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Behavioral Risk Factors for HIV Infection- Outline Topic: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Area of Interest: Behavioral Risk Factors for HIV infection. The Problem: HIV/ AIDS is a killer disease that has been declared a national disaster in many countries. According to statistics by the World Health Organization, the global incidence rate of HIV is over 36 % per annum. There are some factors associated to the transmission of HIV, which include the behavioral factors. For instance, practicing unprotected sex predisposes one to infection with HIV. This research aims to identify the behavioral risk factors to HIV infection. Introduction: Pathophysiology of the Virus • The virus causes AIDS. It is a chronic Disease. • The virus replicates via the use of the reverse transcriptase copying itself to DNA, enters the nucleus using the integrase enzyme and becomes incorporated into the human genome. Transcription and translation take place leading to the synthesis of the new multiple viruses. • The virus targets the CD4 cells which are the guards of the immune system • The virus mutates its genome thus becomes hard to eliminate it. References • Koblin, B. A., Husnik, M. J., Colfax, G., Huang, Y., Madison, M., Mayer, K., ... & Buchbinder, S. (2006).Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Aids, 20(5), 731-739. • Fishbein, M., Triandis, H. C., Kanfer, F. H., Becker, M., & Middlestadt, S. E. (2000). Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. • Leigh, B. C., & Stall, R. (1993). Substance use and risky sexual behavior for exposure to HIV: Issues in methodology, interpretation, and prevention. American Psychologist, 48(10), 1035. • Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (2000). Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV risk behavior. In Handbook of HIV prevention (pp. 3-55). Springer, Boston, MA. • Catania, J. A., Kegeles, S. M., & Coates, T. J. (1990). Towards an understanding of risk behavior: An AIDS risk reduction model (ARRM). Health education quarterly, 17(1), 53-72. Paragraph 1: The Population at Risk of HIV • The men having sex with fellow men, prostitutes, as well as drug users. • Mother/child: During birth. Mother cannot breastfeed because the virus can be transferred via breast milk. Paragraph 2: The Transmission of the HIV Virus • Sexual transmission which is common • Contact with blood, semen, virginal secretions as well as semen • The puncture wounds mostly expose people to the virus Paragraph 3: Having Sex outside a Relationship as a Risk factor to HIV Infection • Being unfaithful to your partner leads to the spread of the virus from one person to the other. Paragraph 4: Use of drugs a risk factor to HIV Infection • Drug users share the tools such as the needles for the drug injection, and in the process, the virus may be transmitted from one drug user to another. Paragraph 5: The practice of unsafe sex • Unsafe sex practices such as the failure to use condoms during sex leads to the spread of HIV between the infected and non-infected persons. Paragraph 6: The Sharing of Sharp Objects • The use and the sharing of objects such as the needles and the syringes leads the spread of HIV infections between two individuals whom are close together. Paragraph 7: Education on the Preventive ways of HIV • Use of condoms to avoid the spread of HIV • Maintaining only one sexual partner • Avoid sharing sharp objects such as the needles • Abstinence is more effective than all other factors CATEGORY Organization (5 points) Excellent (90%+ of possible points) Information is very organized with well-constructed paragraphs and subheadings. Moderate (70% of possible Good (80% of possible points) points) Poor (60%% of possible points) Information is organized with Information is organized, but The information appears to be well-constructed paragraphs. paragraphs are not well- disorganized. constructed Quality of Information (5 points) Information clearly relates to the main topic. Information clearly relates to the main topic. Information clearly relates to Information has little or nothing the main topic. to do with the main topic. Page 4 Last Modified 9/27/2018 Sources (5 points) All sources (information and All sources (information and All sources (information and graphics) are accurately graphics) are accurately graphics) are accurately documented in the desired documented, but a few are not documented, but many are format. Citations from 6 or in the desired format. not in the desired format. 3 more peer-reviewed sources are Citations from 5 peer- to 4 peer-reviewed citations provided. reviewed sources are are provided. provided. Some sources are not accurately documented. Fewer than 3 peer-reviewed citations are provided. Mechanics (3 points) No grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. Almost no grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors. A few grammatical, spelling, Many grammatical, spelling, or or punctuation errors. punctuation errors. Content (7 Points) Advanced understanding of the Moderate understanding of the Basic understanding of issue issues is demonstrated. issue is demonstrated. is demonstrated. Poor understanding of issue is demonstrated.
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Running head: BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION

Behavioral Risk Factors for HIV Infection
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BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION

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The population at risk of HIV
Every individual is at risk of contracting HIV even though men who have sex with fellow
men, children during birth and injection drug users (IDU) at a higher risk of contracting the
virus. IDUs area at a much higher risk according to National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012)
while others can protect themselves through practicing safe sex and the mother can protect the
baby through prior testing and restraining from breastfeeding if they are positive. National
Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) has also indicated that even though everyone can have HIV aids,
there are those that are considered more vulnerable as discussed herein.
Men who have sex with fellow men: The gay people, the bisexual MSM and the like are the ones
that are profoundly affected. In the U.S. MSM makeup, only a population of 2percent of the total
U.S. Population and yet about two-thirds of all the new infections are found to occur among this
particular group (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012). In 2009 and 2008 for instance, half of
the total population of HIV infected persons were MSM. National Institute on Drug Abuse
(2012) adds that the MSM in the minority population is at a much higher risk National Institute
on Drug Abuse (2012).
The other group is the injection drug users (IDU) which in many cases has formed onethird of AIDS cases within the U.S. This population is at a high risk because between 1994 and
2000 new HIV infection cases had this population amounting to 20percent and in 210, this
population formed 8 percent of all the new cases of HIV infection in the U.S. Even though the
figures have reduced over the past years, the community is still at risk. National Institute on Drug
Abuse (2012) adds that the population is at risk because in 2009 for instance, about a half of this
population was not aware that they were HIV positive.

BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION

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One-quarter of the women who are heterosexuals who had come to contact with HIV
positive partner formed the population of newly infected persons according to the 2010 study by
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Many of the heterosexual women who contracted the virus
were found among the minority communities. National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) clarifies,
however, that there have been increased changes in the regional variation of HIV incidences
among women because, in the earlier years when HIV was still a new epidemic, the impact of
women having HIV was higher among those in the Northeast even though, lately infection and
mortality rates among women has increased in the Southern U.S. In the past years, cases of
women contracting HIV due to injection drug use has reduced, but still it is making up for 14
percent of cases of HIV contraction among the women. For example, a study conducted by the
Massachusetts Department of Public Health revealed that women from the White population had
40percent of them contracting the virus through injection drug use. Furthermore, the same study
indicated that trauma as a result of physical and sexual abuse and other forms of violence at
childhood is the reason for increased HIV infections and poor health outcome among the women
have the virus. As such, mental health services are essential for this population during the
process of HIV management.
As for the ethnic minorities, the rates if new HIV infections are disproportionate since the
African Americans, for instance, account for the higher proportion. Moreover, there are specific
risks for specific populations among particular minority groups. Sixty-four percent of cases of
HIV infections were found to be MSM men of the minority communities. Furthermore, the
young men aged between 13years and 24 years had increased cases of HIV infections amounting
to 53 percent. All these groups were studied between 2006 and 2009 according to (*).

BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION

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Finally, the young people are also at risk of HIV infection because almost ten thousand
young people aged between 13 and 24 years were diagnosed with HIV in 2010 alone. This was
twenty percent of newly diagnosed HIV cases. The highest rate of this infections occurred
among people who are aged between twenty years and twenty-four years. These groups have
been found to be infected at a higher rate due to risky sexual behaviors such as sexual
experimentation and drug abuse. All these behaviors are influences from peer pressure.
Transmission of the HIV
There are many myths that people have developed regarding how HIV is transmitted
even though, Catania, Kegeles and Coates (1990)states that getting the facts right can be a
beginning of making people aware of the virus so that they can act appropriately to reduce the
increased cases of new infections. There are specific body fluids that have been discussed by
Fisher and Fisher (2000) that are responsible for transmission of HIV. The first is blood, vaginal
fluids, semen, rectal fluids, pre-seminal fluids, and breast milk. HIV spread in the U.S. is
commonly happening through unprotected sexual intercourse with a person who is infected. In a
nutshell, the spread is through unprotected sex. In cases where sexual partners are HIV negative,
receptive anal sex (bottoming) can be a risk factor, and insertive anal sex (topping) can also be a
cause for transmission of HIV. Either partner during sexual intercourse can contract HIV through
virginal sex though this sexual act has lesser risks compared to receptive anal sex.
Sharp objects can lead to infection. In this case, when individuals share needles, syringes,
sharing rinse water and other sharp work equipment can lead transmission of HIV from infected
persons to uninfected persons. Fisher and Fisher (2000) caution that HIV can live in a used
needle of syringes for up to 42 days depending on the temperatures and other prevailing factors.

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HIV can also be spread from a mother to her child. During pregnancy transmission of HIV from
the mother to the child is...


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