
Mechanical Engineers
Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists
Medical and Health Services Managers
Medical Equipment Repairers
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners
Mental Health Counselors
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
Millwrights
Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators
Mine Shuttle Car Operators
Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers
Mining Machine Operators, All Other
Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors
Multimedia Artists and Animators
Music Directors and Composers
Natural Sciences Managers
Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Nuclear Engineers
Nuclear Medicine Technologists
Nuclear Technicians
Nurse Practitioners
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians
Occupational Therapists
Occupational Therapy Assistants
Operations Research Analysts
Optometrists
Orthotists and Prosthetists
Painters, Transportation Equipment
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
Paralegals and Legal Assistants
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic
Personal Financial Advisors
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers
Pharmacists
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary
Physical Therapist Assistants
Physical Therapists
Physician Assistants
Physicists
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary
Plant and System Operators, All Other
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters
Podiatrists
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
Postal Service Clerks
Postal Service Mail Carriers
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
Power Distributors and Dispatchers
Power Plant Operators
Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other
Private Detectives and Investigators
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists
Producers and Directors
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
Psychologists, All Other
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers
Public Relations Specialists
Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products
Purchasing Managers
Radiation Therapists
Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers
Radiologic Technologists
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters
Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators
Real Estate Brokers
Real Estate Sales Agents
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians
Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons
Registered Nurses
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers
Respiratory Therapists
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
Roof Bolters, Mining
Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas
Sales Engineers
Sales Managers
Sales Representatives, Services, All Other
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents
Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining
Set and Exhibit Designers
Ship Engineers
Signal and Track Switch Repairers
Social and Community Service Managers
Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
Social Workers, All Other
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary
Software Developers, Applications
Software Developers, Systems Software
Soil and Plant Scientists
Sound Engineering Technicians
Special Education Teachers, All Other
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School
Special Education Teachers, Middle School
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School
Speech-Language Pathologists
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators
Statisticians
Surveyors
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents
Technical Writers
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers
Tire Builders
Tool and Die Makers
Training and Development Managers
Training and Development Specialists
Transportation Inspectors
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
Urban and Regional Planners
Veterinarians
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators
Web Developers
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products
Writers and Authors
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists
Salary
63,910
84,190
117,110
94,450
43,500
75,710
46,100
59,800
104,730
77,690
44,470
43,470
92,010
94,030
44,890
42,410
52,740
98,480
43,970
50,150
56,700
75,440
46,470
79,910
79,040
60,560
76,280
57,210
42,330
84,390
92,630
53,830
56,440
85,810
55,870
84,830
43,690
73,650
66,890
77,280
78,240
63,490
41,910
69,080
44,690
53,190
source: http://www.bls.gov/
53,480
45,610
54,170
45,090
92,420
52,430
52,710
43,370
71,100
70,740
40,580
80,690
71,890
58,870
85,800
48,260
48,120
83,940
40,600
64,250
41,400
42,490
87,210
56,600
62,600
103,900
119,170
73,780
99,980
88,400
55,990
83,170
80,490
91,360
79,200
45,150
71,400
49,630
89,680
42,760
41,050
40,400
56,980
43,910
50,290
43,360
57,230
48,470
70,120
46,530
44,610
57,820
47,760
46,720
41,590
48,090
96,290
104,280
46,760
81,870
77,880
95,040
61,290
57,390
45,000
50,820
41,380
61,360
56,160
52,450
52,650
63,870
91,040
59,730
43,200
49,150
100,310
48,970
67,930
46,100
67,970
62,320
52,330
48,520
69,970
42,510
78,700
58,640
59,130
52,530
43,150
49,580
41,190
49,430
43,940
93,970
42,830
78,040
116,110
67,910
47,100
40,590
55,990
53,470
46,170
57,160
44,310
40,300
59,010
74,600
49,740
62,800
55,630
44,570
52,950
46,110
59,820
55,340
41,700
43,210
56,020
90,080
51,930
53,210
43,260
56,220
61,780
119,850
67,430
58,700
71,260
88,670
56,990
44,920
108,160
43,140
63,080
44,080
42,170
62,210
56,050
54,330
71,420
93,630
58,160
57,510
81,330
48,790
93,500
41,230
78,810
42,340
65,060
75,530
54,050
52,330
46,540
58,140
47,990
50,100
72,760
106,790
47,290
81,140
51,570
52,340
60,360
55,510
58,420
41,270
67,070
55,900
41,940
81,280
55,430
90,310
94,950
57,230
58,340
111,320
43,780
95,030
62,740
52,840
51,900
83,370
66,370
52,900
93,750
44,240
45,020
42,720
44,330
48,830
43,300
46,410
53,150
81,970
45,660
40,740
43,340
41,780
40,170
57,700
48,190
113,650
68,990
110,620
55,820
59,630
88,320
66,660
66,150
49,620
73,260
55,190
87,680
96,210
62,630
41,180
41,360
45,510
40,310
101,700
54,140
119,020
61,760
53,710
83,460
88,680
108,740
78,630
67,440
40,170
112,230
41,040
66,490
45,400
49,350
48,360
68,750
70,530
60,720
46,990
57,620
43,000
50,920
46,020
67,390
86,080
68,910
89,080
47,070
41,850
63,950
104,300
68,470
45,510
45,460
49,580
52,200
46,320
70,520
56,600
61,300
42,230
47,440
55,870
40,590
46,200
41,290
54,150
41,470
99,260
111,910
48,230
63,400
79,450
50,170
82,560
48,010
54,620
69,300
52,340
61,440
80,010
67,040
60,040
59,760
91,070
96,290
60,470
41,870
55,310
50,810
52,200
52,390
65,140
46,730
58,210
51,410
48,810
53,860
59,590
50,940
42,500
46,750
87,630
57,180
65,650
86,090
58,590
79,820
42,750
50,610
55,700
54,250
59,000
Course Project: Phase 2
Confidence Intervals
In this part of the project we will be focusing on confidence intervals. We will be finding
out what they are. We will also learn how to work out the right answers and use tables to
find those answers with the information provided. In this case we will be working with
the excel spreadsheet with information on Minnesota salary wages.
Confidence Intervals
What are confidence intervals? Confidence intervals are a range or an interval of values
that are used to estimate the true value of a population parameter. “A confidence interval is
sometimes abbreviated as CI (Triola, 2014).” When dealing with confidence intervals you will
also run into the term, point estimate. A point estimate is a single value that is used to estimate a
population parameter. The best point estimate for the population means that the mean you get
from a sample calculates the average. The reason for this is that the sample of the mean has
the characteristics of being the unbiased estimate of the mean population.
Why do we need confidence intervals?
We need confidence intervals because it’s considered the size of your samples and the
variations. They give you an idea on how accurate your estimate will be. A confidence level is a
range of likely values that p might take. The width of the confidence interval is related to the
confidence level desired. The higher the percentage of confidence desired, the wider the
confidence interval.
Examples from the Excel Spreadsheet Data
The best point estimate of the population mean from the wages presented from the Excel
spreadsheet and provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, would be $62306.13. Now let’s
explore confidence levels with certain scenarios presented from the date:
Construct two confidence intervals for the population mean: a 95% confidence interval and
a 99% confidence interval. Assume that your data is normally distributed and the population
standard deviation is unknown.
Let’s find the margin of error
s
2
n
19149
1.9666
= 1967
364
E =t
Interpretation of the findings
x−E x+E
62306 − 1967 62306 + 1967
$60,339 $64273
We are 95% confident that the interval from $60,339 to $64,273 actually does contain the true
value of the population proportion p
Construct a 99% confidence interval for the population mean. Assume that your data is normally
distributed and σ is unknown
s
2
n
19149
2.588
= 2597
364
Now we find the confidence level
E =t
x−E x+E
62306 − 2597 62306 + 2697
$59,709 $64,903
From this data: We are 99% confident that the interval from $59,709 to $64,903 actually does
contain the true value of the population proportion p.
Comparing intervals and conclusions
There was noticeable change. A 95% Confidence Interval is narrower than a 99% Confidence
Interval. This occurs because the as the precision of the confidence interval increases (ie CI
width decreasing), the reliability of an interval containing the actual mean decreases (less of a
range to possibly cover the mean). When defining confidence intervals, the higher your
confidence level is, the wider your confidence interval range will become. This proves true as
with the 95% confidence level, our confidence interval range is $60,339 to $64,273, this range
increases in width when using a 99% confidence level, resulting in a confidence interval range of
$59,709 to $64,903.
References
Lapp, J., & Triola, M. F. (2014). Students solutions manual, Essentials of statistics, fifth edition, Mario F.
Triola. Boston: Pearson.
Running head: HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1
Hypothesis testing
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
2
Hypothesis testing
A statistical hypothesis normally describes an assumption made regarding a parameter of a
population. The hypothesis may be true or false. Hypothesis testing, therefore, defines
procedures that are followed before accepting or rejecting a statistical hypothesis. These
procedures include;
1. Formulating the test hypothesis
This step involves formulating the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. Denoted
by H0 the null hypothesis describes the assumption that the negation of the research question
while the alternative hypothesis H1 represents the research hypothesis or what statistician is
attempting to prove.
2. Deciding the direction of the test
The test could be a left-tailed test, right-tailed test, or two-tailed depending on the research
hypothesis. The right-tailed test occurs when the research attempts to determine if the sample
parameter is greater compared to the hypothesized value whilst the left-tailed test is deployed
when the researcher tries to determine if the sample parameter is less compared to the
hypothesized value (DeGroot & Schervish, 2012). A two-tailed test tries to determine if there is
any statistically significant difference between the sample parameter and the hypothesized value.
3. Deciding the test statistic
The z-test s used when the population variance is known and that sample size is
significantly large i.e. n is greater than 30. The t-test, on the other hand, is used when the
population variance and standard deviation are unknown and the sample size is small.
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
3
4. Evaluating the test-statistic
The test-statistic defines a numerical summary of a sample data which reduces the whole
sample into a single value that can be utilized in the hypothesis test.
In the case of the t-test, the test statistic is evaluated by the following formula;
𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 =
𝑥̌ − 𝜇
𝑠
√𝑛
Where the 𝑥̌ represents the sample mean, µ represents the hypothesized value, s represents the
sample standard deviation, and n represents the sample size.
In the case of z-test, the t-test is evaluated as below;
𝑧 − 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 =
𝑥̌ − 𝜇
𝜎
√𝑛
Where σ represents the population standard deviation
5. P-value
The P-value aids in determining the significance of the test-test results. A p-value less than
the alpha level of significance indicates that there is a sufficient ground for rejecting the H0
while a p-value greater than the level of significance indicates that the test-results are
insignificance, and as such the H0 is not discarded. The p-value for the test-statistic can be
obtained by using the z tables in the case of z-test or the t-table in the case of the t-test.
6. Determining the critical value
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The next step is to determine the critical value corresponding to the alpha level of
significance. A critical point defines a point of the distribution used in the test which is paired
with the test statistic to decide whether to discard or accept the null hypothesis.
7. Making the decision
The decision whether to discard or accept the H0 is based upon the p-value or the critical
value. When the p-value is less than alpha, the H0 is rejected otherwise it’s accepted. However,
using the critical value approach, the null hypothesis is discarded when the test-statistics is
greater than the critical value and accepted, otherwise (Chatfield et al., 2010).
8. Making a conclusion
The last step in to make a conclusion about the research hypothesis or question in relation to
the dataset.
When making a decision, the P-value and the critical value approach give similar results
as such, either method can be appropriate for the hypothesis test.
Performing hypothesis test
1. Formulating hypothesis
H0: µ=65,000
H1: µ
Purchase answer to see full
attachment