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NARROW TOPIC: Changing Trends of Crime in New York City WORK CITED Southall, Ashley. “Crime in New York City Plunges to a Level Not Seen Since the 1950s.” The New York Times, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/nyregion/ new-york-city-crime-2017.html. Make sure you INDENT 2nd and 3rd lines of work cited. ITALICS for Newspaper, Journals. SUMMARY: The article has carried out an analysis of the trend of crime in New York City. Ashley Southall asserts that there has been a tremendous reduction of crime rates to the level that has never been witnessed before. The article says that in 1990, there were 2,245 murders recorded by the law enforcement authorities. However, in 2017, there were only 286 cases of crime reported in New York City. The paper proceeds to say that crime has not reduced only in the murder categories but also in other groups of a felony. One of the reasons for the reduced crime rates in New York is the new approach to fighting crime that the law enforcement authorities have adopted. Moreover, the recent reforms in the police department have made the services effective and responsive to the security challenges in New York City. QUOTATIONS: “One of the results is that police officers are using deadly force less often. As of Dec. 20, police officers intentionally fired their service guns in 23 encounters, a record low, down from 37 in 2016. The Police Department said officers were relying more on stun guns, which were used 491 times through November, compared with 474 times during the same period in 2016” (Southall n.p) QUOTATIONS: NEED AT LEAST THREE PER SOURCE. ( I only added one) add two more quotes per source and add a point or two after each quote to support and have a strong essay. EVALUATION: The source is essential for this study since it justifies the thesis that the reforms in the police sector have been helpful in helping to change crime in New York City. The behavior or the ineffectiveness of the police has always been blamed for the increase of crime in New York City. However, the article has ascertained that the changes in the approach to crime by the police, coupled with some structural changes in the force, have been reducing the rates of crime. WORK CITED: Chauhan, Preeti, et al. "Race/ethnic-specific homicide rates in New York City: Evaluating the impact of broken windows policing and crack cocaine markets." Homicide Studies 15.3 (2011): 268-290. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC3275435/ SUMMARY: In this paper, the authors have extensively analyzed the changes in crime in New York City between 1990 and 1999, especially with regards to the policies and strategies that the law enforcement agencies had established. The paper has used data to determine that crime in New York took a racial pattern and it was necessary to adopt the most appropriate approaches that would address the racial elements, while some of the approaches that the police used could be seen as racial profiling, but they are scientifically proven to have been highly effective. QUOTATIONS: NEED AT LEAST THREE PER SOURCE. ( I only added one) add two more quotes per source and add a point or two after each quote to support and have a strong essay. “Hispanic homicides paralleled the drop in Black homicides; White homicides exhibited the least change. The current study also found that the factors associated with changes in homicides varied by race/ethnic group and generally lend further support to the crack cocaine hypothesis but not the broken windows hypothesis. Black homicide decline was associated with a decrease in cocaine consumption while Hispanic homicide decline was associated with a decrease in firearm availability” (Chauhan, Preeti, et al. n.p). EVALUATION: The source outlines some of the factors that influence security. The paper outlines some of the approaches that the New York City police have been using in recent years to improve their operations. The paper is useful in the determination of some of the causes of security challenges and the various approaches that may be used to improve the management of security in a region. The strategies that the New York policing authorities used were appropriate and consistent with the uniqueness of their circumstances. WORK CITED: Harcourt, Bernard E., and Jens Ludwig. "Broken windows: New evidence from New York City and a five-city social experiment." The University of Chicago Law Review (2006): 271-320. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4495553? seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents. SUMMARY: One of the theories that have been used to fight crime in America is the broken window theory. In this paper, the authors have examined the broken windows theory with the primary aim of determining the extent to which it has contributed to the fight against crime in New York. The authors have found that while there have been claims that the broken windows perpetuated racial discrimination, there is evidence to suggest that its application in New York City contributed massively to the improvement of security condition in the region. QUOTATIONS: NEED AT LEAST THREE PER SOURCE. ( I only added one) add two more quotes per source and add a point or two after each quote to support and have a strong essay. "One broken window, if left unrepaired, attracts other broken windows. These progressively break down community standards and leave the community vulnerable to crime. In this way, disorder breeds crime: "Such an area is vulnerable to criminal invasion” (Harcourt et al. 281) EVALUATION: When there are changes in the trends of crime within a region, there are forces or factors that define the trends. In this case, the broken windows approach was effective in the fight against crime in New York City. The source provides an analysis of the ways through which different groups respond to various policies. It makes it possible to determine the factors that contributed to the current security situation in New York City. WORK CITED: Messner, Steven F., et al. "Policing, drugs, and the homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s." Criminology 45.2 (2007): 385-414. Retrieved from http:// www.cmaxxsports.com/ec228/ [Messner%20et%20al%202007]%20Policing%20Drug%20Homicide%20Decline.p df. The paper analyses the rapid decline of crime in New York City. In many cases, the decline of crime happens over a range of time, but in the case of New York City, the decline was very rapid, a fact that has brought attention on the security policies that were used in the state in the 1990s. S, some scholars indicate that the general social changes in the region were responsible for the decline in the rates of crime in the region. The paper holds that the policing approaches that were developed by the law enforcement authorities led to the decline. QUOTATIONS: NEED AT LEAST THREE PER SOURCE. ( I only added one) add two more quotes per source and add a point or two after each quote to support and have a strong essay. “Accordingly, the coefficient for misdemeanor arrests might of policing that were selectively adopted across precincts along with the intensive policing of the disorder. Research on the effectiveness of various forms of policing has revealed that the most successful innovations have been those that combine highly focused police efforts with “an expansion of the toolbox of policing beyond simple law enforcement” (Messner et al. 406) EVALUATION: The source confirms that the policing approaches that are adopted by the law enforcement authorities play an important role in determining the success of security policies in a region. The source supports the theory that the approach that law enforcement use in the fight against crime is critical in determining the extent to which they would affect crime rates. The source provides a background of crime in New York City and how crime has evolved in the years. Work Cited Chauhan, Preeti, et al. "Race/ethnic-specific homicide rates in New York City: Evaluating the impact of broken windows policing and crack cocaine markets." Homicide Studies 15.3 (2011): 268-290. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3275435/. Harcourt, Bernard E., and Jens Ludwig. "Broken windows: New evidence from New York City and a five-city social experiment." The University of Chicago Law Review (2006): 271-320. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4495553? seq=10#metadata_info_tab_contents Messner, Steven F., et al. "Policing, drugs, and the homicide decline in New York City in the 1990s." Criminology 45.2 (2007): 385-414. Retrieved from http:// www.cmaxxsports.com/ec228/ [Messner%20et%20al%202007]%20Policing%20Drug%20Homicide%20Decline.pdf. Southall, Ashley. “Crime in New York City Plunges to a Level Not Seen Since the 1950s. The New York Times, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/nyregion/new-york-citycrime-2017.html.
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Attached.

Surname 1
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Crime in New York City
Work cited
Southall, Ashley. “Crime in New York City Plunges to a Level Not Seen Since the 1950s.The
New York Times, 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/nyregion/new-york-city-crime-2017.html.
Summary
The article has carried out an analysis of the trend of crime in New York City. Ashley
Southall asserts that there has been a tremendous reduction of crime rates to the level that has
never been witnessed before. The article says that in 1990, there were 2,245 murders recorded by
the law enforcement authorities. However, in 2017, there were only 286 cases of crime reported
in New York City. The paper proceeds to say that crime has not reduced only in the murder
categories but also in other groups of a felony. One of the reasons for the reduced crime rates in
New York is the new approach to fighting crime that the law enforcement authorities have
adopted. Moreover, the recent reforms in the police department have made the services effective
and responsive to the security challenges in New York City.
Quotations
“One of the results is that police officers are using deadly force less often. As of Dec. 20,
police officers intentionally fired their service guns in 23 encounters, a record low, down from

Surname 2
37in 2016. The Police Department said officers were relying more on stun guns, which were
used491 times through November, compared with 474 times during the same period in
2016” (Southall n.p).
“It would have seemed unbelievable in 1990, when there were 2,245 killings in New York City,
but as of Wednesday there have been just 286 in the city this year — the lowest since reliable
records have been kept” (Southall n.p).
“The continued declines are a boon to Mr. de Blasio, a Democrat elected on promises of police
reform — promises that prompted warnings of mayhem to come by his opponents in 2013”
(Southall n.p).
Evaluation
The source is essential for this study since it justifies the thesis that the reforms in the police
sector have been helpful in helping to change crime in New York City. The behavior or the
ineffectiveness of the police has always been blamed for the increase of crime in New York City.
However, the article has ascertained that the changes in the approach to crime by the police,
coupled with some structural changes in the force, have been reducing the rates of crime. In the
second quotation, the article focuses on the decreased rates of crime in a year. An example is
decreased killings to 286 in a year. ...


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