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Unit 3_chapter 6_energy and enzymes

UNIT 3 Photosynthesis_study Guide2


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BIOLOGY 130: STUDY GUIDE: UNIT 3 ENERGY and ENZYMES chapter 6 REFERENCES: Chapter 6 “A living thing is distinguished from a dead thing by the multiplicity of changes at any moment taking place in it” Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Principles of Biology Explain the following terms: endergonic reaction kinetic energy activation energy noncompetitive inhibitor exergonic reaction potential energy allosteric regulation competitive inhibitor ATP ADP substrate enzyme energy coupling active site Answer the following questions: 1. What is energy? 2. Describe each of the laws of thermodynamics and give an example that illustrates each of them. 3. Draw the structure of ATP. How does the ATP molecule carry energy? 4. What are exergonic and endergonic reactions? How are they coupled? 5. Describe how ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions. 6. Describe the two forms of energy. Give an example of each. 7. Describe the steps in the process of how an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. 8. What are properties of enzymes? 9. What is activation energy? 10. How does substrate concentration affect reaction rate? 11. What factors can affect the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction? How does each work? 12. What is meant by enzyme denaturation? What types of conditions will denature an enzyme? 13. What is a metabolic pathway? How are enzymes involved in metabolic pathways? 14. Compare and contrast the action of a competitive enzyme inhibitor and a non-competitive inhibitor. 15. What is meant by induced fit when it comes to enzymes? Review any handouts we did during class. C.Burnett 3/27/2017 Biology 130: STUDY GUIDE: UNIT 3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS References: Chapter 8 “We cannot cheat on DNA. We cannot get round photosynthesis. We cannot say I am not going to give a damn about phytoplankton. All these tiny mechanisms provide the preconditions of our planetary life. To say we do not care is to say in the most literal sense that “we choose death.” Barbara Ward (1914-1981) Who Speaks for Earth? (1973) Explain the following terms: thylakoid membrane photosynthesis autotroph chloroplast mesophyll grana thylakoids carbon fixation photon photosystem I photosystem II stomata stroma Answer the following questions: 1. Write the overall reaction equation for the process of photosynthesis. 2. Describe the electromagnetic spectrum. What kind of light drives photosynthesis? What is the wavelength range? 3. Draw a cross section of a leaf and show the types of cells where photosynthesis takes place. 4. Describe the structure of a chloroplast and the functions of the structural components. 5. Briefly describe the purpose of each of the two stages of photosynthesis? 6. What is chlorophyll? How many types of chlorophyll are there? What is the purpose of pigments other than chlorophyll in photosynthesis? 7. Describe the light reactions of photosynthesis. Where in the chloroplast do these reactions occur? What are the products of the reactions? 8. What is a photosystem? What are the components of a photosystem 9. Describe the chemiosmosis process for the production of ATP. 10. Describe the steps in the Calvin Cycle. What are the inputs and outputs of this part of photosynthesis? How many carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce one molecule of glucose? 11. Describe the different adaptations in plants for carbon fixation? C..Burnett
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CANCEL.
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Running Head: ENERGY AND ENYMES

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Energy and Enzymes
Name
Institutional Affiliation

ENERGY AND ENZYMES

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Energy and Enzymes

1. Explanation of terms
Endergonic reaction: This is an energy driven reaction where energy is absorbed, reaction take
place and net energy is given to the surrounding. The final energy state is lesser than the initial
state.
Exergonic reaction: This is a reaction that releases energy to the surrounding. Final energy state
is more than the initial energy.
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate is the molecule mainly used by living things in the storage
transportation of energy from cell to cell.
ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate is a compound of two phosphates and an adenosine. When a third
phosphate is added to the compound, an ATP is formed to store energy.
Energy coupling: This is the transfer of energy from a process to another like in the state of an
exergonic reaction to an endogenic process.
Kinetic energy: This is energy in motion which is maintained as long as the speed of the moving
body doesn’t change.
Potential energy: This is the energy a body has in its position. The energy stored to maintain a
body in its position relative to the stress within itself and in its surrounding.
Substrate: This is the substance on which an enzyme acts or a surface on which an organism
lives.
Active site: This is the specific part of an enzyme that binds with other molecules to undergo a
chemical reaction.
Activation energy: When different molecules bind in order to undergo a chemical reaction, the
energy required to start the reaction is the activation energy. Energy modifies to the required in
order to enable reaction (Spencer, 2011).
Allosteric regulation: This is when the active site of an enzyme is not used in binding but
instead, an effect or regulatory molecule binds.
Enzyme: This is the substance in a body that speeds up chemical reactions. They act as catalysts.
Noncompetitive inhibitor: This is an enzyme inhibition that reduces the enzyme activity but
binds with enzyme with or without a substrate. It alters the conformation of an enzyme and its
active site making the substrate not bind to the enzyme effectively.
Competitive inhibitor: This is an inhibitor similar to the substrate and prevents the substrate
from binding the enzyme. When substrate concentration is increased, competitive inhibition can
be overcome.

ENERGY AND ENZYMES

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What is energy?
Energy is that what is released during cellular respiration after molecules are oxidized. It is then
transported by molecules known as ATP.
Describe each of the laws of thermodynamics and give an example that illustrates each of
them.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

The zeroth law of thermodynamics: the law states that in a thermal equilibrium, two
systems balances a third system. The existence of an empirical parameter is allowed.
The first law of thermodynamics: the law states that energy is conserved as it passes
into or out of a system. It is neither created nor destroyed but only change its form.
The second law of thermodynamics: states that entropies from thermodynamic
interactions increases in a natural thermodynamic processes.
The third law of thermodynamic: states that as temperature approach zero, the
entropy of a system approaches a constant value called the residual entropy.

Draw the structure of ATP. How does ATP molecule carry energy?

During a reaction, a phosphate group is removed from the ATP making an ADP. During
this breaking, energy is released which drives the biological processes (Spencer, 2011). During a
cellular respiration, energy is released and the third phosphate group binds with ADP to form
ATP. When second and third group of ATP bind, the energy produced is stored.
What are exergonic and endergonic reactions? How are they coupled?

ENERGY AND ENZYMES

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An exergonic reaction is a spontaneous / irreversible reaction where more heat is
liberated whereas endergonic reactions are nonspontaneous reactions that occur with sufficiency
of energy supply from surrounding.
During an exergonic process, energy is released which is used in the endergonic
processes.
Describe how ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions
During hydrolysis of ATP which is an exergonic reaction, energy is releasedthat powers
cell reactions in an endergonic reaction. the release and attachment of the phosphate compound
from ATP and to ADP respectively indicates coupling.
Describe the two forms of energy. Give example of each.
Kinetic energy is the energy found in a moving body. For example, when a fruit detach
from a tree on a hill, it will gain kinetic energy as it falls to the ground (Spencer, 2011). As it
rolls down the slope, the kinetic ...


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