Race refers to a social and cultural system by which we categorize people based upon presumed biological differences. Racial categorizations are uniquely social creations that have been purposefully constructed to categorize people and assign meaning to those categories Social construction of race makes reference to the outcomes of systematic distribution of these rewards, privileges, and sanctions across the populations through time have produced and reproduced social hierarchies that reflect our racial categorizations. Intersectional theories argue that race and gender (as well as other salient social identities) are intertwined and inseparable, and neither can be fully comprehended on its own. phenotypical traits are physical traits such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features typically used to characterize people into racial groups. “one-drop rule”. The rules for defining the boundaries between races within the United States are also inconsistent. Pan-ethnicity represents regional groups that are placed into a large category. A matrix describes the surrounding environment in which something (values, cells, humans, etc.) originates, develops and grows. The concept of a matrix captures the basic sociological understanding that contexts, social, cultural, economic, historical or otherwise, matter. A social institution is a patterned and structured set of roles and behaviors centered on the performance of important social tasks within any given society. Racial frames are the ideological justifications, processes, procedures and institutions that define and structure society. It represents a “comprehensive orienting structure or took kit by which dominate racial groups and others are understood, interpreted and act within social settings. Stock stories are the tales told by the dominant group” but often embraced by those whose oppression they reinforce. They inform and organize the practices of social institutions and are encoded in law, public policy, public space, history, and culture. The white racial frame shapes stock stories. Concealed stories consist of the data and voices that stock stories ignore and often convey a very different understanding of identity and inequity. Resistance stories are narratives that directly challenge stock stories are resistance stories. They speak of defying domination and actively struggling for racial justice and social change. Transforming stories are narratives that demonstrate how change and social justice comes about. Once we examine concealed and resistance stories, we can use them to write transforming stories that guide our actions as we work towards a more just society. Colorblindness is the view that one does not see race or ethnicity, only humans. Jim Crow racism are laws and practices originating in the Southern United States that enforced racial segregation. Abstract liberalism are Based on abstract concepts of equal opportunity, rationality, free choice, and individualism, it is argued that discrimination is no longer a problem, and any individual who works hard can succeed Naturalization: reframes ongoing inequality as the result of natural processes, rather than social relations. Segregation is explained as is the result of people’s natural inclination to live near others of the same race. Minimization of racism suggests that we now have a fairly level playing field, everyone has equal opportunities to succeed, and racism is no longer a real problem. Relational aspects of race makes reference to the categories of race are often defined in opposition to each other (for example, to be white means one is not black, Asian, Hispanic or Native American) and where they fall along the continuum of hierarchy. They are also relational in their relationships to other social identities like gender, class, etc. Intersectional theories argue that race and gender (as well as other salient social identities) are intertwined and inseparable, and neither can be fully comprehended on its own. Prejudice is a judgment of an individual or group, often based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, class, and other social identities. Discrimination is the differential allocation of goods, resources and services, and the limitation of access to full participation in society, based on an individual’s membership in a particular social category. Put simply, discrimination is prejudice plus power. Oppression is the systematic devaluing, undermining, marginalizing, and disadvantaging of certain social identity groups in contrast to a privileged norm. Systemic, as it relates to racial oppression, posits that core racist realities are manifested in each of the major institutions of society. Racism is a system of oppression by which those groups with relatively more social power subordinate members of targeted racial groups who have relatively little social power. Formal or overt racism occurs when official rules, codes, or laws of an organization, institution, or society sanction discriminatory practices and behaviors. Informal or Covert racism is subtle in its application, and often ignored or misdiagnosed. It acts informally in that it is assumed to be the natural, legitimate, and normal workings of society and its institutions. Thus, when we discuss learning outcomes we may talk about poor motivation, inadequate schools, or broken homes. We ignore that these are also typically associated with poor black, brown and tan neighborhoods. Microagressions are subtle insults (verbal, nonverbal, and/or visual) directed toward individuals of oppressed social groups, sometimes made unconsciously. Privilege is the flip side of oppression. Privilege is the systemic favoring, valuing, validating, and including of certain social identities over others. White flight is relocations of whites, in response to black civil rights activism, from urban areas to suburbs.  
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