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In a 4-5 page paper, Times New Roman 12 pt double-spaced, please respond: What were the biggest challenges that early America faced? How were they overcome? Do you believe that the United States could have become a failed state in its first few decades of existence? Why or why not?

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Chapter 6 The Federalist Era Inadequacies • Following Independence, the United States faced new challenges – Control of territory – Redefining relationships with Europe – Overcome a crippling depression • Articles of Confederation were simply inadequate Inadequacies • Britain and Spain stood in America’s way – Britain still had forts outside of new “American” territory – Spanish Florida blocked commerce on the Mississippi River • Debt – How to accrue funds? • Tax British goods coming into the colony • Measure required unanimous consent – Rhode Island voted against it Inadequacies • Defeat of the tariff revealed need for revision to the Articles – Majority of states supported the measure, but the consent of all were needed • Many began to call for a stronger, central government with practical control. Shays’ Rebellion • Massachusetts was badly in debt and relied heavily on taxation – Average farmer taxed nearly 1/3 of yearly income • Foreclosures began to run rampant • Throngs of disgruntled farmers became mobile – Forcibly stopped court hearings to stop foreclosures Shays’ Rebellion • Rebellion was soon routed by Massachusetts army – Shays fled to Vermont • Jefferson declared it a “little rebellion” – Thought it was, in some ways, good for the new nation • Most Americans were threatened by it – A central government must be in place to maintain order The Great Convention • Delegates converged in Philadelphia again – A unique combination of some of the brightest minds of their day • Lawyers • Politicians – “We…decided forever the fate of republican government” The Great Convention • All were on agreement of key issues – Support of a federal system – Combined power of independent state governments and a strong central government – No group within a government should have unrestricted authority – Ordinary people should have a say in government – Power should be divided, and segments must balance each other out. The Great Convention • The proceedings were initially kept secret – Delegates wanted to avoid others interfering for political reasons • The Articles of Confederation would be removed – A new document would be drafted What powers should the National Government have? • Right to – Levy taxes – Regulate interstate and foreign trade – Raise and maintain an army/navy • Following the uncontrollable events, like Shays’ Rebellion, – A power shift was created Who shall control the National Government? • Larger states wanted representation based on population – Led by VA – “Virginia Plan” • Smaller states wanted equal representation – Rhode Island, New Hampshire – “New Jersey Plan” • The debate nearly ended the great convention The Great Compromise • The delegates agreed on a legislature of two separate houses – The Lower House with representation based on population (House of Representatives) – The Upper House based on equal representation (Senate) Unresolved Issues • The delegation moved on, and regional differences became apparent – North/South and Economic Differences • States will be taxed according to population – Would slaves be counted? • If Slaves were counted, Southern states would be taxed more – However, they would also count toward representation in the Lower House. 3/5 Compromise • “Three-fifths of all other persons” should be counted for both purposes – 3/5 of total number of slaves would be included Who Would Lead? • Nation need an “Executive” – Execute laws – Act as Commander-in-Chief of the Army – Supervise foreign relations – Appoint federal judges – Deliver reports on the “State of the Union” How to Choose a Leader • Constitution established a unique method of electing a president – Electoral College • Each state would choose “electors” equal in number to its representation in the Lower House Checks and Balances • Creation of Three Distinct Branches of Government: Legislative, Judicial, Executive – All would limit one another with countervailing force • Executive: President’s veto – Passes Laws • Legislative: Power of Impeachment – Creates Laws • Judicial: Judicial Review – Interprets Laws Ratification • States would vote to pass the new Constitution – The Constitution met little resistance • Most states had signed making the document legal • New York held out • Alexander Hamilton, a New Yorker, strongly supported the new document – Wrote “The Federalist Papers” • Described why the Constitution was vital to protecting freedom. New York Signs • The voting delegation of New York was greatly swayed by Hamilton – New York voted yes: 30-27 – Remaining holdout states soon followed • North Carolina and Rhode Island Mr. President • Elections took place during January/February of 1789 – No surprise, George Washington was the unanimous choice • Runner-Up, John Adams-Vice President Washington’s Cabinet • The Constitution did not designate that the President assemble a cabinet – Washington gathered his closest advisors to assist him in making decisions • • • • Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War-Henry Knox Attorney General-Edmund Randolph Congress Takes Action • With national matters underway, representatives believed that certain amendments were required to the constitution. – James Madison of Virginia referred to them as “the great rights of mankind” • Congress created The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights • These new rights guaranteed many new freedoms including: – Freedom of Speech – Freedom of the Press – Freedom of Religion – The Right to Bear Arms – The Right to a Trial by Jury – No One was to be “Deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.” Hamilton’s Plan • The new nation was in a great deal of debt – Money had to be gained quickly • Hamilton devised a plan – American needed money to begin to process its natural resources – After acquiring the money, it would be possible to make money – To do so, money must be borrowed • Borrowed from European nations Hamilton’s Plan • By borrowing from European nations, Hamilton ensured America’s survival – Countries would not stand by and watch America fall if it still owed them money • The Federal Government would assume all dates accrued by individual states during the American Revolution Hamilton’s Plan • Many prominent state representatives were against Hamilton’s plan – James Madison and Thomas Jefferson of VA • Believed that many states have already paid off large amounts of their debts – A compromise was struck • Hamilton’s Plan would be passed • The New Nation’s capital would be in Virginia – Washington, D.C. The National Bank • Hamilton believed that the country would benefit from having a National Bank – A National Bank could finance new American business ventures – The Bank would be ran by the Government, but 80% of the money would be privately owned • The bill to create the Bank passed with ease. • America was in dire financial straits, and Hamilton’s innovation was priceless. Indian Violence in the Ohio • 1790-Miami Chief Little Turtle began a militant effort to remove whites from the Ohio Country – Little Turtle’s warriors swiftly defeated Gen. Josiah Harmar – 1791-Little Turtle defeats General Arthur St. Clair • The New Government raises 5,000 men – Creates the first United States Army Indian Violence in the Ohio • President Washington selects an officer to battle Little Turtle – “Mad” Anthony Wayne • Wayne soundly defeats the Natives – Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794 • Both sides sign a treaty ending violence and allowing white settlers to move freely – Treaty of Greenville The Rise of Party Politics • Jefferson and Hamilton were in sharp opposition on a number of issues – Jefferson believed in states’ rights and a less powerful central government • Republicans – Hamilton believed in a strong central government • Federalists The Whiskey Rebellion • The federal government was unable to enforce taxes in the west – Specifically, the Whiskey Tax • Corn farmers believed they were unfairly taxed in Western Pennsylvania – Mobs rioted and burned the homes of tax collectors • Attacked home of General John Neville • Threatened to attack and burn Pittsburgh The Whiskey Rebellion • President Washington was determined to defend the Constitution – Raised an army and marched to Pittsburgh to enforce the law • The Rebels quickly dispersed – First time that the Government raised troops against its own people – First and only time that the President led the U.S. Army himself. The Election of 1796 • The Republican Party nominated Thomas Jefferson – Easily seen as the leader of the movement • The Federalist Party nominated Vice President John Adams – Hamilton, the ideological leader of the party, was deemed as too controversial • Adams wins the election, largely due to his association with Washington The Alien and Sedition Acts • The Conservative Congress felt that Republican fervor was reaching a boiling point – The Alien Enemies Act • Gave the President the right to expel enemies in a time of war, or those thought to be dangerous – The Sedition Act • Made it a crime to instigate riot or insurrection • Illegal to publish materials criticizing the government – Republican Newspapers were considered Seditious The Response • Virginia and Kentucky passed bills claiming the Alien and Sedition Acts to be unconstitutional – Since individual states rights were violated, they had the right to remove themselves from the Union – Jefferson proposed that no action be taken since he was running for President – Questions raised: If a state felt that its rights were violated, could it refuse to obey it? Chapter 7 Jeffersonian Democracy The Election of 1800 • Incumbent president John Adams ran again in 1800 – Adams ran as a Federalist – Jefferson as a Republican • Adams ran on the precedent set by George Washington • Jefferson, however, won the election in a tight race – 73 to 65 Jefferson Elected President • The Constitution stipulated that the election must be decided by the House of Rep. – The result was again a tie • The resulting vote would fall to Alexander Hamilton – Lobbied heavily on behalf of Jefferson – Deeply resented Aaron Burr Revolution of 1800 • Many historians will inappropriately refer to this change of political party as a revolution – The change was instituted as a will of the people – Citizens exercised their constitutional right to vote • The New Government passed its first test – Proved that a change of Government could be accomplished without destroying its basic principles Jefferson as President • Jefferson made no major changes early on – He did not dissolve the Hamilton’s National Bank – The Alien and Sedition Acts expired • Jefferson did not surround himself with pomp and circumstance – He wore a frayed coat and slippers in the White House – He treated all guests as equals, not by importance Jefferson as President • He did not however attempt Bipartisanship – His cabinet was consisted exclusively of Republicans – He removed tenured Federalists from their government positions • He is said to have rewarded his friends and punished his enemies with appointments. The “Midnight Judges” • The position of Court Justice was a presidential appointment – John Adams, immediately before his term expired, appointed new Justices – He is said to have waited until Midnight – It was discovered later that many of the commissions had not be processed • New President Jefferson was angry – Ordered the commissions to be frozen William Marbury • One of those who did not receive an appointment – Petitioned the Supreme Court to enforce his appointment • The case became known as Marbury vs. Madison – Chief Justice John Marshall declared the placement unconstitutional • It was based on the expired Judiciary Act of 1789 Chief Justice John Marshall • Was placed in a difficult position – If he did not appoint Marbury, he would be seen as weak in the face of the President – If he appointed Marbury, he was acting in direct opposition to the President • By declaring the law unconstitutional, Marshall established – Judicial Review The Barbary Pirates • The North African Arab states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli had made a lucrative business out of piracy on the Mediterranean. • Most European Nations found it much less expensive to simply pay off the Pirate Kingdoms than to fight • Washington and Adams joined in that practice during their terms as US President The Barbary Pirates • Jefferson saw that ransom as “spineless” • The kingdom of Tripoli raised their rates in 1801 – Jefferson refused to pay • Tripoli declared war and Jefferson dispatched a squadron to battle in the Mediterranean. The Barbary Pirates • First Barbary War-1801 to 1805 • The United States Marines were dispatched – Legacy still heard in the Marine Hymn “to the shore of Tripoli” – Because of the slashing weapon known as the cutlass, Marines wore leather neck collars for protection • Origin of the term “Leatherneck” The Barbary Pirates • The Arabs found success early – Destroyed the US vessel “Philadelphia” The Barbary Pirates • Piracy on the Mediterranean did not end – The United States stood as the only Nation to fight against the North African pirates • Lt. Stephen Decatur – Hero of the wars – Captured two pirate ships – Famous for battling a large Arab sailor with a boarding pike Cutlass vs. Pike Jefferson’s Greatest Triumph • Jefferson knew that access to the Mississippi River was vital to America’s continued success • France, under Napoleon, set their sites on the region known as Louisiana – Napoleon wanted it to serve as a “breadbasket” for France • Jefferson believed that a French presence in North America would mean war Attempts at New Orleans and Florida • James Monroe was sent to France to offer ten million dollars to acquire Spain and Florida • Recent slave rebellions in the Caribbean changed France’s view of the New World – Without a stable base in the Caribbean, North America was of no use to Napoleon • Napoleon shocked Monroe when he offered him all of Louisiana The Louisiana Purchase • The United States paid fifteen million dollars for over 828,800 miles • "This accession of territory affirms forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a maritime rival who sooner or later will humble her pride.“-Napoleon The Louisiana Purchase • No one, at the time, knew exactly how much land they had purchased – No one believed that it would be as big as it was • Jefferson did not believe that the Constitution allowed for the acquisition of territory – Likewise didn’t believe that it could grant citizenship • Jefferson relented and completed the purchase The Greater Consequences • The United States of America doubled in size over night • The purchase made Jefferson wildly popular – His re-election was nearly guaranteed • Hamilton openly supported the maneuver – But its success would signal the end of his Federalist Party The Essex Junto • Northern Federalists were now growing desperate • A Northern conservative named Thomas Pickering began to discuss secession – Desired the creation of a “Northern Confederacy” • The Essex Junto needed a political leader to back their cause The Essex Junto • Vice President Aaron Burr was running for Governor of New York – Running against a long standing Republican – Burr did not openly support secession, but he won the separatists'’ support • The Junto unravels – Burr loses the Gubernatorial election badly The Consequences • Hamilton greatly disliked Burr and campaigned against him during the election • After the election had ended, Hamilton continued to disparage Burr • Burr, hurt and angry, challenged Hamilton to a duel. • Hamilton agreed and was shot dead. Lewis and Clark • Jefferson was anxious to explore the newly acquired land – Seeking a waterway connecting the Mississippi to the Pacific • Jefferson selected two men to lead the mission – Mariwether Lewis • Jefferson’s Private Secretary – William Clark • A veteran of the Battle of Fallen Timbers Lewis and Clark • The men set off from St. Louis with 48 other men in the winter of 1803-1804 – By late fall they had reach North Dakota – Established Fort Mandan • Lewis and Clark sent boxes of samples back to Washington DC including plants and wildlife Lewis and Clark • The expedition continued after the winter – Accompanied by Sacagawea – Acted as interpreter and guide Lewis and Clark • Lewis and Clark continued westward – Easily accessed the Pacific using the Clearwater and Columbia River • The country was overjoyed and awed at the news of their travels Chapter 8 A Continuing Experiment The Election of 1808 • Vice President James Madison wins easily – The popularity of Jefferson made the victory an easy one Growing Resentment • The United States was pressed into a difficult decision by Great Britain – G.B and France were fighting an extended war – To avoid taking sides, the U.S. operated under the rules of “Neutral Trade” – G.B. began taking U.S. ships in their waters • To save national pride, Madison felt that only declaring war could settle the issue Other Issues-Indian Resistance • Americans believed that Native Tribes should behave as whites – Encouraged the assumption of farming practices • Many frontiers settlers had pushed Indians from the Ohio Valley • Indiana Territorial Governor equally responsible – General William Henry Harrison The Scourge of the Frontier • Harrison gradually assumed land by deceiving native tribes – Deals of false promises and undeserved punishments The Prophet • Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa – Brothers, the Genius and the Prophet – Encouraged fellow Indians to remove themselves from white ways • The Brothers secured thousands of tribes to join together and battle American settlers The Battle Rages • Alarmed, settlers responded – Harrison marched on Indian village at Prophetstown • Tecumseh was on a recruiting mission – The less experienced Tenskwatawa led an ambush on Harrison’s camp – Convinced his fellow tribes that his magic would guarantee victory The Battle of Tippecanoe • The Americans were caught off-guard, but prepared – The Natives were quickly forced to retreat • Indian tribes lost confidence in the movement – A moral victory for the Americans • Great Consequence – Americans believed that the British incited the Indians to rebel – The Frontier began to call for war. The War of 1812 Begins • The War is initially fought in three theaters • American learned that it was not prepared for battle – On the Seas • US Naval vessels found early success but were permanently docked once British troops had landed – In Canada • American Frontiersmen claimed to be hungry for action, but only 400 men enlisted when authorized – In New York • An American army planned on marching on Quebec, but would ultimately refuse to cross the border. Hope Springs • The British had taken control of Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Dearborn in Michigan – Americans could not reclaim the forts because of the British Navy in Lake Erie • President Madison commissioned Oliver Hazard Perry to build a fleet and do battle – Perry defeats the British Navy in Lake Erie “Old Tippecanoe” Returns • With the British Navy out of the Great Lakes, the land forces were helpless – General William Henry Harrison chased and defeated them soon after • Perry was viewed as a hero – “The color of a man’s skin was no more an indication of his worth than the cut and trimmings of his coat.” – “We have met the enemy and they are ours.” Britain Assumes the Offensive • To this point, Britain was never able to focus solely on America – Britain had been fighting France – Following Napoleon’s defeat, 14,000 troops were sent to America • Officials quickly devised a three pronged attack British Plans • 11,000 would march from Montreal to the south • A small amphibious force would land in Virginia – Goal: Destroy Washington and Baltimore • Another would attack New Orleans from the South – Based out of Jamaica Plans Unfold • While troops gathered in Canada, others began their mission • British gunboats from Bermuda began to land on Maryland shores • Redcoats were quickly within range of Washington, D.C. Who Could Save Washington? • An American armed group led by General William H. Winder – Winder was a lawyer by trade • President Madison was able to see the oncoming battle from the White House • When the British reached Winder – He and his men turned and ran • Washington was open for the taking Washington Burns • British officials ordered most of Washington’s buildings burned – Including the White House – The President was able to evacuate, and his wife salvaged one item of particular importance Our Flag Was Still There • After destroying Washington, British troops marched toward Baltimore – American troops held them back • Redcoats soon marched to Fort McHenry – Francis Scott Key bore witness – Soon wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” – Key believed that the long bombardment was ending as dawn approached – He was right Rallying Around the Fallen Flag • News of Washington’s destruction united Americans – Thousands enlisted in the United States Army • Britain abandoned their plan to capture Baltimore and Ft. McHenry – Most troops left in preparation for an attack on New Orleans Movements in Canada • British troops moved south from Montreal as planned • They met resistance from an American group in Plattsburgh, NY • Americans quickly gained an upperhand • British retreated to Canada The Treaty of Ghent • The British were still hopeful that their three pronged attack would bring victory – Upon hearing of Plattsburgh, they decided to concede • They did not gain or lose territory to the America – They agreed on Status Quo Ante Bellum • The Peace Agreement was signed on Christmas Eve, 1814 The Battle of New Orleans • Without knowledge of the Peace Treaty, British forces began their assault on New Orleans • Leading the Americans was Andrew Jackson – Jackson had positioned himself between the Mississippi River and an impassible swamp • The victory was a complete one – Only 13 Americans had been killed – 2,100 British casualties were suffered The Losers? • The war had ended: – America suffered very few deaths – Britain had lost no land • The Native Peoples were the ultimate losers – Jackson defeated a united Creek tribe and acquired 23 million acres • Roughly 2/3 of Georgia and Florida • Europe would enjoy nearly a century of peace Adams-Ónis Treaty • The United States needed to address other claims in the America – Spain controlled large parts of the country – Florida and the Southwest • Andrew Jackson was battling Seminole tribes in Georgia – The Seminoles would seek refuge in FL – Americans could not “invade” a foreign country Jackson’s Invasion • First Seminole War – Jackson was ordered to “terminate the conflict” – He invaded FL and captured two Spanish forts – He also executed two British citizens who were supplying the Seminoles with weapons • Jackson’s invasion was an act of war • Spain proved that it had no real power in America Adams-Ónis Redux • The Treaty gave America FL and a definite line to the Pacific – John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State – Luis de Ónis, Spanish Minister Total European Separation • America was concerned about European involvement in the Western Hemisphere – Russia established trade routes from Alaska to modern day Washington state • The Czar “forbid” any other ships from entering these waters – Spain and France developed a growing interest in Latin America • Rumors of a large French army being sent to Latin America Addressing the Issues • President Monroe addresses the Russians – “The American continents are no longer subjects for any new European colonial establishments” – Russia only wanted trade, not colonies – Russia promptly removed its claims on shipping The Monroe Doctrine • In his address to Congress, Monroe stated – Any colonial establishment in North or South America would be seen as an “unfriendly disposition” – America would avoid any involvement in “strictly European affairs” – Announced that the United States had completed its independence – It would now focus on addressing its own needs The Emerging Conflict • Regional conflicts were emerging over: – National Bank vs. State Banks • Northern congressmen voted against reform, Southerners in favor – Land Conflict • Westerners wanted cheap land • Northern/Southerners wanted to make a profit from it – Slavery Slavery • As the nation expanded, free and slave states maintained a balance – New Free States: Ohio, Illinois, Indiana – New Slave States: Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana • The West tended to sympathize with the South – Most of its people came from Southern States – Western goods were consumed on Southern plantations Battleground Missouri • When Louisiana became a state, the rest of the “Louisiana Purchase” became known as: – The Missouri Territory • As St. Louis grew, it petitioned for statehood. – Many of its inhabitants owned slaves • Congress soon became divided – Northern States believed that according to the 3/5 Compromise , Missouri would be overrepresented • A compromise was soon reached The Missouri Compromise • Missouri would be admitted as a slave state – Maine would be created as a Free State • Slavery would be considered illegal over the line 36⁰, 30 min – Both sides were pleased, but the conflict was only beginning. – If an issue as small as Missouri could so hotly divide the Union, what would be next? The Election of 1824 • One of the most hotly contested elections in US History – John C. Calhoun of South Carolina – William Crawford of Georgia – Andrew Jackson – John Quincy Adams – Henry Clay of Kentucky The Election of 1824 • Calhoun elects to run for Vice President – Wins easily • Crawford is favored – However several strokes cause him to fall behind • Adams, Clay, and Jackson go to a vote – Electoral College: Jackson-99, Adams-84, Clay-37 The Election of 1824 • No majority is won, the House must vote – Clay had great influence over the house, but had no chance of winning – Clay did not want to give his support to Jackson, a Westerner – Clay used his power to sway the House in favor of Adams • Henry Clay became Adams’ secretary of state – The event is known as “The Corrupt Bargain” Chapter 9 Toward a National Economy The Industrial Revolution • The factory revolutionized industry in America – Britain had been using mechanization to create goods faster and of better quality – Made it illegal to export machines for manufacturing • Samuel Slater, a British immigrant, brought his machines to Rhode Island – Changed the textile industry forever Textiles • Americans soon contributed by introducing new methods of operation – Water Power – Produced the finest fabrics ever seen in America • By 1830 mills and factories were commonplace – Most were concentrated in the North Results of Mechanization • Opportunities were given to men young men for easy, accessible work. – Low pay and poor conditions were serious problems of the time • Women were able to contribute as well – The simplicity of the machines removed the need for large, muscular frames Immigrations: Push vs. Pull • By 1820, immigrants flooded into America – Irish and Germans being the most predominate • Historians describe their journey as “Push vs. Pull” – Pull Factors • Abdundant Land • Good wages • Economic opportunity Immigrations: Push vs. Pull • Push Factors – Remaining in Europe meant starvation – Little opportunity for advancement – Little privately owned land – Poor outlooks for children • From the historical perspective, Immigration stimulated the economy – At the time, it depressed the standard of living. • Irish Catholics were at odds with the Protestant Majority Results • The American City became a diverse and thriving ideal – Small “enclaves” develop among immigrants, outward prejudices become apparent • America became increasingly inward looking – It relied less on foreign goods • Farmers benefitted from growing populations – As cities grew, the need for food grew exponentially Cotton Revolutionizes the South • As Britain was ahead of America in manufacturing, its demands grew – Textile mills required raw materials • Cotton was never seen as truly profitable for growth – Its production was labor intensive – There was a low demand Cotton Revolutionizes the South • As mechanization made production easier and faster, Britain bought cotton in massive amounts – Most cotton came from India, Egypt, and the West Indies • The American South was ideally suited for growing the crop • Cotton would become the new booming crop Problems of Cotton • Two types: – Sea Island Cotton • Grown in South Carolina and Georgia • Contained long, silky strands similar to Egyptian Cotton • Was easily damaged by frost – Green-Seed Cotton: • Easily grown, but difficult to process • Seeds were deeply imbedded making removal difficult • One slave working all day could produce roughly one pound of clean product Eli Whitney-The Mastermind • Devised a machine that would make separation cheap and easy – Imagined a cylinder filled with rows of teeth – Cylinder would rotate in a box of cotton – Cotton would be sent through the teeth, and the seeds would be too large to pass • The face of the American South was changed by a free black man. The Cotton Gin • Easily manufactured – Whitney was never able to properly patent his idea – His invention was stolen and remade several times over • A slave could produce 50x more cotton than by hand • 1790-3,000 Bales…1820-400,000 Bales The Results of the Cotton Gin • Slavery had been on the decline in the South – Described by many as “stagnant” • The easy use of the cotton gin required more workers to operate them – Slavery is soon revitalized Slavery’s Journey • Revolutionary Generation had a deep respect for personal freedoms – Property rights, Independence, Etc. – Most whites viewed slaves as property • Right to property more important than slaves’ rights • The Independence movement became popular among slaves – Fears of slave revolts spread across the landscape Slavery’s Journey • The Revolutionary Era led to many slaves being released by their masters – It also caused many to fear releasing their enslaved • The “Negro Problem” came to be considered – Abolition – Colonization • “The American Colonization Society” Colonization • Various groups proposed deporting slaves to Africa – The African nation of Liberia was established for this purpose – Other places of deportation included Sierra Leone • The idea of both races living amongst one another was generally unpopular Cotton Emerges • The sudden need for cotton labor changes attitudes • No longer do Southern Plantations “need” to find a solution to slavery – The price of slaves soon doubles – Though the Slave Trade was outlawed, states begin to smuggle human beings into the country – South Carolina reopens the Slave Trade in 1804 The New Slavery • By 1820, laws began to change on a massive scale – Slave Trade became regular business throughout the South • Most frowned on the practice – Anyone who needed labor however used it • A cruel and disparaging institution soon developed The Development of Roads • Travel was incredibly difficult – Terrain was rough and rocky • Transportation was done using rivers – Travel upstream was difficult and laborious • Most trade occurred from East to West • Roads began to be constructed locally, but most were of poor quality – Maintained by local people The Steamboat • Travel upstream was difficult – Upstream in the Mississippi was nearly impossible • The Clermont introduced the age of steamboat travel – Averaged about five miles per hour – Required all parts (engine, boiler, paddle, wheels) to work in proper balance • By 1820 there were 200 steamboats on the Mississippi The Canal Age • Midwestern rivers all empty into the Gulf of Mexico – No available connection to the East Coast • Mayor DeWitt Clinton proposed a canal that connected – Lake Erie to the Hudson River – 363 miles long • Next longest was only 28 miles The Erie Canal • • • • Completed in 1825 Brought over $500,000 in its first year Soon made three million dollars per year New York’s cities began to flourish – Rochester – Buffalo – Syracuse • New York City becomes the Emporium of the Western World
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Running Head: AMERICAN HISTORY

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American History
Name
Tutor
Institution
Date

AMERICAN HISTORY

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Introduction

Latin America started before 15,000 BC, where many indigenous people settled leading
to the formation of different cultural groups. In 1492 When Christopher Columbus came the
European colonization to America began. The nation had a large number of people totaling 2.5
million by 1770s. The British government took over the nation and introduced new taxes
whereby Europeans who had at first colonized the nation rejected the taxes arguing that they
needed their approval. With the support of France and under the leadership of general
Washington the united states of America won the revolutionary war of 1775 and was later in
1776 declared independent by the second continental congress (Diamond, 2016).
A central government was formed through the article of confederation, nonetheless, this
government was not in a position to provide stability, as it didn’t have an executive officer and
also it could not correct taxes. The united states of America adopted a new constitution in the
year 1789. The country underwent a second and final war against the British which solidified
national pride in 1812. Regardless of its large area in 1790 her population was only four million.
However, the population grew up rapidly from 7.2 million in 1810 and by 2015 the united states
had a population of three hundred and twenty-one million. Moreover, the overall GDP in terms
of economic growth was higher.
Before 1940 nations military strength was limited in peace compared to Europeans
powers. There was an increase in slavery, a lot of political struggles and constitutional battles
among them but they were dealt with because slavery was stopped. .in the beginning of 21st
century the united states saw several attacks by Al-Qaeda 2001, followed by wars in Afghanistan
and Iraq. In 2008 the united states suffered a worst economic crisis which was later followed by
slower rate...


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Really helpful material, saved me a great deal of time.

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