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A lab report is a neatly written account of your experiment and procedures, as described below. It should be an impersonal account written in third person. The report should be typed. All pages should be of the same size with writing on only one side of each sheet, with no ragged edges and paginated. The report should include all information related to the crime lab and the person performed the analysis. The report should include the following information, with headings to begin each section (see the example). Crime Laboratory, Telephone and Fax Date To: the recipient of the lab report (detective) Lab File Number Agency Case Number Evidence Submitted by: Name of the officer Samples received by Laboratory: Date and time Sample 1 Sample 2 Purpose/Objective: A short statement giving the objective to be achieved by performing this experiment. Procedure: The procedure is an impersonal set of directions on how you perform the analysis. detailed directions. It should include Observations: Some labs require certain observations like if the sample was consumed during the analysis. observations should be recorded. Such Results: A detailed description of the results of the analysis. It must follow the same order as the procedures and samples received. This section must include tables/graphs and figures and sometimes statistical analysis to improve the understanding of the results. Conclusions: Itemized summary of the results. Forensic Scientist Signature and Date • • Materials Needed: o Suspect Sample Documents and the bank robbery note (attached) o Magnifying glass The Exercise: o Last month the Brown Bank and Trust was robbed. A person in a ski mask handed the teller the typewritten note attached. Document examiners have determined that the note was typed using a typewriter. Police have several suspects who happen to own typewriters. Your challenge is to examine the type print on the note given to the bank teller an dot examine the prints made from the typewriters of the suspects to determine who typed the note and likely robbed the bank. o Carefully examine the note given to the teller in the bank robbery using a magnifying glass. Pay special attention to the spacing between letters and words, and any unique formations of letters such as the use of straight lines versus curved lines. Then, examine the samples taken from the typewriters found in the suspects' houses. Answer the following questions: ▪ How does the "h" in the robbery note compare to the "h" from Christopher's sample? How does it compare to the "h" in Diana's sample? ▪ How does the "a" in the robbery note compare to the "a' from Olivia's sample? How does it compare to the "a" in Karen's sample? ▪ How does the "m" in the robbery note compare to the "m" from Savannah's sample? How does it compare to the "m" in Ashley's sample? ▪ How does the "y" in the robbery note compare to the "y" from Steven's sample? How does it compare to the "y" in Glenn's sample? ▪ Examine the apostrophe found in the robbery note. Compare this to all nine of the suspect samples. Based on the formation of the apostrophe, which samples can you rule out? In other words, which samples are definitely not a match based on these characteristics? Explain your answer. ▪ Examine the capital "T" found in the robbery note. Compare this to all nine of the suspect samples. Based on the formation of the "T", which samples can you rule out? Explain your answer. ▪ Based on your analysis and observations, which suspect owned the typewriter that matched the note used in the bank robbery? Explain how you arrived at your answer, using specific characteristics of the letters as supporting details. o Write your findings in a lab report, including in your results the answers for these questions and justification of your conclusions. Include some comparison pictures. o Upload as a single pdf your lab report and pictures. This will be your post-lab assignment. WRITING_LAB_REPORTS.doc Document Examination Document Examiner • • • • • • • Questioned Document. Any document about which some issue has been raised or that is the subject of an investigation. Document Examiner. Examines handwriting and typescript to ascertain the source or authenticity of a questioned document. Microscopy, photography, analytical methods (chromatography). Document alterations. Writings or other markings found on walls, windows, doors or any other objects. Apply knowledge of training and experience to recognize and compare the individual characteristics of questioned and known authentic writings. Gathering of documents of known authorship or origin. One of few definitive individual characteristics available to the investigator. Handwriting Comparisons • General Style Zaner- Bloser Palmer – Nerve and motor responses associated with the act of writing become subconscious. Handwriting Comparisons • Variations in Handwriting Ø Angularity, slope, speed, pressure, letter and word spacings, relative dimensions of letters, connections, pen movements, writing skill and finger dexterity. Ø Margins, spacings, crowding, insertions, and alignment (personal habits). Ø Spelling, punctuation, phraseology, and grammar (personal). • Sufficient number of common characteristics. Handwriting Comparisons • Challenges to Handwriting Comparison Ø Insufficient number of known writings Ø Not enough personal characteristics Ø Writings with a few words or sentences Ø Influence of drugs or alcohol Collection of Handwriting Exemplars • • Exemplar. An authentic sample used for comparison purposes, such as handwriting. Determining Authenticity Ø Natural variations. Normal deviations found between repeated specimens of an individual´s handwriting or any printing device. Known writings must be adequate. Ø No two specimens of writing prepared by one person are ever identical in every detail. Ø Age of the genuine document relative to the questioned one. Find standards that date closely in time to the questioned document. Collection of Handwriting Exemplars • Obtaining Writing Samples Ø Voluntary or under court order from the suspect. Ø Gilbert v. California, United States v. Mara (not violate Fourth Amendment rights). Ø Requested writing sample: 1. Several pages 2. Writing of dictation 3. Sitting comfortably at a desk or table and without distraction. 4. Not shown the questioned document or be told how to spell certain words or what punctuation to use. 5. Pen and paper similar to those used in the questioned document. 6. The dictated text should be the same as the contents of QD. 7. Dictation at least three times. 8. Signature combine with other writings. 9. Consult document examiner before requesting exemplars. Typescript Comparisons-Photocopier, Fax and Printer Examination • • • • Identify make and model Compare a QD with test samples (10 samples) Photocopiers: Transitory defect marks. Fax machines: Transitory patterns from debris and other extraneous materials: Ø Transmitting Terminal Identifier (TTI). Header and the text should have different type styles. Ø Model type use TTI. The fonts of that line are determined by the sending machine. Ø Database of TTI fonts maintained by the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners. • Computer Printers: Ø Nonimpact printers: ink-jet and laser printers Ø Impact printers: thermal and dot-matrix printers Ø Not printer available, analyze the document´s class characteristics to identify make and model: printing technology, type of paper, type of toner or ink used, chemical composition of the toner, type of toner-to-paper fusing method used . Ø Microscopy, inorganic and organic components of the toner. Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations • Erasure. The removal of writing, typewriting, or printing from a document; it is normally accomplished by either chemical means or an abrasive document. Microscopy examination UV or infrared light Infrared Luminescence. A property exhibited by some dyes that emit infrared light when exposed to blue-green light. Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations • Obliteration. The blotting out or smearing over of writing or printing to make the original unreadable. Microscopy examination UV or infrared light Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations Charred Document. Any document that has become darkened and brittle through exposure to fire or excessive heat. Infrared light, ink fluorescence. This image cannot currently be displayed. Other Document Problems Indented Writings. Impressions left on papers positioned under a piece of paper that has been written on. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/es/prado-start-page.html http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/es/prado-start-page.html http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/es/prado-start-page.html Other Document Problems • Ink Comparison. Visible Microspectrophotometer. TLC. • The US Secret Service and the IRS maintain the United States International Ink Library. TLC patterns. • Ink manufacturers, at the request of the US Treasury Department, voluntarily tag their inks during manufacturing process. • Paper. General appearance, color, weight and watermarks. Fiber identification and the characterization of additives, fillers, and pigments present in the paper product. http://www.edisontd.net/ http://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/es/prado-start-page.html This image cannot currently be displayed. INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION 7.1 Introduction Document examination encompasses a wide range of topics involving the writing source, writing medium, and type of paper. A forensic document examiner could be responsible for analyzing handwriting samples to determine forgeries, indented writing on paper, obliterations or alterations of existing writing, paper and ink sources, and authenticity of documents. At a crime scene, items collected for document examination must be collected and packaged carefully so as not to destroy the sample or inadvertently write on the packaging and alter the sample. Investigation Sequence Document examination is always completed first in the crime laboratory evidence processing sequence as methods used by other disciplines, such as latent print analysis, can destroy the writing sample and ink on the paper. First, the document evidence is photographed or copied in order to retain an accurate, original representation of the sample prior to testing and comparison. Next, the document examiner can use different wavelengths of light to enhance or visualize the ink samples better. Depending on the type of examination, light sources, magnification, and machines can be used to assist in the comparison process. Handwriting Examination Handwriting examination is one of the principal tasks performed by forensic document examiners. Handwriting examinations are conducted by analyzing, comparing, and evaluating questioned documents or the item of evidence versus known writings or samples that can be linked to the suspect, such as handwriting in a personal notebook. The FDE utilizes Criminalistics Laboratory Manual. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-3140-4.00020-4 Copyright Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 95 96 Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Video spectral comparator. a stereomicroscope, along with hand magnifiers, to assist in conducting a detailed examination of the evidence. Upon completion of the examination process, the FDE will express an opinion that can range from identification to elimination of a writer. This range also includes qualified opinions, which are in between identification and elimination. When a person writes on paper, the surface of the paper is altered or compressed by the writing instrument, which creates an indentation on both the original layer of paper and the next few layers of paper. The indentations, which may be visible to the naked eye, are typically enhanced using oblique or side lighting and a piece of equipment known as an electrostatic detection device (EDD). An EDD is an instrument used by the document examiner to enhance indented writing on a document in a safe, nondestructive manner. First, a thin sheet of Mylar is placed over the sample in question to protect the original document from destruction. Then an electrostatic charge is applied to the evidence. Black toner Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION 97 98 Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Handwriting samples. Investigative Tip You may remember as a child that you could reveal indented writing by shading the surface with the side of a pencil, causing the indented writing to darken. Never use shading as a forensic technique, as darkening of the indented writing obstructs the use of other forensic techniques and can ruin the evidence. powder is applied to the Mylar sheet under the electrostatic charge and any indented writing clings to the black powder for enhancement. Finally, the Mylar sheet is removed and preserved as a new piece of evidence or lifted in order to depict the indented writing from the original sample of evidence. Alterations and Obliterations A document examiner also examines cases of alterations and obliterations in order to separate the original source from the modification. An alteration is an adjustment or change to the original text of the document. Obliteration is the removal of material contained within the original document through either an erasure or a deliberate action to obstruct the writing. The video spectral comparator (VSC) is a tool used by document examiners to apply various wavelengths of light and filters to analyze altered and obliterated text on a questioned document. Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Electrostatic detection device. Altered receipt. 99 100 Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Close-up of altered receipt. Chapter 7.1 INTRODUCTION TO DOCUMENT EXAMINATION Obliterations. 101
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