GG Freightways (GGFRT) CIO Organizational Structure Memo Paper Before you begin this assignment, be sure you have read the “GG Freightways Case Study,” as well as all materials in the course to date.You will also need to review any feedback you received on your IT Strategic Plan #2 assignment. Purpose of this Assignment This assignment gives you the opportunity to demonstrate your ability to apply the course concepts to address the organizational changes needed to evolve the information technology (IT) department into a true CIO organization to support the GG Freightways (GGFRT).This assignment specifically addresses the following course outcome to enable you to: explain the roles and responsibilities of an information technology department to support an organization’s IT strategy CIO Organizational Structure Memo For this assignment, you will assume the role of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) at GGFRT (i.e., you are Lance).Since you are GGFRT’s first CIO, the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has asked you for a plan for the organizational changes you need to make.One of the first things you realize is that the organization that exists is just an ‘IT Department’ and you know that what GGFRT needs and has hired you to create an organization that fulfills the broad responsibilities of a Chief Information Officer. You know that your proposal needs to be convincing to the CFO in order for you to get the resources you need. Assignment You will develop a memorandum addressed to the CFO that explains how you want to change your IT Department into a CIO organization and why.Your memo will address each of the topics listed below, and should be written so that it flows well from one section to the next.In addition to the course materials, at least one external resource (resource other than those provided in the class) must be used. Two or more cited references will earn top credit. Use a separate References page to list just the references you have cited.Remember to use the APA formatting rules and correctly cite and reference your sources with APA format.Use the Grading Rubric to be sure you have covered everything. Please include the following in your memorandum, ensuring that each section flows well to the next, and that the overall memo creates a compelling justification for your new organizational structure. Introduction and Purpose – Open your memo with a brief (2 or 3 sentences) explanation of why you are writing it.Provide some background on the current inefficiencies in the IT Department; thus, the need for reorganization.Leadership Philosophy – Since you are the CIO and a member of the senior leadership team of GGFRT, it is important for the other members of the team to understand your (1) leadership philosophy and (2) the management style you will use to meet the company’s needs.This should be a short paragraph that ties to the priorities and/or issues outlined in the Case Study, and lays the foundation for the organizational structure you will propose below.Refer to course readings and presentations on leadership.This is also a good area in which to do some external research for specific leadership qualities and a management style you will utilize.Internal IT Strategies – To show how your CIO organization will support GGFRT, you will present and explain three (3) internal IT strategies.For Part 2 of your IT Strategic Plan, you provided at least one (1) example of an internal IT strategy.Identify your internal IT strategy from the ITSP #2 assignment, then add two (2) more internal IT strategies, so that you have a total of three (3).The strategies you develop must address:people, process and technology – one strategy for each.Describe each of the three strategies, identify if they address people, process or technology and explain how they will help improve the organization’s effectiveness.Refer to the “Creating a Future Vision for the Chief Information Officer” from Week 2 for an explanation of internal and external (business-enabling) IT strategies.A short introductory paragraph should be included before the table’s content.Current IT Department Structure – Use the information provided in the Case Study to draw an organization chart depicting the current roles and responsibilities of only the 22 IT Department personnel.You may take some liberties in how you align the staff that is described in the Case Study, but all IT staff positions or groups must be included in the structure.Be sure to introduce or explain your organizational chart in the section’s introduction.Refer to course materials for an example of an IT organization chart.You may use the Shapes tool or the SmartArt tool to develop your organizational hierarchy chart, or you may paste in your chart from another drawing tool.New CIO Organization – Explain in a paragraph or two how a CIO Organization is different from an IT Department. Included should be the goals/responsibilities of an IT Department, a CIO Organization, then the differences between them. Integrate examples from the case study in your response.Be sure to create a transition from the previous section. This may be an area for you to do some external research (a reference should be provided for more credit).Key Services – List and explain three (3) key services (personnel, sub-departments of the CIO Organization) that need to be included in your new CIO organizational structure.You may eliminate functions or positions from your current organizational structure if you believe it will improve your effectiveness and/or efficiency; these should be explained.You should also add (and explain) any functions that you will need in your new CIO organization.Be sure these services are appropriate to your IT strategies (section #3) and note how each relates in your discussion.New CIO Organization Structure – Briefly explain what changes you will make and why.Draw an organization chart depicting your new CIO organizational structure.Be sure that the key services you listed are covered by the new organizational structure. (Follow the guidelines for drawing the organization chart given above for the current organization.) Please use the following table, copying/pasting it into your assignment (add lines if needed): Internal IT Strategy/Description (Spring 2019) People, Process, or Technology (state which one or more is applicable Explanation how this IT Strategy will Help Improve the Organization’s Effectiveness Example:do not use but leave it in the table when completing this section. Meet compliance requirements by updating current technology or developing/acquiring new technology to meet these various mandates (only one would be chosen from the business strategic objective from ITSP #1). Technology By updating Accurate Financials (to meet SOX requirements), updating current or developing a new Fleet Maintenance System, notification on 10K mandated vehicle safety checks will be timelier, developing technology to capture driver hours, the company will be more proactive in their scheduling of vehicles and drivers in their operations which results in a more efficient day-to-day operations. Please use the following table, copying/pasting it into your assignment (add lines if needed): Key Service (Spring 2019) State IT Strategy (section #3) /Key Service’s Relationship to IT Strategy Example:do not use but leave it in the table when completing this section. Addition to the IT staff of a Compliance Officer Meet compliance requirements by updating current technology or developing/acquiring new technology to meet those mandates/By adding this position, it will oversee any projects/personnel that would be involved on any projects where compliance mandates are being implemented to ensure that all mandate requirements are covered in the software. Reading materials==================================IT Portfolio ManagementIT Portfolio Management FAQsPortfolio Rationalization_ Effective Optimization of IT Funds - CIO CouncilIHS Risk Management GuideDeveloping a Successful Governance Strategy --Read Ch.6, Risk ManagementIT Decision QuadrantBusiness Continuity PlanningFFIEC_BusinessContinuityPlanningThe System Development Life CycleSix Phases of Project Management -- https://www.projectmanagement-training.net/categor...Waterfall versus Agile Project Management --> https://www.projectmanagement-training.net/categor...Good Practices for Developing User RequirementsValue Attainment The FruITion Papers, It's Time to Change your Investment Culture -- https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/cpotts-191010_1.pdfCost EstimationPerformance Measures Module: Business Case & Putting It All Together Overview IT Governance Maturity ModelModule: Business Case & Putting It All Together CommentaryChange Management - Sample Process GuideDeveloping a Successful Governance Strategy --- Read Ch.5, Capability Maturity & AssessmentDeveloping a Successful Governance Strategy ----Read Ch.8, IT and Audit Working Together and Using CobiTIntroduction to the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)----> Benefits of ITIL --- > https://www.thebalancecareers.com/information-tech...Information Technology Infrastructure Library Guide --- http://www.itinfo.am/eng/information-technology-in...What is ITIL? Your guide to the IT Infrastructure Library: Definition and Solutions --> https://www.cio.com/article/2439501/infrastructure...Colonel Murray's Leadership PhilosophyHow Great Leaders Inspire Action - Simon Sinek --- https://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_le...The FruITion Papers, Tools for Leading Business Change --https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/cpotts-191010_1.pdfIT Gets Organized: Introducing the Office of the CIO --https://www.cio.com/article/2442473/it-gets-organi...Structuring IT Organizations for Service Excellence --- https://deloitte.wsj.com/cio/2014/09/17/structurin...The FruITion Papers, The Limits of Running IT Like a Business --- https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/cpotts-191010_1.pdfDept of Energy OCIO Org ChartOrganizational Change Management MethodologyAdditional instructions*** Please use two scholar published articles to complete this work. Make note to cite all sources use*** I have attached instructions and part 2 bellow*** format the paper using the formatting instructions given. **** Please use that and the Grading Rubric in the instruction guide to write this paper please Comments from part- I was score 86% You addressed each critical component of this course assignment very effectively. Both the risk management and business continuity sections are concise and comprehensive. Although you didn't follow directions and include both Part 1 and Part 2 in the same document.

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding PlagiarismHow to Summarize: An OverviewHow to Quote and Paraphrase: An OverviewWhen to Quote, When to ParaphraseFour Examples of Quotes and ParaphrasesHow to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research ProcessPlagiarism and the InternetLearning how to effectively quote and paraphrase research can be difficult and it certainly takes practice. Hopefully, your abilities to make good use of your research will improve as you work through the exercises in part two and three of The Process of Research Writing, not to mention as you take on other research writing experiences beyond this class. The goal of this chapter is to introduce some basic strategies for summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing research in your writing and to explain how to avoid plagiarizing your research.How to Summarize: An OverviewA summary is a brief explanation of a longer text. Some summaries, such as the ones that accompany annotated bibliographies, are very short, just a sentence or two. Others are much longer, though summaries are always much shorter than the text being summarized in the first place.Summaries of different lengths are useful in research writing because you often need to provide your readers with an explanation of the text you are discussing. This is especially true when you are going to quote or paraphrase from a source.Of course, the first step in writing a good summary is to do a thorough reading of the text you are going to summarize in the first place. Beyond that important start, there are a few basic guidelines you should follow when you write summary material:Stay “neutral” in your summarizing. Summaries provide “just the facts” and are not the place where you offer your opinions about the text you are summarizing. Save your opinions and evaluation of the evidence you are summarizing for other parts of your writing.Don’t quote from what you are summarizing. Summaries will be more useful to you and your colleagues if you write them in your own words.Don’t “cut and paste” from database abstracts. Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library’s computer system include abstracts of articles. Do no “cut” this abstract material and then “paste” it into your own annotated bibliography. For one thing, this is plagiarism. Second, “cutting and pasting” from the abstract defeats one of the purposes of writing summaries and creating an annotated bibliography in the first place, which is to help you understand and explain your research.How to Quote and Paraphrase: An OverviewWriters quote and paraphrase from research in order to support their points and to persuade their readers. A quote or a paraphrase from a piece of evidence in support of a point answers the reader’s question, “says who?”This is especially true in academic writing since scholarly readers are most persuaded by effective research and evidence. For example, readers of an article about a new cancer medication published in a medical journal will be most interested in the scholar’s research and statistics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment. Conversely, they will not be as persuaded by emotional stories from individual patients about how a new cancer medication improved the quality of their lives. While this appeal to emotion can be effective and is common in popular sources, these individual anecdotes do not carry the same sort of “scholarly” or scientific value as well-reasoned research and evidence.Of course, your instructor is not expecting you to be an expert on the topic of your research paper. While you might conduct some primary research, it’s a good bet that you’ll be relying on secondary sources such as books, articles, and Web sites to inform and persuade your readers. You’ll present this research to your readers in the form of quotes and paraphrases.A “quote” is a direct restatement of the exact words from the original source. The general rule of thumb is any time you use three or more words as they appeared in the original source, you should treat it as a quote. A “paraphrase” is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words.While quotes and paraphrases are different and should be used in different ways in your research writing (as the examples in this section suggest), they do have a number of things in common. Both quotes and paraphrases should:be “introduced” to the reader, particularly the first time you mention a source;include an explanation of the evidence which explains to the reader why you think the evidence is important, especially if it is not apparent from the context of the quote or paraphrase; andinclude a proper citation of the source.The method you should follow to properly quote or paraphrase depends on the style guide you are following in your academic writing. The two most common style guides used in academic writing are the Modern Language Association (MLA), and the American Psychological Association (APA). I discuss both of these different style guides in some detail in the Appendix of this book. Your instructor will probably assign one of these styles before you begin working on your project, however, if he/she doesn’t mention this, be sure to ask.When to Quote, When to ParaphraseThe real “art” to research writing is using quotes and paraphrases from evidence effectively in order to support your point. There are certain “rules,” dictated by the rules of style you are following, such as the ones presented by the MLA or the ones presented by the APA. There are certain “guidelines” and suggestions, like the ones I offer in the previous section and the ones you will learn from your teacher and colleagues.But when all is said and done, the question of when to quote and when to paraphrase depends a great deal on the specific context of the writing and the effect you are trying to achieve. Learning the best times to quote and paraphrase takes practice and experience.In general, it is best to use a quote when:The exact words of your source are important for the point you are trying to make. This is especially true if you are quoting technical language, terms, or very specific word choices.You want to highlight your agreement with the author’s words. If you agree with the point the author of the evidence makes and you like their exact words, use them as a quote.You want to highlight your disagreement with the author’s words. In other words, you may sometimes want to use a direct quote to indicate exactly what it is you disagree about. This might be particularly true when you are considering the antithetical positions in your research writing projects.In general, it is best to paraphrase when:There is no good reason to use a quote to refer to your evidence. If the author’s exact words are not especially important to the point you are trying to make, you are usually better off paraphrasing the evidence.You are trying to explain a particular a piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail. This might be particularly true in writing projects like critiques.You need to balance a direct quote in your writing. You need to be careful about directly quoting your research too much because it can sometimes make for awkward and difficult to read prose. So, one of the reasons to use a paraphrase instead of a quote is to create balance within your writing.Tips for Quoting and ParaphrasingIntroduce your quotes and paraphrases to your reader, especially on first reference.Explain the significance of the quote or paraphrase to your reader.Cite your quote or paraphrase properly according to the rules of style you are following in your essay.Quote when the exact words are important, when you want to highlight your agreement or your disagreement.Paraphrase when the exact words aren’t important, when you want to explain the point of your evidence, or when you need to balance the direct quotes in your writing.Four Examples of Quotes and ParaphrasesHere are four examples of what I mean about properly quoting and paraphrasing evidence in your research essays. In each case, I begin with a BAD example, or the way NOT to quote or paraphrase.Quoting in MLA StyleHere’s the first BAD example, where the writer is trying to follow the rules of MLA style:There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. “African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options” (Wechsler, Internet).This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer’s claim, but the researcher hasn’t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or to explain why it is important for supporting her point. Rather, she has simply “dropped in” the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader.Now consider this revised GOOD (or at least BETTER) example of how this quote might be better introduced into the essay:In her Pharmaceutical Executive article available through the Wilson Select Internet database, Jill Wechsler writes about one of the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. “African-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options.”In this revision, it’s much more clear what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from.In this particular example, the passage is from a traditional print journal called Pharmaceutical Executive. However, the writer needs to indicate that she actually found and read this article through Wilson Select, an Internet database which reproduces the “full text” of articles from periodicals without any graphics, charts, or page numbers.When you use a direct quote in your research, you need to the indicate page number of that direct quote or you need to indicate that the evidence has no specific page numbers. While it can be a bit awkward to indicate within the text how the writer found this information if it’s from the Internet, it’s important to do so on the first reference of a piece of evidence in your writing. On references to this piece of evidence after the first reference, you can use just the last name of the writer. For example:Wechsler also reports on the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. She writes…Paraphrasing in MLA StyleIn this example, the writer is using MLA style to write a research essay for a Literature class. Here is a BAD example of a paraphrase:While Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in The Great Gatsby, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (Callahan).There are two problems with this paraphrase. First, if this is the first or only reference to this particular piece of evidence in the research essay, the writer should include more information about the source of this paraphrase in order to properly introduce it. Second, this paraphrase is actually not of the entire article but rather of a specific passage. The writer has neglected to note the page number within the parenthetical citation.A GOOD or at least BETTER revision of this paraphrase might look like this:John F. Callahan suggests in his article “F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Evolving American Dream” that while Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in The Great Gatsby, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (381).By incorporating the name of the author of the evidence the research writer is referring to here, the source of this paraphrase is now clear to the reader. Furthermore, because there is a page number at the end of this sentence, the reader understands that this passage is a paraphrase of a particular part of Callahan’s essay and not a summary of the entire essay. Again, if the research writer had introduced this source to his readers earlier, he could have started with a phrase like “Callahan suggests…” and then continued on with his paraphrase.If the research writer were offering a brief summary of the entire essay following MLA style, he wouldn’t include a page number in parentheses. For example:John F. Callahan’s article “F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Evolving American Dream” examines Fitzgerald’s fascination with the elusiveness of the American Dream in the novels The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night, and The Last Tycoon.Quoting in APA StyleConsider this BAD example in APA style, of what NOT to do when quoting evidence:“If the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage.” (Repetto, 2001, p. 84).Again, this is a potentially valuable piece of evidence, but it simply isn’t clear what point the research writer is trying to make with it. Further, it doesn’t follow the preferred method of citation with APA style.Here is a revision that is a GOOD or at least BETTER example:Repetto (2001) concludes that in the case of the scallop industry, those running the industry should be held responsible for not considering methods that would curtail the problems of over-fishing. “If the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage” (p. 84).This revision is improved because the research writer has introduced and explained the point of the evidence with the addition of a clarifying sentence. It also follows the rules of APA style. Generally, APA style prefers that the research writer refer to the author only by last name followed immediately by the year of publication. Whenever possible, you should begin your citation with the author’s last name and the year of publication, and, in the case of a direct quote like this passage, the page number (including the “p.”) in parentheses at the end.Paraphrasing in APA StyleParaphrasing in APA style is slightly different from MLA style as well. Consider first this BAD example of what NOT to do in paraphrasing from a source in APA style:Computer criminals have lots of ways to get away with credit card fraud (Cameron, 2002).The main problem with this paraphrase is there isn’t enough here to adequately explain to the reader what the point of the evidence really is. Remember: your readers have no way of automatically knowing why you as a research writer think that a particular piece of evidence is useful in supporting your point. This is why it is key that you introduce and explain your evidence.Here is a revision that is GOOD or at least BETTER:Cameron (2002) points out that computer criminals intent on committing credit card fraud are able to take advantage of the fact that there aren’t enough officials working to enforce computer crimes. Criminals are also able to use the technology to their advantage by communicating via email and chat rooms with other criminals.Again, this revision is better because the additional information introduces and explains the point of the evidence. In this particular example, the author’s name is also incorporated into the explanation of the evidence as well. In APA, it is preferable to weave in the author’s name into your essay, usually at the beginning of a sentence. However, it would also have been acceptable to end an improved paraphrase with just the author’s last name and the date of publication in parentheses.How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research ProcessPlagiarism is the unauthorized or uncredited use of the writings or ideas of another in your writing. While it might not be as tangible as auto theft or burglary, plagiarism is still a form of theft.In the academic world, plagiarism is a serious matter because ideas in the forms of research, creative work, and original thought are highly valued. Chances are, your school has strict rules about what happens when someone is caught plagiarizing. The penalty for plagiarism is severe, everything from a failing grade for the plagiarized work, a failing grade for the class, or expulsion from the institution.You might not be aware that plagiarism can take several different forms. The most well known, purposeful plagiarism, is handing in an essay written by someone else and representing it as your own, copying your essay word for word from a magazine or journal, or downloading an essay from the Internet.A much more common and less understood phenomenon is what I call accidental plagiarism. Accidental plagiarism is the result of improperly paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or citing your evidence in your academic writing. Generally, writers accidentally plagiarize because they simply don’t know or they fail to follow the rules for giving credit to the ideas of others in their writing.Both purposeful and accidental plagiarism are wrong, against the rules, and can result in harsh punishments. Ignoring or not knowing the rules of how to not plagiarize and properly cite evidence might be an explanation, but it is not an excuse.To exemplify what I’m getting at, consider the examples below that use quotations and paraphrases from this brief passage:Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties. Rock started out as an Anglo-American phenomenon and has become an industry. Nonetheless, it was able to capture the hopes of young people around the world and provided enjoyment to those of us who listened to or played rock. Sixties pop was the conscience of one or two generations that helped bring the war in Vietnam to a close. Obviously, neither rock nor pop has solved global poverty or hunger. But is this a reason to be “against” them? (ix).And just to make it clear that I’m not plagiarizing this passage, here is the citation in MLA style:Lévy, Pierre. Cyberculture. Trans. Robert Bononno. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001.Here’s an obvious example of plagiarism:Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties.In this case, the writer has literally taken one of Lévy’s sentences and represented it as her own. That’s clearly against the rules.Here’s another example of plagiarism, perhaps less obvious:The same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people.While these aren’t Lévy’s exact words, they are certainly close enough to constitute a form of plagiarism. And again, even though you might think that this is a “lesser” form of plagiarism, it’s still plagiarism.Both of these passages can easily be corrected to make them acceptable quotations or paraphrases.In the introduction of his book Cyberculture, Pierre Lévy observes that “Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties” (ix).Pierre Lévy suggests that the same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people (ix).Note that changing these passages from examples of plagiarism to acceptable examples of a quotation and a paraphrase is extremely easy: properly cite your sources.This leads to the “golden rule” of avoiding plagiarism:Always cite your sources. If you are unsure as to whether you should or should not cite a particular claim or reference, you should probably cite your source.Often, students are unclear as to whether or not they need to cite a piece of evidence because they believe it to be “common knowledge” or because they are not sure about the source of information. When in doubt about whether or not to cite evidence in order to give credit to a source (“common knowledge” or not), you should cite the evidence.Plagiarism and the InternetSometimes, I think the ease of finding and retrieving information on the World Wide Web makes readers think that this information does not need to be cited. After all, it isn’t a traditional source like a book or a journal; it is available for “free.” All a research writer needs to do with a web site is “cut and paste” whatever he needs into his essay, right? Wrong!You need to cite the evidence you find from the Internet or the World Wide Web the same way you cite evidence from other sources. To not do this is plagiarism, or, more bluntly, cheating. Just because the information is “freely” available on the Internet does not mean you can use this information in your academic writing without properly citing it, much in the same way that the information from library journals and books “freely” available to you needs to be cited in order to give credit where credit is due.It is also not acceptable to simply download graphics from the World Wide Web. Images found on the Internet are protected by copyright laws. Quite literally, taking images from the Web (particularly from commercial sources) is an offense that could lead to legal action. There are places where you can find graphics and clip art that Web publishers have made publicly available for anyone to use, but be sure that the Web site where you find the graphics makes this explicit before you take graphics as your own.In short, you can use evidence from the Web as long as you don’t plagiarize and as long as you properly cite it; don’t take graphics from the Web unless you know the images are in the public domain.

Leaders hold an important role in ensuring organizations move forward to attain strategic objectives. There are many theoretical approaches and strategies leaders can employ to improve the effectiveness of decisions, build relationships with team members, and foster myriad other positive impacts on themselves, their followers, and the organization itself. This assignment will allow you to address the analysis of organizational climate, the selection of a theoretical approach to decision making, the amount and timeliness of data required to implement the approach, and the role the leader plays in implementing that approach from a strategic perspective.   General Requirements: Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment: Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center. This assignment requires that at least two additional scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included. Directions: Write a paper (1,250-1,500 words) discussing the selection of a theoretical approach to decision making, the amount and timeliness of data required to implement the approach, and the role the leader plays in implementing that approach from a strategic perspective. Include the following: A research-based discussion of how to analyze the social, cultural, and political conditions and trends in an organization in order to make a reasoned selection of a theoretical approach to decision making. (Benchmarks C6.2: Identify and analyze prevailing social, cultural, and political conditions and trends within organizations.) A research-based description of and rational for a preferred theoretical approach to decision making in an organization. (Benchmarks C6.3: Assess behavioral theories and their application to organizational development.) A research-supported discussion of the balance a leader must attain between timeliness of the decision and the amount of information needed to assure the quality of the decision. An analysis of the role of the leader in strategically implementing the approach described above within an organization.