CLC - Health Issue Analysis: Part 2

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This is a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) assignment.

In your Collaborative Learning Community, write a paper of 300 words that describes the national and international implications of the selected health issue. Include the following:

  1. Scope and depth of the problem.

Refer to "CLC Health Issue Analysis Overview."

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract, introduction, and conclusion are not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

Please look at our prior paper. This assignment is a continuation. Please follow APA format and rubric strictly.

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CLC - Health Issue Analysis: Part 2

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75.0 %Content

10.0 %Describe the national and international scope and depth of the health issue.

Does not describe national or international scope and depth of the identified health issue.

Describes the national or international scope and depth of the health issue, but not both.

Describes the national and international implications of the health issue, but does not address both scope and depth.

Description of the national and international scope and depth of the health issue is adequate. There are few inconsistencies.

Description of the national and international scope and depth of the health issue is comprehensive and clear. There are no inconsistencies.

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Running head: OPIOID EPIDEMIC The Opioid Crisis: An Unwelcomed Epidemic and How We Say Goodbye 1 OPIOID EPIDEMIC 2 The Opioid Crisis: An Unwelcomed Epidemic And How We Say Goodbye The opioid epidemic emerged from evolving compulsions to treat pain by prescribing opioids. This began more than 20 years ago, creating an escalation of supply (Presidents Commission, 2017), forcing the United States Department of Health and Human Services to declare a public health emergency and announce strategies to combat the opioid epidemic. Support systems helping those struggling, such as family structures and treatment programs, need assistance throughout this crisis. Examining socioeconomic and health factors affecting individuals, past and present initiatives, and measuring initiative outcomes, helps understand opioid abuse and dissolve. The current state of the epidemic demands an urgent response. Measuring outcomes remains a challenge and requires attention itself, yet progress is made every day. Opioids Discriminate All Opioids do not discriminate, ignoring socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and health status. Opioid addiction is not only using opioids heavily, physiological, psychological, and social influence are intricate and inveterate (Jackson et al., 2014). Braveman, et al. (2005) report, socioeconomic effects of this addiction include work and school productivity decreasing, while crimes, divorce, domestic violence, and child abuse increase. The subjective measuring started as way to control surgical and cancer pains has now ignited an epidemic affecting people all over the world. Increasing opioid supply led to escalation of opioid-related misuse, diversion, use disorder, overdose deaths, and the advent of deadly fentanyl analogs (Presidents Commission, 2017). Prescribing can be mapped regionally with Alabama physicians prescribing the most opioids at 121% in 2016. This occurrence cannot be explained by the underlying health of regional populations (Opioids Portal, 2018). The opioid OPIOID EPIDEMIC 3 crisis within the United States (U.S.) reached epidemic proportions (Presidents Commission, 2017), increasing from 33,091 opioid related deaths in 2015 to 42,249 opioid-related deaths in 2016 (Opioids Portal, 2018). In 2017, 115 Americans died every day from opioid overdose, from either prescribed or illicit possession (Opioids Portal, 2018), causing the opioid epidemic to become a national emergency (Broglio & Matzo, 2018). Opioids supply the brain with synthetic endorphins intensifying positive feelings. This bliss creates dependency, presenting with depression and malaise when opioids are not in use. Victims experience irrepressible urges satisfied by escalating opioid use (Kasarla, 2017). The physical and emotional symptoms accompanying this addiction put a strain on support systems. Fostering these systems encourages opioid misuse defeat. Combatting The Opioid Crisis Evidence-based strategies to combat the opioid crisis is warranted to identify creditable and cost-effective solutions. Addressing the opioid crisis imposes a fine balance between prevention, intervention and community mobilization (McIver, 2017). Facilitating federal, state and local programs, aimed at preventing and treating opioid addiction, are essential to demolish the opioid epidemic. Initiatives Already in Effect Unabating initiatives include managing chronic pain appropriately, titration of opioid prescriptions, overdose reversal with rescue medications, such as Naloxone, and education for physicians, community coalitions, like the Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America. A valued overdose prevention program, Project Lazarus, helped the rural community of Wilkes County, North Carolina lower their opioid overdose death rate from 46.6 per 100,000 in 2009 to 29.0 per 100,000 in 2010 (Albert et al., 2011). Legislative developments with guidelines for OPIOID EPIDEMIC 4 physician prescribing practices have resulted in improvements. Syringe exchange programs exist in 41 states and naloxone access laws are in all 50 states. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP) enable statewide electronic data collection of controlled substance prescribing and dispensing opioids (Using Prescription, 2018). In accordance with the Drug Enforcement Association (DEA), California executed the first PDMP in 1939. All 50 states operate effective PDMPs. Initiatives Beginning Combat In 2016, Rhode Island Department of Corrections became the first state correctional system to initiate screening persons for opioid use disorders (OUDs) and offering approved medications for treatment. Private sectors have stepped, assisting in this crisis. The first privatesector partner, Merck Foundation, pledged a two million dollar grant to Marshall Health, to tackle opioid abuse in West Virginia (Merck Foundation, 2018). Regulating opioid disbursement directly minimizes acquisition of opioids. Limiting access to prescribing opioids led to a three year decrease in opioid prescription rates (Cicero, 2018). Conquering The Opioid Crisis Measuring Misuse Outcome indicators to monitor opioid misuse include examining the opioid prescriptions, overdoses, and adoption of medication-assisted therapy (MAT). Measuring success of these indictors on a national level is difficult because related data is documented differently per state agency, city and facilities (Presidents Commission, 2017). Implementation of MAT studies are sponsored federally (Presidents Commission, 2017) stimulating a study for opioid use disorder with MAT, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recruitment began in the winter of 2017 and final analysis will be concluded in the summer of 2021 OPIOID EPIDEMIC 5 (Medication-Assisted, 2018). The studies’ goals include examining patient and program characteristics associated with positive outcomes, health and patient outcome differences between MAT and counseling only treatment (Medication-Assisted, 2018). Eliminating Misuse The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the regulating body where medications used in MAT are dispensed. Physicians must enroll in the buprenorphine waiver program, created within the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA-2000), to obtain capabilities to prescribe buprenorphine. Medication use in MAT are dispensed through SAMHSA. SAMHSA monitors physician and program data daily and displays statistics on physician enrollment. Measuring Success Between September and October 2018, around 886 practitioners have enrolled in MAT program, 16,112 practitioners have enrolled within the last year, totaling 55,315 practitioners currently enrolled in MAT (Programs, 2018). Currently, opioid abuse is front and center health issue in the U.S. The CDC and added opioid overdose prevention to the top five public health challenges in 2014. The CDCs annual surveillance report of drug-related risks and outcomes conclude that opioid prescribing and high-dose prescribing continued to decrease through 2017 (Annual Surveillance, 2018). Between 2006 and 2017, the yearly prescribing rate for high dosage opioid prescriptions decreased 56.5% overall (Annual Surveillance, 2018). An estimated 2.2 million persons in the U.S., in 2016 reported receiving treatment in the past year to reduce or stop illicit or prescription drug use, or for medical problems associated with illicit drug use (Annual Surveillance, 2018). OPIOID EPIDEMIC 6 References Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes. (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/58547 Albert, S., Brason, F. W., Sanford, C. K., Dasgupta, N., Graham, J., & Lovette, B. (2011). Project Lazarus: community-based overdose prevention in rural North Carolina. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21668761 Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., & Posner, S. (2005). Socioeconomic status in health research: one size does not fit all. Jama, 294(22), 2879-2888. Broglio, K., & Matzo, M. (2018). Acute Pain Management for People with Opioid Use Disorder. American Journal of Nursing. 118, 30-38. Wolters Kluwer. New York, NY. Cicero, T. J. (2018). Is reduction in access to prescription opioids the cure for the current opioid crisis. Journal of Public Health. 108, 1322-1323. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304648 Compton, W. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). Major increases in opioid analgesic abuse in the United States: concerns and strategies. Drug and alcohol dependence, 81. 103-107. DeNisco, S. M., & Barker, A. M. (2016). Advanced practice nursing: Essential knowledge for the profession (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Jackson, L. A., Buxton, J. A., Dingwell, J., Dykeman, M., Gahagan, J., Galiant, K., ... Davison, C. (2014). Improving psychosocial health and employment outcomes for individuals receiving methadone treatment: A realist synthesis of what makes interventions work. BMC Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-014-0026-3 OPIOID EPIDEMIC 7 Kasarla, M. (2017). The opioid epidemic and its impact on the health care system. Retrieved from https://www.the-hospitalist.org/hospitalist/article/149858/mental-health/opioidepidemic-and-its-impact-health-care-system Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual review of public health, 36, 559-574. McIver, J. S. (2017). Seeking solutions to the opioid crisis. Pharmacology and Therapeutics: P & T. 42, 478. Retrieved from https://www.ptcommunity.com/journal/article/full/2017/7/478/seeking-solutions-opioidcrisis Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Study. 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/MedicationAssisted-Treatment-Opioid-Use-Disorder-Study.html Merck Foundation and Marshall Health announce new initiative to address opioid epidemic in West Virginia (2018). Marshall Health. Retrieved from https://marshallhealth.org/news/merck-foundation-and-marshall-health-announce-newinitiative-to-address-opioid-epidemic-in-west-virginia/ National Academy of Medicine launches action collaborative to counter opioid epidemic: Publicprivate partnership will coordinate initiatives across sectors to drive collective solutions [Press release]. (2018). The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, Medicine. Retrieved from http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=07312018 OPIOID EPIDEMIC 8 National Council of State Legislatures website. (2016). http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/prescribing-policies-states-confront-opioid-overdoseepidemic.aspx Opioids Portal. (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/index.html Programs & Campaigns, Medication-Assisted Treatment. (2018). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/medicationassisted-treatment Using Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Data to Support Prevention Planning. 2018. SAMHSA’s Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies. Retrieved fromhttps://www.samhsa.gov/capt/sites/default/files/resources/pdmp-overview.pdf The Presidents Commission On Combating Drug Addiction And The Opioid Crisis. Recommendations to combat the addiction crisis. November 2017. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Final_Report_Draft_111-2017.pdf Zacny, J., Bigelow, G., Compton, P., Foley, K., Iguchi, M., & Sannerud, C. (2003). College on Problems of Drug Dependence taskforce on prescription opioid non-medical use and abuse: position statement. Drug and alcohol dependence. 69, 215-232. OPIOID EPIDEMIC 9
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Running Head: IMPLICATIONS OF THE OPIOID CRISIS

Implications of the Opioid Crisis
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IMPLICATIONS OF THE OPIOID CRISIS
Introduction
The Opioid crisis is among the worst drug cases affecting the United States. The crisis has
led to a series of problems among the users, families, and the state. For instance, the crisis resulted
in an increased number of deaths related to the drug, worsening economic situations and a general
deterioration in the public health (Weiner, Malek & Price, 2017). The crisis doesn’t only pose its
risks to the nation but also impacts the international sectors. The paper discusses the sco...


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