Running head: REALITY TV AND POSITIVE EFFECTS ON SOCIETY TITLE PAGE Reality TV and Positive Effects on the Society YOUR NAME Dr. Adrian Krishnasamy ORGC- 612 DATE !1 REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! Reality TV and Positive Effects on the Society Chapter One Introduction Reality TV shows are gaining momentum and monopoly in prime time television in the contemporary society. It is almost possible to argue against the fact that every day, new reality TV programs appear on different networks, attracting different segments of the world population. As much as some shows have been criticized as awful in terms of the scenes and the exploitative languages that are used, there are different elements about these shows that promote controversial thinking in the society. This provokes conversation and increases the possibility that different individuals will be attracted to different reality TV shows for divergent reasons. The main objective of this paper is to conduct a study on the positive effect of reality TV shows in the contemporary society. This will be realized through an analysis of The Amazing Race, season 25 Episode5. Background of study The media has become one of the most powerful tools used in communication for different individuals around the world. The diversity and anonymity of the target audience provides necessary and sufficient reasons for the existence of different genres of reality TV shows in different networks and platforms that make up the media. With background information that there is no such thing as objective reality; the evolution of reality TV shows has been used to REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 3! provide explanations concerning the use of the media as a social system, which plays the role of creating a subjective sense of reality on every individual. Reality TV shows are the most viewed genre in the contemporary society. As much as these shows claim to be totally unscripted, they do provide their viewers with a platform of entertainment. This is because the main objective is to ensure that the average individual in the society develops some belief in the human spirit and perhaps buy into the drama. Other than the entertainment aspect of these television shows, it is possible to learn lessons of personal conflicts and integrity. One of the outstanding and recurring messages of all reality shows despite their target audience is that individuals should never give up but instead, they should use their personality to achieve their goals in life. In addition, reality TV shows attempt to portray the cast in different life situations as a way of creating an emotional connection with the audience. Since its debut as an American reality TV show, The Amazing Race has attracted millions of viewers around the world. The point of attraction is not only for entertainment purposes but also is it also used as a platform upon which life lessons can be drawn. In this show, different teams that are selected based on their relationships compete by racing around the world while executing specifies responsibilities in the form of challenges. One of the interesting parts in this show is that teams are eliminated on a progressive basis and the first team to cross the line for having accomplished every challenge is often rewarded with $ 1 million. The provision of lessons on travel trips and life obstacles has often been cited as the most essential aspects of the competition. In addition, the viewers of these programs often develop emotional connections REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 4! with different individuals in the competition. This creates the spirit of teamwork between viewers and competitors hence the realization of the intended purpose of the show. For a reality TV program to be perceived as a positive contributor to the wellbeing of the audience, it would be important to assess it in relation to the positive effects it generates on the social and psychological wellbeing of different members of the population (Couldry, 2012). A television program that generates positive thinking and the development of progressive ideas among the target population can be said to be a positive contributor to the welling of the society (Larson, 2013). Social acceptance was considered as one of the major determinant of the effects of reality television programs. According to Larson (2013), reality television shows contribute to high levels of social acceptance in the society. The Amazing Race for instance is often characterized by revelation of different societies including their ways and standards of life. This when projected in through the television serves as a platform of informing members of the public of the challenges and success factors that characterize different societies. This contributes to propelling the society towards the acceptance of their condition and the need to work towards the development of that condition. This is based on the realization that a society that accepts and acknowledges it is the prevailing situation in its locality can easily generate effective solutions towards and challenges while developing relevant strategies in improving areas that can be successful (Mersey, 2010). Socialization in the contemporary society is often considered as an important aspect in the development of individuals in any society. This means that in the process of growing and developing different attributes relative to the society, an individual must interact with different REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 5! factors such as the television (Essany, 2013). This plays a role in introducing a child and other members of the society to the external world. Through this relationship, an individual is able to acquire information in the form of education from different regions of the world. The Amazing Race is a reality TV show that plays a role in sanitizing the community about different aspects that are unique in different societies. From the data, about 50% of those interviewed agree that it is possible to acquire education from reality TV shows. This form of education relates to information concerning other societies and other cultures. In The Amazing Race Season 25 Episode 5, the scene is set in Morocco. The viewers are able to acquire information concerning the cultures in Morocco and different geographical aspects that define the society. One of the major roles of any television programs is to provide platforms for relaxation and entertainment for its audience. This explains why (Essany, 2013) argues that a major role of reality TV shows is companionship and entertainment respectively. Realization occurs when the television shows provide the audience with a platform of reflection and thought. In the Amazing Race Season 25 Episode 5, it is possible to identify scenes where the audience is led into critical thought especially when members belonging to a team disagree on different decisions yet they musty collaborate to accomplish the given task. Entertainment in reality television shows is provided by the intrigues, conflicts, failures and successes that characterize the events in the reality TV shows. In The Amazing Race, it is possible to identify scenes of entertainment especially when the teams are unable to communicate in native Moroccan languages yet it is necessary to ensure that they arrive at defied destinations. The techniques that different teams use to communicate in the presence of language barrier also form an essential part of entertainment (Larson, 2013). REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 6! Companionship and social interaction can also be perceived as some of the positive effects of reality TV shows on the society. Different individuals experiencing divergent aspects that may lead to the desire of a companion or individual who can relate to their problems characterize the society (Bell, 2010). Through reality television shows, the audience is often provided with instances of similar problems and the best strategies to use in the development of relevant solutions. In The Amazing Race season 25 episode 5, social interaction, and companionship are portrayed as some of the most essential factors in ensuring success amongst competing teams. Team members that fail to agree and share their problems and disagreements fail to complete the Morocco trip in time and this leads to their elimination from the competition. In addition, it is notable that those teams that exude success in their endeavors are those that demonstrate the spirit of resilience and determination in every aspect of the journey. Disagreements are identified as common aspects in the show. However, the techniques by which different teams solve their differences are essential determinants of success. This when perceived in relation to the society provides the argument that every members of the society requires some form of companions and a platform for social interaction to enable them share their problems, concerns and ideas for their wellbeing and the of the society (Larson, 2013). For any reality television show to succeed in its initiatives, it is important that it project the intended information to the right audience in terms of age. Age determines the ability of an individual to acquire and internalize information (Couldry, 2012). In addition, it also demonstrates the ability of an individual to use the information gathered for the improvement of different aspects that define life (Bell, 2010). The means that the relevance of any reality television show is highly dependent on its ability identify and target the most appropriate REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 7! audience (Edwards, 2013). Age appropriateness of any reality television show will depict the level of reception and acceptance by the target audience. The issues of age are determined by the content of the program and the time that it is broadcasted on the television. The Amazing Race is a reality television show that cuts across all ages. This is because its content focuses on the competition and the strategies that different individuals develop to ensure that they are successful in the competition. In addition, through age appropriateness it will be important for parent to play the advisory role to their children as a way of minimizing the possibility of acquiring irrelevant of wrong interpretation of the information provided. The main objective of reality television shows, while playing the socialization role is to instill the virtue of social control on their audience. Perceive social control can from different platforms, which include the ability of an individual to exercise temperance, understanding empathy and high levels of self-esteem in different situations (Holmes and Jermyn, 2014). Social control is therefore an essential determinant of the behavioral traits that different individuals can adopt in different situations (Edwards, 2013). The Amazing Race season 25 episode 5 plays an essential role in the promotion of the virtue of social control. For instance, in different situations of disagreements among team members, it is notable that they do not engage in physical fights. This is because they have the ability to be resilient to any temptations that threaten the unity of their teams. In addition, through social control different team members are able to embrace the virtue of understanding and recognize their shortcomings. This is an indication that for any society to progress, individual members must also was exercise social control to limit the possibility of REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 8! over indulgence of the development of hostilities among different disagreeing factions of the society (Berger, 2012). Through the Amazing Race, it is notable that conflict and disagreements are normal occurrences in the society. This provides the understanding that the success of any society is only possible when the individual members of these societies, as in the case of the reality TV show, to recognize the essence of the other members and their contributions to the wellbeing of the said society. It is possible to note that there exists divergence in the perception of the audience towards reality television shows. This is largely because different audience is attracted to different television programs for variety of reasons. Despite the difference in perception, it is important to note that reality television shows still play a major role in defining the relationship between television programing and the perception of the audience. The nature and the content of these shows are defined by their ability to develop programs that attract audience for variety of reasons. In addition, through reality television shows it is possible to access the levels of influence that reality TV shows have on their audience. For a reality TV program to be perceived as a positive contributor to the wellbeing of the audience, it would be important to assess it in relation to the positive effects it generates on the social and psychological wellbeing of different members of the population (Couldry, 2012). A television program that generates positive thinking and the development of progressive ideas among the target population can be said to be a positive contributor to the welling of the society (Larson, 2013). Social acceptance was considered as one of the major determinant of the effects of reality television programs. According to the data, about 67% of those interviewed agree that REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 9! reality television shows contribute to high levels of social acceptance in the society. The Amazing Race for instance is often characterized by revelation of different societies including their ways and standards of life. This when projected in through the television serves as a platform of informing members of the public of the challenges and success factors that characterize different societies. This contributes to propelling the society towards the acceptance of their condition and the need to work towards the development of that condition. This is based on the realization that a society that accepts and acknowledges it is the prevailing situation in its locality can easily generate effective solutions towards and challenges while developing relevant strategies in improving areas that can be successful (Mersey, 2010). Problem statement Different individuals who form an essential part of the audience for reality TV shows in different networks share divergent ideals concerning the role these shows play in the society. For some individuals these shows are a threat to social cohesion and social norms in the society while for others these shows help in socialization of different individuals in the society. Irrespective of the perception chosen concerning reality TV shows it is possible to assert tha these shows have positive and negative effects on the society. The desire by different members of the society to emulate all that is available of these shows generates ideas concerning the content of the show. It is the responsibility of the scriptwriter, the directors and all those cast in these shows to ensure that they play the role of community ambassadors and role model. This should be based on the understanding that other than the entertainment, the audiences also watch these shows as part of their socialization process hence essential life lessons from the shows. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 0 Theoretical framework The Direct effect theory bases its assertion on the influential role that the media plays in the society. According to this theory, the audiences often form part of the passive consumers considering that different images cast in the media populate the naïve minds of the viewer’s resulting into a direct impact. The strength of this theory is based on the consequences that different reality TV shows depict on the lives of their viewers. According to the proponent s of this theory, the ability of individuals to embrace teamwork and engage in violent behavior is highly dependent on the television programs that they watch. The agenda setting theory can also be used in understanding the positive effects of reality TV shows on the society. The proponents of this theory argue that through different shows, the media does not lay the role of decision how people think. Instead, the media only plays the role of guiding what the viewers are supposed to think about. This theory asserts that the role of the media is to guide viewers into realizing the importance of what they watch and the possible impact it may have on their lives Purpose of the study This study aims at providing an in-depth analysis of the positive effects that reality television programs have in the society. This will be realized through an elaborate literature review concerning on the theoretical and practical aspects that have been studied concerning reality TV shows. The Amazing Race, an American reality TV show will form the basis of this study. The assessment of the role that this show has continuously played in the entertainment scene will be used as the basis of understanding all the other forms of reality television shows in REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 1 terms of their positive contribution to the societal well-being. The study will also engage in the formulation of a methodology that will be used in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. This will be aimed at providing information on the perspectives of different viewers of the reality TV show. Through this information, it will be easier for the study through the research team to develop a conclusion and provide effective recommendations concerning the role that reality TV shows should play in the promotion of societal growth. Chapter Two Literature review Reality television the effects on the society Reality TV, according to Holmes and Jermyn (2014) in the book Understanding reality Television, is a genre in television, which focuses on everyday routine lives of people. The main focus of this genre of TV program in the view of Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2010) is often to realize three essential objectives, which include entertainment, discovery, and delivery of life lessons to the audience. While supporting this notion, Huff (2006) in the book Reality Television, REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 2 argues that the scope of reality TV has been witnessing some form of steady growth with shows such as The Amazing Race gaining popularity in terms of the number of viewers that continue growing in their millions as the show progresses. With such a large following, Essany (2013) in his work Reality Check: The Business and Art of Producing Reality TV argue that it has become relatively difficult for television channels to do away with reality television shows. Every network according to Essany (2013) has more than one reality show as part of its programming and this has been based on the realization that this genre of entertainment attracts a large group of audience Unlike other kinds of television shows, the historical perspective of reality television shows is relatively short. The history of these shows according to Kopp et al (2013) in the book Reality Television began to air in 1970s. The first ever reality TV shows to feature in television was the American Family. The assumption that it was largely unscripted attracted the attention of American audience and the program began gaining popularity. The ability of this show to depict the true reflection of the American family according to Murray and Quellette (2008) in the book Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture led to the eruption of other shows such as The Loud Family. the popularity of this show was because it was produced when America was characterized by political, cultural and economic complications this show in the view of Miller (2007) in the book Cultural values, Narratives and Myths in reality Television, attached the institutions of marriage, the economy and the American dream for failing to realize the real objectives of the America society. Reality television according to Larson (2013) in the book Persuasion: Reception and responsibility, was therefore perceived as a platform where prevailing challenges could be confronted and addressed (Mersey, 2010). REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 3 Over the years question have been raised concerning the role the role of these television shows play revealing in an entertaining but educative information (Smith & Wood, 2003). Most reality television shows according to Druick & Kotsopoulos (2008) are largely unscripted. This according Kavka (2008) in the book Reality television, affect and intimacy: Reality matters, provides the directors of these shows with the advantage of manipulating the cast to ensure that they depict the type of behavior that is most preferable for most scenes. This means that every reality TV show must be tailor made to fit into the interests and desires of the target audience. In addition, Dintrone (2013) in the book Television program master index: access to critical and historical information on 2,273 shows in books, dissertations and journal articles, argues that it is often important for the cast to be coached in their roles to ensure the depiction of the intended outcome of the show. One of the major problems that these shows in the view of Lam (2013) in the book Making Crime Television: Producing Entertaining Representations of Crime for Television Broadcast, have faced in their attempt to create a lasting impact on the lives of their audience is often based on the possibility of depicting false information. Reality shows therefore according to Gunter (1997) in the book Children and Television, are expected to ensure that every detail is not overly exaggerated to prevent the possibility of depicting aspects about life that are false in regard to the target audience. From a theoretical perspective reality TV shows have been found to comprise an essential part of the media. This is due to the role that it plays in the development and realization of the objectives of different media houses in term of communication and entertainment purposes. According to Bell (2010), in the book American Idolatry: Celebrity, Commodity and reality Television, reality TV shows play the role of developing perceptions of the viewers regarding REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 4 themselves and others. When this is perceived from The Amazing Race season 25 episodes 5, it will be possible to note the essence of teamwork and individual sacrifice for the realization of a common objective. In this episode, the show featured Amy and Maya who had been developing in terms of their levels of differences and disagreement with each other. In this episode dubbed Morroc and Roll, Amy, and Maya hit a major setback and this threatens to lead to their elimination from the final eight in the competition. Despite a possibility the two find reasons to patch up their differences and the understanding that patience is an essential virtue in the industry of candy science leads them to the realization of the essence of teamwork. This is what Couldry (2012) in the book Media, Society, World: Social Theory and social Media Practice, argues that it is the role of the reality television to decide the direction of thought for their viewers. Agenda setting theorists, according to Mc Combs et al (2013) in the book Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda Setting Theory, focus on how the images in reality television play a contributory role in revealing, that which is of the greatest relevance to the viewers. Through such revelations, it is possible for reality TV shows think about the main themes and the possible effects of these themes on the lives of their viewers. In The Amazing Race season 25 episode 5, there is the depiction of malice and quarrel as part of the thematic issues in the films. These disagreements are meant to portray to the audience the issues related to existence of disagreements and the role that such disagreements play in the development of societal wellbeing. There are numerous lessons that can be derived form a reality television show such as the Amazing Race season 25 episode 5. One of the lessons derived from a societal perspective is that REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 5 the show makes it important to earn the art of communication. This, in the view of Berger (2012) in the book Media, myth, and society, is because it is through communication that information can be delivered in its correct format and intention. For instance, this episode of The Amazing Race is characterized by numerous instances of travelling. The means that the said participants use in arriving to their destinations is based on their ability to communicate effectively with the locals in Morocco. The use of specific terminologies such as the means of transport that arrives soonest or earliest rather than those perceived as fastest. This explains why some teams chose to travel by later flights that arrived sooner. Communication in every platform according to Hill (2005) in the book Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television, is often meant to generate disagreements or teamwork among members of a team. This is a life lesson that is acquired from The Amazing Race. This reality Television show just like any other television show has a role to play in defining the best communication techniques that can be used in providing explanations in times of disputes and generating lasting solutions to the said disputes. Personal attributes, according to Biressi and Nunn (2004), such as short temper and the ability to understand other people plays a role in determining the success of different teams considering the challenges therein and their obsession towards winning the ultimate prices. This is an indication that reality TV shows in the view of Bjorklund (2012) play the role of revealing both the negative and positive aspects of different personalities and the possibility that the said individual will come to the realization that these attributes can be used for the benefit of the entire society. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 6 Reality television shows have often been perceived to be the virtual representation of the society. The term reality is drawn from the assumption that these shows contribute to the revelation of known and unknown aspects of the society (Bell, 2010). According to the Bjorklund (2012) reality, television is a reflection of that which happens in the society. The Amazing Race Season 25 episode 5 can be said to be portraying a direct and figurative reflection of the society. In addition, it also plays a role in exposing the intended and the unintended consequences of any actions that individuals take in the process of making decisions. In the Amazing Race, the role of the media can be revealed when emphasizing on the way conflicts contributed to the rise and fall of different groups in the competition. Those groups that failed to generate effective solutions did not succeed in their journey. It was those groups, which solved their differences that were successful in their agenda. Edwards (2013) in the book The triumph of reality TV: The revolution in American television argues that another aspect that is perceived as a positive effect o reality television show is this emphasis on societal integration. While supporting this assertion, Byrant and Oliver (2009) argue that the society is often characterized by different individuals who depict divergent behavior. In addition, the society is also characterized by multiplicity of cultural attributes. For any meaningful progress to be made it would be important for different members within the said society to recognize cultural and individual differences and discover the best ways of integrating these differences for the realization of an objective. In The Amazing Race season 25 episode 5, the teams travel from Copenhagen to Morocco. This is considerd as the first non- European leg of the game. Due to cultural differences, the teams are expected to integrate themselves with members of the community and develop different associations that will help them in the REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 7 realization of their objectives. Teams that demonstrated higher levels of integration and association with the native members of morocco emerged relatively victorious in their endeavor of realizing an additional step towards winning the ultimate price. Reality television shows also depict to their audience the diversities and similarities that characterize different aspects in life. For instance, in The Amazing race, one of the aspects that are depicted is the essence of competition in every life segment. The remaining eight teams in the reality TV show must be engaged in activities where the winners are those who accomplish their objectives in time. However, the realization that the relationship between competition and winning is defined by the leadership principles that every team embraces makes is an essential attribute in the decision making process. It is possible to notice those who persevere and those who chose to quit in the presence of challenges. One of the greatest life lessons derived from this realty television show is that in every stage of life, there is some form of competition and the only individuals who stand out and emerge victorious are those who have the spirit of determination and perseverance in all their endeavors. In addition, it also plays a role in exposing the intended and the unintended consequences of any actions that individuals take in the process of making decisions. Through this reality television show, it is possible to understand the role of conflict and teamwork in the development of any society. This when accessed from the agenda setting theory brings the ideas that the media through the reality television shows has the power of influencing human thought towards a specific direction (Mc Combs et al, 2013). While applying numerous theoretical aspects to fit into the sociological, political, and economic needs of their viewers. Comstock and Scharrer (2007) in the book Media and the REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 8 American Child argue that it is possible four reality TV shows to depict images that may seem to be out of reality. This in the view of Health and Bryant (2013) in the book Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Contexts, and Challenges, is however considered essential for the wellbeing of the viewers since it will provide an n ideal platform on how different aspects if the society must be organized. The television plays an important role in proving information and entertainment to its audience. The nature and the type of entertainment that an audience needs form an important subject in the determination of the type of program that the society needs. Reality television shows have been considered as some of the programs that attract the greatest number of audience (Edwards, 2013). This explains Edwards (2013) argues that reality television changes the attitude of the audience towards television programing. The change in perception does not emanate from the duration that a television program takes but the content of the programs (Bjorklund, 2012). For instance, a reality TV show such as the Amazing Race attracts a high number of audiences due to its entertaining role and its ability to draw the attention of its audience. Attention is drawn by broadcasting real life stories, which the audience can relate. In addition, through these stories that audience is able to understand and generate solution that is practical and relevant to their own lives (Mersey, 2010). The ability of the audience to share in the predicaments and the success of those cast in the reality television shows is also an indication that the audience is in need of programs that are less imaginative but more educative. There exists divergence in the perception of the audience towards reality television shows. This is largely because different audience is attracted to different television programs for REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 1! 9 variety of reasons. Despite the difference in perception, it is important to note that reality television shows still play a major role in defining the relationship between television programing and the perception of the audience (Mersey, 2010). The nature and the content of these shows are defined by their ability to develop programs that attract audience for variety of reasons. In addition, through reality television shows it is possible to access the levels of influence that reality TV shows have on their audience (Berger, 2012). The types of programs that are broadcasted have often affected the desire of individual to access television. Different members of the audience are attracted to different programs. There are those who cherish fictional programs and those who prefer non-fiction (Berger, 2012). According to Berger (2012), reality depiction was a major contributor to an increase in access of television programs. This was associated to among other factors the ability of the audience to associate with the programs. This association can only be developed in situations where the audience is able to understand and draw life lesions from the programs (Bjorklund, 2012). The Amazing Race is one of the reality television programs that have inspired the development of a positive attitude among members of the population. Reality television shows play an essential role in the development of any society. This is because of the ability of these shows to provide education, entertainment, companionship, and social interaction platforms of the audience. In addition, reality television shows have also been major contributors to the social and psychological wellbeing of their target audience. High levels of psychological wellbeing can be associated to the ability of these shows to instill life lessons and behavioral restraints on their audience. This has contributed to change in attitude among the REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 0 audience especially in relation to access to television and the perception on television programing. It the responsibility of the producers and the broadcaster to ensure that the reality TV shows that make it to the screens is sensitive to different factors that are definitive of their audience. The audiences of these shows often approach them with specific objectives and expectations. Failure by the shows to meet these expectations risks changing the perception of the society towards the content and value of the shows in the society. One of the most essential aspect that generate some form of association between the audience and the television shows is the ability of these shows o project aspects that directly affect the lives of the audience. The Amazing Race has been considered as one of the most influential reality television shows in the contemporary society. This is because of its ability to cast individuals who bring out different challenges that are prevalent in the society. In addition, to the sating of these schillings, the show provides possible solutions. The Amazing Race does not provide solutions to all problems but always provides alternatives to the problem irrespective of the impending complications. This when perceived in relation to the society provides the notion that there are challenges that require combined efforts to solve. This is an indirect connotation of the essence of unity in a community setting. Research questions 1. How does the relationship between team members in The Amazing Race Season 25 Episode 5 contribute to the intended purpose of the reality TV show? REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 1 2. What is the relationship between personal differences and the realization an objective from the understanding of The Amazing Race Season 25 Episode 5? Chapter 3 Methodology Research design This study will embrace both the tenets of qualitative and quantitative approach to research. The study will use descriptive research design to ensure effective summation and organization of data to generate the intended meaning. Descriptive approach of the study envisions collecting data from members of the target population as a way of determining the prevailing circumstances among members of the population. Descriptive approach to collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data is therefore best placed to describe and interpret the situation involving the possible effects of reality TV on the society. The use of qualitative approach to research will be important to a study it will be used in exploring the feelings and thoughts of the target population. The study will also use the quantitative approach to research to provide a measure of the percentage of the target population who think or feel in a specific way. Through this approach, the study will use statistical analysis in the determination of the results. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 2 Tools to be used in the study The study will use different tools in collecting qualitative and quantitative data. For quantitative data, the study will use structured questionnaires that will be asking both open-ended and closed questions. Qualitative data will be collected through focus group discussions. Target population The target population for this study will be 100 students from the university. This university serves as a perfect target for this study because it is a metropolitan society with students drawn from different backgrounds and different cultural orientations. The responses that are to be given by the target population will be representative of the views of the entire university. Data collection A self-administered questionnaire will be constructed for very member of the target population. The questionnaire will be used in collecting quantitative data on matters of the positive effects of reality TV shows on the society. The questionnaire will contain both open ended and closed questions to ensure effective collection of data. Qualitative data will also be collected through focus group discussions. Through these forums, it will be possible for the researcher to gather data concerning the feelings of the participants on reality television shows. In addition, focus group discussions will also act as platforms on which participants will air their views and sentiments that could not be presented in the questionnaires. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 3 Sample design and technique This study will operate based on simple random sampling. This sampling technique was envisioned as the most effective in selecting the most appropriate population for data collection. The effective nature of this technique is that it allows every member of the university population an equal opportunity of being selected as a respondent to the survey. Research instruments The study will utilize two sets of questionnaires to enable the realization of its objectives. The first type of questionnaire will be the self-administered questionnaire, which will be given to every sampled individual. This questionnaire will require details concerning personal information and their views on the subject matter. The second type of questionnaire will be researcher led questionnaire. This will be structured in the form of open-ended questions. The questions will be targeting the focus group discussions. These questions are expected to lead the process of discussing and to minimize the possibility that the participants will deviate from the topic. Data analysis and presentation The process of data analysis and interpretation will be based on the objectivity of the said data. This explains why it will be important for the researcher to develop a systematic approach towards data analysis. This will enable easy identification of similar features and common themes within the collected data. In addition, it will also facilitate the idea of relating the data analyzed to the original research question. The use of descriptive statistics as a systaltic approach REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 4 towards data analysis will be essential in finding the relationship between the collected data and the expected outcomes. In addition, the study will also use frequencies and percentages in the interpretation of data. In terms of presentation, the study will embrace the use of tables and graphs. Conclusion Conclusion The popularity and monopoly of reality TV programs has been subject of controversy with claims that they are characterized by explicit and exploitative language. Despite this accusation, there are reality television shows that generate controversial and creative thinking among members of the population. In addition, there are also shows such as The Amazing Race season 25 episode 5, which, through different scenes has played a role in boosting community integrating and enhancing the possibility of the development of social understanding and control among different members of the audience. The prevalence of reality TV shows in the society is an indication of the role that the media plays in instilling different values and virtues among its audience. Reality TV shows often uses these platforms for the promotion of their ideals and intentions to the target audience. Other than the entertainment aspect of these television shows, it is possible to learn lessons of personal conflicts and integrity. One of the outstanding and recurring messages of all reality shows despite their target audience is that individuals should never give up but instead, they should use their personality to achieve their goals in life. In addition, reality TV shows attempt to portray the cast in different life situations as a way of creating an emotional connection with the audience. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 5 Reality television shows have also been major contributors to the social and psychological wellbeing of their target audience. High levels of psychological wellbeing can be associated to the ability of these shows to instill life lessons and behavioral restraints on their audience. This is based on the realization that a society that accepts and acknowledges it is the prevailing situation in its locality can easily generate effective solutions towards and challenges while developing relevant strategies in improving areas that can be successful. Through reality television, it becomes relatively easier for the media to play the role of projecting issues that affect different members of the society and the possible strategies that can be used in addressing these challenges. References Bell, C. E. (2010). American idolatry: Celebrity, commodity and reality television. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co. Berger, A. A. (2012). Media, myth, and society. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Biressi, A., & Nunn, H. (2004). Reality TV: Realism and revelation. London: Wallflower Press. Bjorklund, D. F. (2012). Child & adolescent development: An integrated approach. Belmont: Wadsworth. Byrant, J & Oliver, B. (2009). Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research: Oxford University Press: Oxford Comstock, G., & Scharrer, E. (2007). Media and the American Child. Burlington: Elsevier. REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 6 Couldry, N. (2012). Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Cambridge: Polity. Dintrone, C. V. (2014). Television program master index: Access to critical and historical information on 2,273 shows in books, dissertations and journal articles. Druick, Z., & Kotsopoulos, P. (2008). Border fictions: New perspectives on English-Canadian television. Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. Edwards, L. H. (2013). The triumph of reality tv: The revolution in American television. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Essany, M. (2013). Reality Check: The Business and Art of Producing Reality TV. Taylor & Francis: New York Health, R & Bryant, J. (2013). Human Communication Theory and Research: Concepts, Contexts, and Challenges. Oxford University Press: Oxford Hill, A. (2005). Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television. Psychology Press: Chicago Holmes, S & Jermyn, D. (2004). Understanding Reality Television. Psychology Press: Chicago Huff, R. M. (2006). Reality television. Westport, Conn: Praeger Publishers. Kavka, M. (2008). Reality television, affect and intimacy: Reality matters. Houndmills, REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY 2! 7 Basingstoke, Hampshire [England: Palgrave Macmillan. Kopp, M., & Dawson, M. (2013). Reality television. Minneapolis, MN: Core Library. Lam, A. (2013). Making Crime Television: Producing Entertaining Representations of Crime for Television Broadcast. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Larson, C. U. (2013). Persuasion: Reception and responsibility. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. (2010). Sex and society. New York: Marshall Cavendish. Mc Combs, M., Shaw, D & Weaver, D. (2013). Communication and Democracy: Exploring the Intellectual Frontiers in Agenda-setting Theory. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge Mersey, R. D. (2010). Can journalism be saved?: Rediscovering America's appetite for news. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Miller, A. (2005). Cultural Values, Narratives and Myth in Reality Television.New York University Press: New York Murray, S., Ouellette, L., & American Council of Learned Societies. (2009). Reality TV: Remaking television culture. (ACLS Humanities E-Book.) New York: New York University Press. Smith, M & Wood, A. (2003). Survivor Lessons: Essays on Communication and Reality REALITY TV AND POSITVE EFFECTS ON THE SOCIETY Television. Oxford University Press: Oxford Taddeo, J. A., & Dvorak, K. (2010). The tube has spoken Reality TV & history. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2! 8 Running head: AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE 1 African-American Women in Political Office and The Use of the Standpoint Theory YOUR NAME Bowie State University AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !2 Chapter One Introduction Historically women are underrepresented as a governing body although they make up more than half the population. In the State of Maryland the population of women to men is greater. That should be reflective in the number of women who run and win elected positions. Only 25% of the candidates who ran for state office in Maryland in 2010 were women (Center of American Politics). A vast majority of potential candidates and pundits in Maryland hail from Prince George’s County, where the population is 65.3% African-Americans (Bureau of Census, 2012). Maryland Board of Elections (2010) reported female residents led the county in voter turn-out. However, African-American women voted to re-elect Governor Martin O’Malley and other white males. In 2015, Marylanders Democrat majority led voters could have elected an African-American Democratic governor. The voters instead elected Larry Hogan, a white male Republican. In 2016, Congresswoman Donna Edwards ran for state senate. She too failed to win her Senate race which went to Chris Van Hollen, a white male. African-American women represent an increasing economic voting base. Yet they are underrepresented and underserved. Why has a majority led African-American female population repeatedly elected white males to political office? To address the need of candidate diversity in Maryland, a strategic communication plan and Standpoint Theory’s will be studied to provide a pathway to advance the candidacy of African-American women. Background AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !3 The study of the lack of African-American women in political office began years ago while working on campaigns to elect women to political office. My research originated with the study of white-woman privilege and African-American women who fail to reach the prominence and financial status in the workplace as their Caucasian female colleagues. I determined that organizations must provide equitable professional development as a part of their internal communications strategy. When employees communicate the desire to advance, and support and resources to achieve this goal are provided, shared meaning between employees and employers is reached. Employers must encourage open dialogue with all staff regardless of gender or race to address the growing disproportion of successful African-American women in positions of power. Argenti (2013), states employees are the most important constituency of an organization, and that twenty-first century internal communications is key to "building a corporate culture based on values that have the potential to drive organizational change." He goes on to say that senior leaders dictate the company culture. Management has the responsibility to make certain that their internal brand is positive. The brand is a direct correlation of how employees view their organization. One way to gauge employee satisfaction within an organization is to have ongoing two-way communication between employer and employee to identify shared meaning. Conversations among the parties are the foundation of where discussions regarding professional growth and development, empowerment, and mentor strategies can begin. These are critical aspects of all career growth especially for those who are marginalized, such as African-American women in the workplace. To this end, the disparity between Caucasians and African-American women regarding professional growth and development plans, and a lack of empowerment strategies in place AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !4 plague African-American women across the nation. Moreover, the isolation of power distribution to select social and political groups only facilitates aggressive economic inequalities among African-American women. My focus of research in the following study will explore a public relations strategic plan and how to get African-American women elected to political office. As policymakers, these women will be a pathway to a workplace culture that had not been favorable to women of color. The study will also include the views of women in leadership and politics. The strategic communication proposal will include research, strategy, communication tactics, and an evaluation strategy for African-American women to run and win campaigns in Prince George’s County and the State of Maryland. Problem Statement What result will a strategic communications plan and the use of Standpoint Theory have on the low number of African-American women in Prince George’s County, Maryland who run and become elected to political office? The research reveals African-American women are underrepresented in political office. The study further shows that a strategic communication plan will increase the success rate of African-American women who seek political office. We lose our political and socio-economic power rather than build a legacy of continual impact in communities of color when we neglect to create and retain a political presence inclusive of the African-American woman. In evaluating the political organization and its publics, I revealed women are only a small percentage of all primary election candidates. According to the Center of American Politics, 76% of elected positions in the State of Maryland are held by white males (2010). Thirty-one percent AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !5 of those elected to the state’s General Assembly Delegation were women. The statistics indicate that, if women run for office, they can win. This indicator proves the political establishment’s publics have women officials. These women, along with men who support women in office, are essential to the success of the migration of African-American women as elected officials. The purpose of my research is to analyze women in the workplace and the effect of a communications strategy to increase the number of African-American women in Prince George’s County, Maryland who become elected to office. The research will also explore the use of Standpoint Theory as a basis to empower African-American women who have been oppressed yet could become viable candidates to run for office. Sandra Harding (2004) notes Standpoint theories guide how social and political disadvantage can be turned into a political advantage. Harding believes political advantage can be gained by subjugated groups. However, two areas that can pose a challenge are valuing diversity and revolution. Valuing diversity has challenges. There are barriers that keep people of different cultures, genders, and races from embracing the differences in each other (Shockley-Zalabak, 2012). For that reason, it could be assumed by Caucasian voters that African-Americans females do not have the competence to hold positions of elected office. More surprisingly, marginalized groups often face rejection from their own peers and leaders. However, when those who are marginalized become cognizant of their situation with respect to socio-political power, they begin to find a voice. Therefore, with appropriate communication strategies there is hope for change. A communications strategic plan will establish Goals, Actions, and a Messaging Approach. One significant goal of African-American women who have overcome racial and AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !6 gender barriers is to empower and support other women. My previous research has shown a failure to support and train others can be associated to the unsuccessful career growth and development of other African-American women. We must also use Standpoint Theory to provide a foundation to influence those in power and oppressed African-American women to stand against inequality. The action plan should include training from organizations such as Emily’s List that can provide Political Opportunities Programs (POP) that is designed to recruit and train women to run for office. There are a number of women who currently serve in their communities or work for current women elected officials. These women are primary candidates to run for office. Emily’s List will prepare them to run and help them win by building the campaign structure they need to succeed. The training will include fundraising, how to count votes, how to tell your story, as well as other aspects on winning as a woman. POP along with Emerge, Wellstone, Congressional Black Caucus, Emerging Leaders, and The New Organizing Institute are all organizations African-American women can use a resource to provide political training and mentorship. Each aspect of preparing a candidate to win is critical. While some women already possess the skill it takes to win, most of them may not believe it can be done. Emerge is an organization that provides campaign training in fundraising, compliance, public speaking, and network building. Emerge helps women to develop who they are and how to tell their stories to voters. Groups such as The Congressional Black Caucus and Emerging Leaders attract millennial candidates. Young African-American political enthusiasts also aspire to become legislators. Emerging Leaders are trained and mentored to eventually run for political office. Although the AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !7 current state legislative body lacks diversity, I have researched ideals and programs to be instituted into phase two of the communications strategic plan. Effective public relations and communications include Formulating Action and Response Strategies. To help African-American women get elected to office is the use of adaption alliances and creating harmony with those who support women elected officials. The development of a message is also a part of the communication plan. Women must tell the story of who they are and why they are running for office. Their stories provide the narrative of their life. For example, a divorced mother of three who escaped an abusive husband, her message will reflect her personal story and why she is running for office. “I am running for office because the laws currently in place benefit the abuser, not the abused.” My four year old has been denied access to preschool. As your legislator, I will amend Bill 123X to allow four year olds access to schooling.” The message will be consistent, clear, and authentic. Your message is your brand. The message must also align with voter interest, morals, and the goals of community. Finally, candidates must narrow their focus, and concentrate on the three issues that resonate with their values and who they are as a person. It is important for a woman to speak in her authentic voice. Voters know the difference between doublespeak, pretentious language, and a voice of passion. She must find her passion, and share it with others. Completed goals, actions, and developed message strategies will now allow for Communication Tactics to be implemented. Communication tactics in any political campaign is critical to winning. We must connect with each voter six to seven times during a campaign. A AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !8 combination of face-to-face interactions, advertising, print, electronic, digital and social media access are effective communication tactics. Great interpersonal skills are needed. In some cases, all African-American women have been stereotyped as brash and rude. However, there are noted women in the community who excel socially and are known for working in the community, volunteering at civic and networking engagements. Candidates will have opportunities to showcase their interpersonal skills. This form of communication will be the most effective. Along with civic association meetings and other meetings relative to Greek organizations where applicable, candidates can increase their visibility by attending other community events. Additional communication tactics will include print, digital, and social media. Direct mail is effective but can be costly. Social media will be used to do four things. First, it will provide a corresponding message with print and robotic calls to invite voters to events. Second, it will be used to share photos and advertise events. Third, it will serve as another way to share the candidate’s policy plans and news about candidates. Lastly, it will target millennial voters and others who may not read the print and digital media. Facebook, Twitter, and Periscope are the platforms that can be used. Finally, tactics may include recruiting volunteers to help execute the communications strategy. Volunteers from Bowie State University’s communication and political science programs can be recruited to help with additional research or to implement additional strategies. The Communication Strategies and Evaluation plan and its success will be conducted through further research and application of applied methods to increase the diversity of those elected to office to include African-American women. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !9 Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of the research will be based on Standpoint theories. In 1807, German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel introduced standpoints in his dialogue regarding slaves and masters, and the different position they held in society. Karl Marx and Nancy Hartsock used Hegel’s foundation to expand the theoretical context. Hartsock began to look at differences between male and female relations. In 1983, Hartsock generated the Feminist Standpoint Theory which is often times interchangeable with Standpoint Theory. According to West and Turner (2010) standpoint by definition is: an achieved position based on a social location that lends an interpretive aspect to a person’s life. (p.508) Sandra Harding’s and other Feminist Standpoint theorists claim those who are disadvantaged in society are more likely to gain respect and are also versed in social reality. In addition, the disadvantaged are impartial and have less distorted viewpoints. According to Moreton-Robinson (2013) Dorothy E. Smith (1974), Nancy C. M. Hartsock (1983), Patrica Hill Collins (1986), Sandra Harding (1993) and Donna Haraway (1988), have all agreed that Standpoint theories encompass the relationship between power, knowledge, and politics. (p.330) Standpoint Theory is also a great tool for research. Sandra Harding (2004) argues that the debate standpoint theory has created is most valuable because new perspectives have been established. Standpoint Theory provides a structure to help us understand the systems of power (West & Turner, 2010). The theory’s structure is based on the assumption that individual behaviors and beliefs are formed through social groups. It also states that knowledge, socio-economic status, experience, and race make up how we view the world. Additionally, the Standpoint Theory AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !10 foundation is rooted from the perspective of ordinary people maintains that those who are less powerful can provide a better view of the world. A woman’s standpoint is inherited through struggle. It is established through interconnectedness. Oppression, social, political, cultural, class differences, and white male controlled societies provide the starting point of how communities are shaped. Accordingly, African-American women have been oppressed and are better suited to address social and political needs more so than their elite white counterparts. Lastly, Standpoint Theory further exclaims that achieving knowledge happens when standpoints start to materialize. As African-American women begin to support each through mentorship, training, and other strategies, the nation will experience the emergence of a new culture where more African-American women become elected to office. Chapter Two Literature Review A study of the literature will include Standpoint theorists’ perspectives to include AfricanAmerican women as an oppressed group. The research will provide excerpts regarding AfricanAmerican women and inequality; gender gaps and elected office; evidence to support the effectiveness of communication strategies; and opposing viewpoints. Walsh, J. (2016). Donna Edwards, Rebel With a Cause. Nation, 302(17/18), 19-22. Walsh (2016) outlined the Maryland Senate race between Congresswoman Donna Edwards and Congressman Chris Van Hollen who are both vyed to replace retiring Senator Barbara Mikulski. If Edwards was elected, she would have been only the second African- AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE 1! 1 American woman in history to become Senator. Edwards had the support of citizens in the majority, African-American city of Baltimore. The article shared that in November Edwards trailed Van Hollen, a white male, who was favored even among women voters. Van Hollen also raised ten times more money than Edwards. She on the other hand had the support of Higher Heights of America an African-American women’s network that helps African-American women get elected to office. Higher Heights was vocal of their disappointment about organizations such as Congressional Black Caucus that had not lent their support to Edwards. The article praised Edward’s ability to connect with voters as she talked about raising her son and having to sometimes go to pantries to get food. "She's someone who knows what it's like to live the way we do," says Roxie Herbekian, Local 7's president, who is quoted in the article. Walsh addressed two important arguments that support my case. First, it is important that African-American organizations help get African-American women elected. Second, candidates must have effective messaging in their communications strategies. Congresswoman Edwards’s personal story resonated with voters and created harmony which was a critical part of a communication strategy. Brown, N., & Banks, K. (2014). Black Women's Agenda Setting in the Maryland State Legislature. Journal Of African American Studies, 18(2), 164-180. Brown and Banks (2014) stated African-American women state legislators could be more inclined than other legislators to have policies that reflect gender and racial diversity. The study looked at the importance of exploring the differences in legislation sponsored by Black women to Black men and White women to White men from 2005 and 2011. They exclaimed that Black AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !12 women’s political choices are determined by the connectedness of the groups in which they relate. It was determined that Black women, because of the marginalization and race identity, are more equipped to serve as legislators. Black women identify with the needs of numerous communities more than white and black males. This article shows support for the Standpoint Theory that those who are marginalized are better equipped to serve and address the political needs. Cooper, B. (2014). Does Anyone Care about Black Women? Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 12(2), 153-155 Cooper (2014) looked at black politics as not being inclusive of both men and women. The article referenced black politics as “manhood” rights and how the freedoms of voting and political agendas for Blacks do not embrace Black women. Black women’s issues and advancement are regarded as taking away from the black male. The article referenced the March on Washington in 2013 as a time when men did not stand up for women. Cooper stated that African-American women must take a stand and redefine politics. There is urgency because of the attempts to take away voting rights among other major issues that affect African-Americans. Cooper called for action in communities to place Black women’s needs “at the center of politics.” This article speaks to my assertion that we must find ways to address the neglect of African-American women. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !13 Cho, J. (2013). Campaign Tone, Political Affect, and Communicative Engagement. Journal Of Communication, 63(6), 1130-1152. Cho (2013) examined the role of effective public relations of campaigns. Cho stated that political advertising and social media encouraged voters to become involved in the political process. The study maintained voters remained engaged and looked to the media and other communication tools to provide insight on candidates, their platforms, goals, and experiences. The article’s claimed communication plans spurred civic and grassroots involvement. Additionally, public relations strategies educated and kept voters involved not just on Election Day but throughout campaign cycles. Cho believed adverse campaign ads will create distrust and do not promote the positive message candidates want to convey. Lastly, communication engagement between potential voters and media outlets will further promote a candidate’s messaging. Cho supports my theory that public relations strategies that include print and social media is effective. Guild, J. B. (2013). Black Women and Politics in New York City. Journal Of American History, 100(2), 567-568. Guild (2013) explored the work of Julie A. Gallagher’s Black Women and Politics. Gallagher studied three generations of African-American women voters, activists, and elected officials in New York. Gallagher highlighted prominent women such as Constance Baker Motley, Shirley Chisholm and others’ on how to leverage power despite the known discrimination against African-American women. Gallagher exclaimed, Black women made few advances but were able to work as campaign workers and poll watchers. College educated women such as Ella AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !14 Baker, organized and used their skills to work for the government. However, other AfricanAmerican women continued to run for office, but were unsuccessful. Guild’s writing shows that African-American women have been denied entry into politics for decades. They were relegated to working as poll watchers and campaign staff rather than run for office. Parks, S. (2012). The Crooked Room. Women's Review Of Books, 29(3), 29 Parks (2012) examined the research of Harris-Perry on the Strong Black Woman, and the new and important territory of political action. Many African-American families are dominated by women who are seen as indicators of where the country is going. Gender, race, and social class are used to determine who has power. Harris-Perry wrote about poor African-American women who had been oppressed and disregarded. She also revealed what she called “political labor.” She said political labor left African-American women mentally and physically worse off than other groups. Harris-Perry said African-American women struggle with being seen as the “angry Black woman” instead of a Strong Black Woman. Politically the Strong Black Woman influence has not helped. Intercultural expectations and other variables have placed women in mediocre roles although they are the majority of the vote. She stated they tried to escape the crooked room. She observed cultural studies and the everyday lives of African-American women. She described political, as personal and immediate and not just about being elected. Harris-Perry has a different perspective and takes the stance that African-American women are powerful and lead the country without being elected to office. She also looked at the stress women endured. I understand and respect her view albeit the difference of opinion. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !15 Johnston, A., Friedmand, B., & Peach, S. (2011). Standpoint in Political Blogs: Voice, Authority, and Issues. Women's Studies, 40(3), 269-298. Friedmand et al. (2011) concluded that women even fall short in writing about politics. According to their research, women did not have influence and therefore their discussions on politics were limited. The writers noted the significance of communication mediums used in politics. The use of the Internet was earmarked as a tool for marginalized groups such as women to contribute to the discussion of politics. The thought stems from the feminist standpoint. Julia Wood explained the distinct standpoints and the unequal society of where women are seen as less than men. It was however mentioned, that women should be a source of political information because oppressed groups have accurate analysis. The Standpoint in Political Blogs provides substance to my claim of women being oppressed. However, additional research is needed related to political knowledge and women’s contributions. Kaba, A. (2011). Black American Females as Geniuses. Journal Of African American Studies, 15(1), 120-124. Kaba (2011) indicated in the article the brain power and resilience of Black females even after being last in progressing behind other groups and subgroups. After achievements such as Harriet Tubman who freed slaves, and the Civil war ending, African-American females are still denied political justice. Kaba showed there would not have been a Democratic Party majority in 2009 and 2010 if not for African-American female votes. Additionally 2008, African-American females led all groups to elect President Barack Obama. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !16 However, Kaba goes on to write that although there were over 21 million Black females as of 2008, there was not one African-American female in the United States Senate or on the United States Supreme Court. This fact was astonishing to Kaba who noted the educational success of African-American women. She called them genius notwithstanding the suppression they had overcome. Kaba perspective aligns with the standpoint theory that dictates that oppression can lead to success, and that African-American women are highly educated and have used their experiences to do great things. Hammer, S. (2010). The role of narrative in political campaigning: An analysis of speeches by Barack Obama. National Identities, 12(3), 269-290. Hammer (2010) studied President Obama’s speeches and how he connects his personal stories to voters. In the article Terrill (2009), referenced the ability to accept other people’s view as legitimate, and people can seek to become one nation by searching for shared meanings. President Obama said in his speeches that we must address racial inequality and look beyond race and gender to build a more perfect union. However, according to “Walker Connor (1994) he disagreed with the belief that a nation can be constructed by the force of a narrative that tells people they should come together as one because of an idea. Connors, as for all representatives of the ethno nationalism or independent school of thought, believes a nation only counts as such if it ‘‘connotes a group of people who believe they are ancestrally related.” (p.280) Connors independent school of thought disputes my idea. He does not think that publics other than African-American females, or other oppressed groups will be persuaded. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !17 Harnois, C. E. (2010). Race, Gender, and the Black Women’s Standpoint. Sociological Forum, 25(1), 72-74. Harnois (2010) analyzed theorist Hill Collins argument that a Black woman’s standpoint is different from the feminist standpoint. Collins believed the lived experiences intersect with race, class, and gender. She argued that grouping all feminist standpoints together negates the significant differences and experiences of Black women and oppression. Hill retained the belief that a shared history of oppression sets Black women apart from all other women. Collins quotes, “unlike gender inequality, racial inequality has been maintained historically by a politics of containment that keeps Black women in segregation and in positions intended to keep them on the economic bottom.” (p.73) The research article supports my claim of racial inequality among Black women and the critical differences between Black women and other groups. Holbert, R. L., & Benoit, W. L. (2009). A theory of political campaign media connectedness. Communication Monographs, 76(3), 303-332. Holbert and Benoit (2009) studied which mass communication outlet had the greatest effect. They determined that political advertising and political debates had drawn quite a bit of attention and that voters use multiple sources of media during elections. The study provided confirmation that communication strategies and outlets are essential to political campaigns and can be used successfully. They further argued that the use of multiple information outlets provided a better understanding of political campaigns. Their study supported my political communications plan. However, they felt that communication scholars had done enough research on the indirect effects of mass AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !18 communication and politics. This consequently resulted in “is a systematic misrepresentation of the full range of media influence within the context of political campaigns” (Holbert et al.,2009, p.307). Monopoli, P. A. (2009). Why So Slow: A Comparative View of Women's Political Leadership. Maryland Journal Of International Law, 24155-168. The article from Monopoli (2009) in the Maryland Journal of International Law noted it was appalled that the United States has not made the progress of other countries that have elected women to political office. While the Nineteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution grants women political freedoms the amendment has not been used to its full advantage. The article pointed out that the United States even excluded itself as a part of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women held by the United Nations. The convention raised awareness about the inequality for women in politics. In 2008, the United States ranked eighty-fifth out of the world‘s nations in terms of electing women to national legislatures. One of the key factors discovered by Dr. Jennifer Lawless was that women fail to run for elected office. She researched over 2000 women and 2000 men in four groups that were most likely to run for office. She determined that women were one-third less likely to run or inquire about how to run for office. As important, the women who ran for office did well in comparison to men. Women additionally were able to raise funds. This article points out that if women run for office they can win. The research indicates the United States has not worked hard enough to elect more women. However, we need to increase our percentages of women willing to run for office. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !19 Jones-Branch, C. (2009). For the Freedom of Her Race: Black Women and Electoral Politics in Illinois, 1877-1892. Arkansas Review: A Journal Of Delta Studies, 40(2), 153-154. Jones-Branch (2009) provided the narratives of Black women who left the south. Lisa G. Matterson captured the political activism of Black women in Illinois in the 19th Century. She detailed that activism was more than just voting. It is canvassing, campaigning and lobbying. She talked about the times when Black women were not allowed to vote but were actively involved in the Reconstruction era of politics. She declared that Black women in Illinois helped to give Black women political access. Her work like Wanda Hendricks, Darlene Clark Hine, Deborah Gray White explored the lives of Black women and how they along with organizations were able to “chart the destiny” for themselves and generations to come in politics. The article looks at two important factors that support my opinion. First, organizations help to “chart the destiny”. Second, the work those African-Americans did, and are continuing to do, is not just for them, but for them to help others achieve their political aspirations. Bhuiyan, S. I. (2008). The Impact of Negative Political Media Campaigns on Voters in US Elections. Pranjana: The Journal Of Management Awareness, 11(2), 97-108 How candidates communicate about themselves and other candidates is important in political campaigns. Bhuiyan (2008) examined the effects on candidates using negative advertising and speaking ill of opponents during speeches and during direct contact with potential voters. Change et al. (1998) stated negative campaign ads were easy to remember and greatly influenced voter decisions. On the other hand, some critics believed that the backlash of negative communication may not be worth the risk. After completing the research, Bhuiyan did AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !20 find sufficient evidence that negative communication was effective. Moreover, she determined additional research was needed. Negative advertising is often times designed to attack a candidate’s personal shortcoming and does not concentrate on the person’s legislative skills. Although I agree messaging is very important, and voters will remember the negativity, I do not believe that negative communication provides enough votes, if any, for candidates to risk counterattacks. Schaffner, B. F. (2005). Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women's Issues in U.S. Senate Elections. American Journal Of Political Science, 49(4), 803-817. Schaffner (2005) studied women’s political party of choice and why. He discovered women are most likely to support Democratic candidates because of their stances on women’s issues. For this reason, candidate’s messaging targets women voters and is designed to appeal to the things in which women are most concerned. Schaffner reported in 2000, women were 56% of the vote. Nearly eight million more women voted than men. Consequently, women were the focus of strategic campaigns. Schaffner further noted women are more susceptible to campaign influence. Therefore, public relation strategies are used as persuasive tactics to gain votes. Women are also less likely than men to have definitively made candidate choice well before an election. According to Gilligan (1982) women are more caring and concerned about the disadvantaged due to gender differences in socialization. They are also troubled by social welfare, education, and health policies. Candidate communication strategies that target these specific issues are more likely to gain the support of women voters. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !21 Schaffner concluded that more women vote than men. The research agrees with my position that communication strategies work in elections. It also found that women are more concerned with social issues because of their experiences, and that they will support other women candidates. Burack, C. (1999). Book reviews. NWSA Journal, 11(1), 214-217 Burack (1999) noted the linkage between knowledge, identity and politics and how it related to feminist speculation. In her summation of Nancy Hartsock’s works, she stated Hartsock influenced the understanding of positions of power and political unity. Although Burack’s synopsis is favorable to my position in the correlation of women and politics and the feminist point of view, she does argue a different outlook. Burack goes on to write that some detractors contended that standpoint theorist have more work to do. She stated they have not determined how to “theorize the move from women’s experience to feminist standpoint” (p 215). Though she agreed standpoints can answer many of the concerns of feminist thoughts, more examinations shall be done around the many social positions that currently exist. Brandon-Falcone, J. (1998). African American Women and the Vote, 1837-1965. American Historical Review, 103(4), 1329-1330. Brandon-Falcone (1998) looked at the lives of women such as Fannie Lou Hamer who fought for the right to vote and justice for African-American women. The work also suggested that clubs and programs helped to build the social and political knowledge of African-American women. The clubs provided access to skills, and helped to build coalitions. The article highlighted the self-improvement and political activism that was stemmed because of the club AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !22 involvement. Women who were historically oppressed began to have a voice. They used their voices to demand political inclusion and social justice. Brandon-Falcone’s review supports my claim that clubs/coalitions help provide skills and support for African-American women to become politically involved. Kruks, S. (1995). Identity politics and dialectical reason: Beyond an epistemology of provenance. Hypatia, 10(2), 1-23 Kruks (1995) expanded her look and what had been celebrated as feminism, and the difference between men and women. She examined what she labeled global distance feminism, a modern Western culture. In many works the feminist theorist focus has been to contrast the difference between men and women. The male for centuries has been individualized as the dominant and competitive force. Women, however regardless of race, have been grouped together in other studies of feminism. However, Kruks in her view, identity politics separates women and race. She stated that feminist studies have obscured the oppressive differences between women. The women that theorist have fixated on were white, middle-class, heterosexual women, and not women of color. This grouping of all women's rights has concealed the major differences between women of color and white privileged women as I have referenced in my assertion regarding AfricanAmerican women. Whip, R., & Fletcher, D. (1993). The 1992 United States Election: "The Year of the Woman"? Social Alternatives, 12(2), 48. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !23 Whip and Fletcher (1993) studied the 1992 United States Election which they deemed the year of the woman. They determined that research showed in recent years women voted overwhelmingly for female candidates. The article indicated in 1992 women’s support for female candidates ranged from five to thirteen percentage points. That support led to the House of Representative’s increasing the total number of female members from 29 to 48 out of a total of 435. Additionally, the Senate gained the first African-American female elected. California is the first state to be represented in the Senate by two women. “Women do vote for women candidates, and that is one way in which women voters were crucial to the 1992 outcomes contributing to victories by Democratic women in the House and Senate” (Whip et al. 1993, p.48). The commentary supports my idea that women need the support of other women. It also shows that although there are women elected to political office there is much more work to be done to increase the numbers. Moncrief, G., & Thompson, J. (1991). Gender, race, and the state legislature: A research note on the double disadvantage hypothesis. Social Science Journal, 28(4), 481 Moncrief and Thompson (1991) studied the “double disadvantage” premise that Black females are at a handicap because of race and gender. The article stated that Black women were less likely to hold elective office. One way for them to perhaps overcome the shortcoming is to have more education and professional status. Although not much attention has been put into state/local elective politics, Robert Darcy and Charles Hadley had a different view. They believed Black women were more politically motivated, educated, and civically involved then Caucasian women. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !24 To this end, in my claim that a strategic communications plan is needed to get more African-American women elected, I noted the community and civic involvement of AfricanAmerican women will give them an advantage. Research Question Does the use of Standpoint Theory and a strategic communications plan have a positive effect on the number of African-American women elected to political office? The Feminist Standpoint Theory’s foundation can be used as a basis for additional research to determine how to empower all people who were once oppressed. Subsequently, standpoints are formed when particular demoralized groups reflect on their past and become engaged. To this end, when those who are marginalized become cognizant of their situation with respect to socio-power, they begin to find a voice. For that reason, there is hope for change. Finally, this research is important because feminist viewpoints in organizational communication have not been fully developed. Therefore, communication scholars can use the foundation of Standpoint Theory to guide the emergence of feminist theories to develop and expand communication strategies as a means to promote career growth and development among disenfranchised groups. Chapter 3 Methodology The qualitative and quantitative methods used to conduct the research will include data collection through polls, interviews, and performance data. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !25 First, a survey of 10 % of white male voters ages 35-50, who reside in Maryland, will be polled via a robotic call system. The two questions are: all competencies being equal are you more or less likely to vote for a male or female for elected office in Maryland, and all competencies being equal are you more or less likely to support someone of your own race, a different race? Second, a random sampling of 20% of African-American women, ages 35-65, who voted in the 2016 Primary Election in Prince George’s County’s will be polled via an online questionnaire and will be asked the same questions used in the robotic call. Third, 25 African-American male and 25 African-American female graduate students, ages 25-35, majoring in political management will be interviewed to answer three open-ended questions concentrating on behavioral change. First question, what are progressive political strategies to gain favorable votes from people who are less likely to vote a particular way? Second question, what are ways to combat active and passive resistance by others in the group? Third question, how can the use of the Standpoint theory help to form a message to voters that diversity is needed in Maryland state-wide elections? Lastly, during the General Election, an exit poll will be conducted at five of the largest voter turnout polls in Maryland based on the 2016 Primary Election. A questionnaire will be given to fifty women voters at each location. Voters will be randomly selected to answer the following two questions. The questions will be provided on a printed 3x5 postcard. No name will be required. However, gender, race, and age range will appear on the post card. First question, are you more or less likely to vote for an African-American woman who is civically active in AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !26 your community? Second question, are you more or less likely to vote for a man who has political experience but is not civically engaged? References Bhuiyan, S. I. (2008). The Impact of Negative Political Media Campaigns on Voters in US Elections. Pranjana: The Journal Of Management Awareness, 11(2), 97-108. Brandon-Falcone, J. (1998). African American Women and the Vote, 1837-1965. American Historical Review, 103(4), 1329-1330. Brown, N., & Banks, K. (2014). Black Women's Agenda Setting in the Maryland State Legislature. Journal Of African American Studies, 18(2), 164-180. Burack, C. (1999). Book reviews. NWSA Journal, 11(1), 214-217. Cho, J. (2013). Campaign Tone, Political Affect, and Communicative Engagement. Journal Of Communication, 63(6), 1130-1152. Cooper, B. (2014). Does Anyone Care about Black Women? Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, 12(2), 153-155. Guild, J. B. (2013). Black Women and Politics in New York City. Journal Of American History, 100(2), 567-568. Hammer, S. (2010). The role of narrative in political campaigning: An analysis of speeches by Barack Obama. National Identities, 12(3), 269-290. AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE !27 Harnois, C. E. (2010). Race, Gender, and the Black Women’s Standpoint. Sociological Forum, 25(1), 72-74. Johnston, A.,Friedman, B., & Peach, S. (2011). Standpoint in Political Blogs: Voice, Authority, and Issues. Women's Studies, 40(3), 269-298. Holbert, R. L., & Benoit, W. L. (2009). A theory of political campaign media connectedness. Communication Monographs, 76(3), 303-332. Jones-Branch, C. (2009). For the Freedom of Her Race: Black Women and Electoral Politics in Illinois, 1877-1892. Arkansas Review: A Journal Of Delta Studies, 40(2), 153-154. Kaba, A. (2011). Black American Females as Geniuses. Journal Of African American Studies, 15(1), 120-124. Kruks, S. (1995). Identity politics and dialectical reason: Beyond an epistemology of provenance. Hypatia, 10(2), 1-23. Moncrief, G., & Thompson, J. (1991). Gender, race, and the state legislature: A research note on the double disadvantage hypothesis. Social Science Journal, 28(4), 481. Monopoli, P. A. (2009). Why So Slow: A Comparative View of Women's Political Leadership. Maryland Journal Of International Law, 24155-168. Moreton-Robinson, A. (2013). Towards an Australian Indigenous Women's Standpoint Theory. Australian Feminist Studies, 28(78), 331. Parks, S. (2012). The Crooked Room. Women's Review Of Books, 29(3), 29. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/ Retrieved from http://www.elections.state.md.us/ AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN IN POLITICAL OFFICE Retrieved from http://www.capc.umd.edu/The Center for American Politics and Citizenship (CAPC) Schaffner, B. F. (2005). Priming Gender: Campaigning on Women's Issues in U.S. Senate Elections. American Journal Of Political Science, 49(4), 803-817. Smith, R. D. (2013). Strategic Planning For Public Relations (4th ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Walsh, J. (2016). Donna Edwards, Rebel With a Cause. Nation, 302(17/18), 19-22. Whip, R., & Fletcher, D. (1993). The 1992 United States Election: "The Year of the Woman"? Social Alternatives, 12(2), 48. !28