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Physics 121 Lab Writing Expectations Read carefully the directions listed for each section of the lab. Below each description there are a few examples what you should or should not do. Lab reports should be double spaced and have 12 point font. Cover page: There should be a cover page with your name, lab title, and date. Purpose Section: Should be a single sentence which targets the purpose of the lab. Examples: Purpose: To experiment with the concept of centripetal force. Purpose: To prove conservation of energy is an absolute principle, within reason. Purpose: To prove that the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s?. Theory Section: This section of the lab will discuss the theory behind the principles or constants you are trying to prove or verify in lab. Ideas for what to include in this section will come from the lab manual section titled "theory" at the beginning of each lab. It is considered plagiarism to simply retype the theory section of your lab manual into your lab report. Check with your instructor about the penalty of plagiarism or copying or lending lab reports. Your theory section of your lab report will be in your own words and will mostly come from what you have learned in lecture concerning the topics or from your text. The theory section of your lab report will range from a few paragraphs to possibly 2 pages, Examples of what is unacceptable in a theory section: -Listing of equations with no discussion on why equations are important or significance of variables in the equations -Improper formatting of equations used or discussed -The words "see lab manual Procedure: This section will provide a detailed description of what you did during lab so someone may take your lab report and redo everything that you did. Voice should be written in past tense. You should not be vague, but try to be as specific as possible using names for all equipment used. Some students write it as a recipe listing step 1, step 2.... It is considered plagiarism to simply retype the procedure section of your lab manual into your lab report. Your procedure must be in your own words. A good measure of a procedure is if once you have written it, you put it away for a day and when you read it again, you understand what you did and could do it again. Do not assume that the person has read the lab manual, on the other hand, computer instructions do not have to be listed, such as writing in your lab report how to use excel or logger pro programs. Examples of what is unacceptable in the procedure section: -The words "See Lab manual” -Copying of the procedure from another lab report or from the lab manual Calculations & Graphs: In the process of completing a lab procedure you may be asked to use various equations, In this section of the lab report you need to show what equation you used, and a single sample calculation. Often times you will repeat a calculation over and over or have excel do the calculation many times, in the lab report you only need to show the equation once and how you substituted the numbers. If you have questions about this section of the lab it is best to ask for what calculations you will need to show. If Math Type or Math Cad are easier to use than Word for this section you may do so. Since everyone will have the same calculations and numbers within the lab group then this section may be similar for all members in the lab group. Make sure equations are properly formatted. Correct examples F =((mz+ma)v?)/ miv= mivy +1722727 In correct examples F=m/+m2v2/r Mly1 = mlvlf +12v2f Questions: Each lab report has a few bolded questions to be answered. In this section you are asked to write you answers to the question using complete sentences. What you want to avoid is answers which are vague or just numbers without units. Since this section needs to be in your own words, you should check with your instructor what the penalty is for cases of plagiarism or copying or lending lab reports. Yes the answers may be similar but they should be phrased differently. Some students will rewrite the question and then write their answer below it just so they are complete and making sure their answer is fully understandable. Examples of what is unacceptable in the questions section: -The words "it", "they" which do not refer to something specific in your answer. -Numbered responses without descriptions Conclusion: The conclusion should be a description of what you found in the lab activities. Percent error should be discussed if you were asked to compare two results. Possible sources of error should be discussed. A discussion about what you could have done differently next time would also be appropriate. Even if you mentioned all this in your questions section it would be appropriate to discuss it again. This part of the lab report is very much like the conclusion to a thesis paper. Do not be afraid to discuss what you have already said. Discuss your results...were they good bad, why do you think so, what could you do next time. Length for conclusion can be from 1 paragraph to 2 pages. Examples of what is unacceptable in the conclusion section: -Avoid statements such as "you had fun, and everything was great" -Singled sentence conclusion
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Running head: LAB 7 STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

Determination of Static and Kinetic Friction
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:

1

LAB 7 STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

2

Static and Kinetic Friction
Objective
This paper aims at carrying out experiment for determination of the coefficient of kinetic and
static friction.
Theory
There is always a force that prevents an object from starting a movement, and this is the static
friction when the force is applied that is greater than this friction is applied. Static friction can be
presented as Fstatic  sN .

Ms Represents the static friction coefficient, letter N is for the

normal existing force which is applied on the external layer. Upon moving object, force must be
kept constant or else it will slow down, and the movement will cease. Kinetic friction is the
friction on the object that is moving, and it is also known as “sliding friction.” For the object to
stay in motion, at a constant velocity, then the application of force that is equivalent to the
reaction force of the kinetic friction. Fkinetic =

k N.

k represent the kinetic friction and N is

for the normal friction acting on the object. The minimum angle when an object begins to slide
on an inclined plane is called angle of the response, and it is expressed as μs = tan θ. The slide
angle in an inclined plane at a constant velocity is an angle when μ s = tan θ is satisfied.
Procedure
The table was made as smooth as possible then a mass of a box was measured after which
the force sensor was connected to channel 1 of Lab pro interface the Logger Pro 3.12 was switch
on. The range switch on the force was then switched Force sensor to 50 N. The process was
followed by clicking “open” followed by “Force Sensors” then “Dual Range Force” and lastly
“50 N Dual Range.” The graph that appeared is calibrated by clicking “Experiment on the
“calibration” which is followed by “perform now.” The scale is then zeroed and 500g is hanged

LAB 7 STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

3

on a hook by the use of a rubber band. The force sensor was held in position for pulling the
object without tension on the string, and the zero buttons was clicked for setting the force sensor
to zero. To collect data collect was clicked and the block was pulled with a gradual increase in
force, and the process was repeated.
Part II: Peak Kinetic Friction and Static Friction
The mass was then detached from block was to collect data and dragged for gathering force vs.
time data. Examination of the data was done by ticking static mark and the extreme value of
force that occurred as the block started to slide. The data was then read and collected on the d ata
table. It was then pulled across the region of the graph which matched up to block moved at a
constant velocity, and the statistic button was clicked again and the average force during the
interval time was read. The force is the enormousness of the kinetic friction force. The process
was repeated, and the average measured and recorded. The mass of 200 g was added to the block
and the data repeated with the addition of mass as the value being recorded.
Part III:
Part I Starting Friction
Mass of block

0.3065 kg

Part II: Peak Static Friction and Kinetic Friction

Total

Normal

mass
1.3015

force
12.804

1.1065
(m)
.9015

Peak static friction
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
6.36

5.79

6.04

10.844
(N)
8.844

5.53

5.69

5.18

5.15

5.28

4.65

.7065

6.924

3.46

3.40

3.58

.5065

4.967

2.97

2.47

2.87

Average
peak static
friction
6.06
5.47
(N)
5.03
3.48
2.77

LAB 7 STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

4

Total

Normal

Peak static friction
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3

Average
peak static

mass
1.3015

force
12.804

3.494

3.549

3.317

1.1065
(m)
.9015
.7065

10.844
(N)
8.844
6.924

2.905

3.721

2.307

2.905
1.808

2.936
1.625

1.892
1.957

2.644
(N)
2.119
1.797

.5065

4.967

1.185

1.36

1.414

1.321

friction
3.436

3
Part III
Data: Block with no additional Mass
Trial

Acceleration (m/s2 )
Ra

Kinetic Friction Force

μs

(N)
1

3.488

1.064

.3559

2

3.179

2.564

.3244

3

2.629

2.120

.2683

4

2.793

2.253

.2850

5

2.684

2.163

.2739
.3015

Data: Block with no additional Mass
Trial

Acceleration (m/s2 )

Kinetic Friction Force

μs

(N)
1

2.465

.7555

.2515

2

2.451

.7512

.2501

LAB 7 STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

5

3

2.782

.8525

.2839

4

1.553

.8725

.2605

5

2.427

.7439

.2477
.2587

Calculation and Graphs
The numeric value of the slope in the graph of Peak Static vs. Normal for represents the
static friction. The fitted of the data that was used to make th...


Anonymous
Excellent resource! Really helped me get the gist of things.

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