10/18/2018 POS 325
Rationality
Group 1
Group2
Adam smith
kail maix
Max webw
Jeseoh sehwpete
Group 1 is right
Emil Duskheim
“man in the state of nature”
1.Avoid Pain
2. Act with reason
3. Will not self-destruct
the people working in the same place has different goal. Work them
everyone is not stupid. They have them own main.
utility=happiness value
risk=welfare
intelligent
“Bounded Rationality”
Traditiond
Charismatic
Legod-ratuind power
-invest power in office not individual
-temporary
interest group
bureaucrats
politicians
uoters
everyone be come free writer.
10/23/2018
The Role Government
Conservatives Liberal
Individual Famile’s “privet”
Public Group
Public Poling
---To act -------stagey reaction
Standing Decision-- not to act Directed toward existing
Problem
Social Problems
Quality water
Traffic congestions
Education for Children
Enter tolling agenda 1.public agenda
2. institution agenda
10/30/2018
Social Problems
Potting agenda
Public
(Institutional, city commit, State Legisleture, congress, Supreme cometrv
Institutional
1. the intensity of the problem
2. the number of people it affects
3. the degree of Mobil nation
(1. non-human resources)
(2. Human resouces)
4. the degree of affects am office
5. How postilical are the people talking about it?
6. Wealth vs. pool
The General Systems Model
Inputs-------------Institrtsional agenda ( Government )-----------------outputs
Demands
laws polices
Feedback
11/1/2018
the not-in-my back you’re of problem
1. survey/incentives
2. Law eminent domain
1. Social problems in a community can originate from anywhere
2. Not all social problems will make it to the agenda
3. The nature of problem will determine the types of people that problem will attract
(if a problem affects you, you will more likely to act)
Symbols in police discussions
Types of Policies
Level of conflict
1. Distributive low
2. Re-distributive high
3. Registry medium \
Models of Agenda Building
1. The outside Initiative Model
2. The inside initiative model
3. The mobilization model
11/6/2018
Intriduction
agenda setting
45%
poling Formulation
poling implementation
poling evaluation
55%
summary
Referenced
AGENDA
Name:
University: ASU
Course code: POS 325
Instructor: Nicholas Alozie
Due date: 4/27/2018
INTRODUCTION
An agenda is a very integral part of the society we live in today. It is vital that a programme
should be of good nature and communicate the wants of the entire community. It should always
be aimed at achieving an individual's happiness and ensure that one person's actions don't impact
negatively on another individual. The satisfaction of an individual as they try to obtain their
goals should bring about joy to the entire society. Public policy should be designed in such a way
that it is enticing and seeks mobilization and support of the community as the whole. For the
public strategy to be successful, it has to go through a series of stages. These stages include;
•
Agenda setting
•
Policy development.
•
Policy implementation.
•
Policy evaluation
The four stages are aimed at ensuring that the needs of the entire society are catered for, and
evaluation is conducted to ensure that the goals of the project have been realized.
Agenda Setting
Agenda setting is the act of prioritizing various issues which an individual or firm considers to be
more critical than others and which require being addressed. It is to a great extent affected by the
media, technological advancements and political forces.
About problems experienced by the public, agenda setting has an enormous impact. The public
experience numerous challenges which include; illiteracy, drug abuse among youths, diseases,
discrimination, high levels of crime, the absence of social amenities and general moral
decadence among the society. Various individuals hold different views on what they consider of
more importance than the other based on the challenges they intend to be solved. It is therefore
essential that a close evaluation of challenges faced by the society are considered before agendas
are set.
Public problems may sometimes not get to the government due to various factors. They include;
ignorance, propaganda, misleading religion and cultures, remoteness of some regions, and
misrepresentation. Some of these areas lack the necessary representation required to air their
problems to the government. Some societies hold on so tight to their cultures that they prefer to
languish in their troubles in silence. Ignorance and propaganda also affect individuals from airing
their problems out for assistance by the government. Some of the policy makers entrusted by the
society may tend to be malicious and opportunistic tending to extort those who assigned them to
represent them in policy making in the government. This would, in turn, lead to the suffering of
the ordinary society as the policy makers enrich themselves.
The kind of agenda an individual chooses is to a great extent affected the challenges they intend
to resolve. These agendas may be based on; social, political, environmental, ecological or even
technological factors. These factors can significantly have an enormous impact on the type of
agenda one chooses to use. In the setting of the agenda, an individual has to select a format. The
format can either be; formal or informal; prioritized or timed. An agenda can either be an
institutional or a public agenda based on the context for which it is formulated.
In policy arguments, there are various tools used to achieve a set goal. These tools are mainly
based on the individual's ability to communicate effectively and relay his/her message. Though
the message may be very crucial, it is essential that it is efficiently conveyed to portray the
intended message. An individual should have excellent communication ability, he/she should
also have facts. The arguments are mainly resolved by one having substantial and credible
effects that they can support. The power bestowed on an individual may also be an essential tool
that may significantly affect an argument.
There are three basic agenda building models which include; outside initiation model, inside
initiation model, and mobilization model. All the above models have a vital role in the setting of
agendas. They all contribute significantly to achieve a common goal for the benefit of the public.
The mobilization model is mainly focused on bringing different groups together and accessing
their wants in the society. The outside population is primarily focused on the entire community
while the inside limitation model is only focused on a targeted group of the entire population.
Various people contribute to the agenda building. They involve all stakeholders affected either
directly or indirectly by the public problems. These stakeholders include; the government,
citizens, and other affected parties. They all contribute to agenda setting to resolve these issues
facing the citizens. Interest groups and the courts also have significant effects on the agendasetting process and taking into account that various rules and regulations are not contravened.
Predicting who will participate in agenda building is a complicated process. It places much
emphasis on the relationship between policymakers and the society. In democratic societies,
people choose representatives who represent them in making policies and safeguarding their
interests. All discussions warrant that politicians be elected to act as representatives of the
community as a whole.
Agenda building is one of the vital processes in policymaking. This is because it entails selecting
of policymakers who represent the interest of the general society. It also ensures that the
individuals elected to these positions are members of the more significant social and are well
aware of the numerous challenges faced by their communities. This enables them to remain
objective in their evaluation of specific situations and will allow them to make firm decisions
which are of benefit to their communities. These policymakers are entitled to set agendas and
also discuss them and even formulate practical ways in which these policies touch on their
communities and act accordingly.
Mobilization is achieved by creating awareness to the people. Once an individual has sufficient
information on an agenda affecting a local community and which they need to discuss, it is
necessary that they mobilize individuals. In this, it entails holding mass campaigns alerting
people to a meeting. It can also be done through the media where people are quickly informed on
a specific agenda an individual has and which needs to be addressed. By so doing people will
have been mobilized, and this will help to a great extent to solve the problems faced by the
public. Effective mobilization is mainly based on three pillars;
•
Problem definition.
•
Convincing power of the individual.
•
Power of communication of an individual employing dominant language and symbols to
relay the message.
Policy formulation
Policy formulation is the making of necessary and substantial courses of action aimed at tackling
issues formulated in an agenda and thus enables one achieve their intended objective. Policy
formulation differs from agenda setting in a sense that; it is more designed in finding solutions to
a problem while agenda setting is merely based on identifying a question based on what issue is
most common among individuals and what is mostly dealt with by the media.
Every individual takes part in policy formulation directly or indirectly. To be more specific,
lawmakers elected by the citizens in democratic societies must form these policies. Their
decision is, however, significantly affected by the wants of their communities and activists who
act in the best interest of the ordinary citizen. The politicians (members of parliament and
Senate) are at liberty to come up with proposals based on what they think would be best for the
nation and especially the community they represent.
Just like in any other problem-solving approach, it is necessary to access the situation on hand.
This will enable one to remain objective to the solving of the agenda. In policy formulation
based on a particular plan, it is indispensable that the underlying problem is understood and the
proposed solutions will be objective and will solve the problem.
Policy entrepreneurs are individuals with a high standing in the society who invest their
resources, money, energy and even reputation to promote a policymaker from getting in a
position in return for future gains. They use their influence to utilize specific opportunities for
their selfish interests. They compromise the problem definition process by converting the
interests of the general society for their selfish gain. They affect the whole process of problem
definition by denying the policymaker free will to make the decision but ensure that the choices
they make are in the best interest of the policy entrepreneur rather than the citizens.
A top-down policy formulation model is one where the power to make decisions lies on the
policymakers at the top regarding control, and then these policies formulated are imposed on the
ordinary citizens. On the other hand, a bottom-up approach is one that the ability to make
decisions lies on the sides of the local citizens who propose their agendas and who are therefore
dealt with accordingly and converted to a law based on a majority rule. A top-down approach is
mainly dictatorial since it regards imposing rules on people while a bottom down approach is a
democratic one since it ensures the common citizen issues are dealt with accordingly.
The rational, comprehensive model and the incremental model are technically mutually exclusive
and different from each other. One of the technical difference is that the logical model is not
biased and tends to engage the whole society as a whole while the incremental model tends to
focus on a sample social grouping and policies are formulated in pluralist approach. In a
progressive model, the majority rule applies, and it is more focused on creating awareness while
the rational, comprehensive model is based in tackling all issues of society and every sacrificed
value is replaced with another; it is aimed at achieving efficiency.
Strengths and weaknesses
The rational, comprehensive model is fundamental since it ensures that only the best option in
solving a problem is selected based on highest returns. This is because it determines the net
profit by comparing the costs and benefits.
Its weakness is that it is costly to use and it also requires a lot of time to be used.
The incremental model is fundamental since it focuses on the sampling of a group of individuals
who make decisions for the society as a whole. It is cheap and time-saving since it only deals
with a small group of individuals as compared to the rational, comprehensive model.
Its main weakness is that it may be weak since it does not emphasize on the welfare of the whole
society but deals with a sample of the community.
A target population model is one that focuses on a particular grouping in the society while a
comprehensive model is one that focuses on the entire community. A target population model
approach in policy formulation; deals with proposing solutions to deal with certain agendas in a
particular grouping in the society and disregards the entire society as a whole. A comprehensive
approach is a more integrating approach based on making decisions about the welfare of the
whole community as a whole. The difference in the two methods are mainly based on the
population integrated into policy formulation.
Street level bureaucracies are states ore organizations that emphasize public support in policy
formulation. They ensure that there is direct contact between the general public and the civil
servants. Street-level bureaucrats are those individuals who communicate with the public either
directly or indirectly (phone or internet). They should exercise discretion when dealing with the
public and also ensure that their decisions are accountable. Street level bureaucracies invest
heavily in public satisfaction and are very important in policy formulation taking into
consideration the general public perception.
Street-level bureaucrats heavily base their decisions on the general public perception. In the
forming of policies, they conduct in-depth research to determine the attitude of the public on the
various issues they require to deal with. They then go ahead to formulate solutions to the
different set agendas taking into consideration the needs of the society.
Policy implementation
This is a very crucial stage of an agenda; it involves taking action concerning accepted causes of
action in the policy formulation stage. It is a problem-solving stage where necessarily recognized
causes of action are actualized and thus dealing with the problems facing the general public. It
involves the various stakeholders coming together to achieve a common goal.
Policy implementation process is different from agenda setting and policy formulation in the
sense that it is an actualization process. It entails putting into a place set policies that are aimed
to resolve a problem. On the other hand agenda setting is a problem identification process which
focuses on the most common challenges faced by the public and which are mostly targeted by
the media. Policy formulation is the primary process leading to policy implementation. The two
are typically different in the sense that policy formulation is a process involved in coming up
with solutions to challenges while policy implementation is a process involved in implementing
these robust accepted solutions.
A self-executing model is one which can be converted to a law immediately without necessarily
having to undergo through legislative enactment. It is not provided for in a constitution, and
there is technically no proof to imply that it warrants legislative enactment. It is therefore made
operational by the executives. Constitutional provisions, on the other hand, require that a bill is
passed by parliament and decided by the majority rule. Nonself-executing policies are primarily
provided for in the constitution, and their implementation is based upon being adopted by the
government to become law.
The policy implementation process is a complex one and thus requires that various stakeholders
are involved. The administration agencies have a prominent role to play in the policy
implementation process. This is because they are the key players and have a duty to ensure that
they implement the set agendas' solutions effectively. The legislature also plays a vital role in the
policy formulation and implementation. They influence how the implementation of a policy is
carried out since it has to conform to set rules. The judiciary bears a responsibility to ensure that
implementation of a system is done efficiently and that it is by the requirements stipulated in the
constitution. The executive arm of the government also bears a significant influence on the
policy implementation process. The executives may tend to use their power to influence
individual implementation processes so that they can conform to their set objectives. Pressure
groups and activists also bear some ability to change various implementation processes that may
fail to conform to their beliefs and which may not be for the best interest of the entire society.
They may achieve this by using the court as a tool to secure permission to stop various
implementation processes until they are readdressed and are in the best interest of the whole
society. The community also may bear an influence on the implementation process. They seek
involvement in the process and also ensure that the implementation of the policies is of minimal
harm.
It is necessary to determine who is liable for participating in the policy implementation process.
To achieve this, it is essential to formulate specific questions to aid one in deciding who takes
place. It is necessary to define the problem at hand and determine the target group to benefit
from the implementation. It is also vital that the pros and cons associated with the
implementation of a particular project are determined. By so doing one will able to determine
who will be involved in the project. The targeted group should always be crucial in the project,
and a high degree of caution should be exercised to ensure that the rights of the surrounding
communities are not hindered. By determining nature of a problem and its implications to the
general public, it will, therefore, be possible to decide on who should be involved in the policy
implementation process.
After a law has been formed by the legislature and signed by the president, it then follows a
process of implementation. In this process, various administrative agencies are entitled to
implement it. In so doing multiple bureaucratic agencies have a crucial role to play. They
oversee the implementation process and also ensure that the process conforms with set out rules
and regulations. This is one of their functions; they ensure that all stipulated guidelines in
enactment are adhered to and that the administrative agencies remain objective in their activities.
It is therefore essential that the various regulatory agencies conduct the implementation process
under their jurisdiction.
Law is crafted in intricate legal language, and this is mainly aimed at doing away with the aspect
of ambiguity. The statutory language is set for use in the court only, and it makes use of
numerous complicated words, they have also redefined specific terms to fit a court setting. These
complicated words are meant to ensure that the technicality of an issue is seen objectively in a
clear perspective and hence giving the lawyer an opportunity to argue out his/her case based on
these technicalities. The complicated legal language ensures that formality is maintained and that
the court gets a clear definition free of ambiguity in the set argument and hence aiding them
greatly in making decisions.
Rule-making is mainly a process of policy formulation; it is aimed at passing a bill to become
law. It is a role of the legislative arm of the government. Based on facts of a situation and intent
to solve current and future problems, the legislature has a position to propose a bill in parliament.
It is then discussed in a series of stages, and it is passed to become law based on a majority rule
among legislatures. The enacted legislation is then taken to the executive (president) for signing
after which it is declared as law and which takes effect immediately. It is a vital process in policy
implementation since the legislatures have a role to ensure that the policies they passed are
enacted. By this, they provide that they have adequately offered guidelines on how a specific
issue is to be handled and also how particular challenges that may occur are foreseen and thus
corrective action is taken to avoid some of these challenges.
In policy implementation, specific questions are formulated and which require being addressed.
These questions form an integral part of the implementation process and are very crucial to
ensuring that the policy being dealt with is set to a common goal. The subjects include;
• What is the problem at hand?
• What are the steps involved in implementation?
• What are the resources required for the implementation?
• Who are the affected groups in the implementation process?
• What are the implications of this implementation process to the society?
• What are the impacts of the implementation of the set solutions to the environment and other
stakeholders?
An evaluation of the questions formulated before the implementation process begins is very
necessary. This ensures that the process has been successful and has yielded the desired
objectives. After the implementation process, it is essential to countercheck if these issues have
been adequately dealt with. In so doing it is crucial to evaluate the implemented solutions and
compare them with the society's objective. It may be necessary that research is carried out to
determine the perception of the general public on set programs. Implications on the community
are then taken into consideration based on research and in so doing, an individual ensures that
the implementation process has achieved its set objectives and has turned to be beneficial to the
society as a whole.
Management by objectives is an approach which is used by decision makers, and it entails
formulation the various purposes of their respective institutions and working towards realizing
these objectives. It is a very vital process since it ensures that managers remain objective to their
set goals with a purpose to achieve their set goals. A decision tree, on the other hand, is a very
instrumental tool that ensures that the best alternative to a particular problem is selected. It is
designed for evaluating the various decisions and their outcomes in a specific situation and
working objectively to solve the multiple issues. The critical path method is one which is aimed
at optimizing numerous conditions and ensuring that the best outcomes from a situation are
obtained. It entails a closer analysis and evaluation to ensure that the set objectives are attained
and that the implementation process is beneficial to the society.
There are various stakeholders to the policy implementation process. They all affect how the
implementation process is conducted ensuring that it is objective and that it conforms to specific
regulations and jurisdictions. Among these stakeholders is the legislature; it is tasked with the
role of forming rules, regulations and also policies designed to solve problems in the society. It
also conducts oversight over these issues and ensures that the primary goal of the citizens is
attained. The executive is also one of the stakeholders in the implementation process and is
tasked with the obligation of passing bills to laws and also conducting oversight of the various
projects. It also has an impact on these projects and is capable of influencing specific processes
to conform to their own beliefs.
Other stakeholders in the policy implementation policies are; the court and interest groups. The
court is set with an obligation to determine the jurisdiction upon which policy administrators
operate. They also establish the rules and regulations which govern the operation of the
implementation process. They ensure that all activities are by rules stipulated in the constitution,
they also deal with the different controversy that may arise in this process. Interest groups are
groups which have a general cause and which they ensure that it is not hindered. It is therefore
essential that during implementation, their interests are put into consideration to ensure that the
implemented programs are acceptable and beneficial to everyone in their society. It may also be
important that added measures are taken in place to address their issues.
Policy evaluation
This is a process which involves the counterchecking of the implemented projects. It mainly
entails evaluating what the project requires, the policy formulation, implementation, and the
implications brought about by the project to the society and various stakeholders. It significantly
differs from other processes in that; it is involved in the checking of how useful a project has
been while the previous methods are problem-solving aimed at ensuring that particular problems
faced by the public are dealt with. Agenda setting, policy formulation, and policy
implementation are all processes which are based on evaluation and which require a lot of
knowledge to make decisions taking into consideration the best interests of the society. On the
other hand, policy evaluation is a crucial but straightforward process aimed at analyzing the
already set processes and how they impact to the community.
Policy evaluation is a very crucial step in the policy process; this is because it ensures that there
is a follow-up on the set policies. The impact of the systems is determined by the society. It is
mainly aimed at finding the pros and cons brought about by implementing a particular process.
It is an essential process since it ensures the objective of the project has been achieved. It also
provides that challenges brought about by the project are efficiently dealt with, and the common
goal of the society is achieved. The process is mainly based on research making use of tools such
as questionnaires, interviews, and observation. The above means aid the researcher to capture the
different perspectives people may have on the project and also the implications it has brought
about in their life.
There are various types of the evaluation conducted towards a program. They are different from
when they are used, their set objective, and also in how they are performed. Among the most
common types of evaluation types include;
• Formative evaluation
• Process implementation
• Outcome evaluation
• Impact evaluation.
Formative evaluation is conducted even before a project is completed. It is aimed at ensuring that
a specific program is a viable way before it is finished. It avoids complications which would
arise if left to be completed then determined not to be feasible. A process evaluation is one which
tends to focus if the program has been undertaken as stipulated in the rules and regulations and
as intended. An outcome evaluation is one that focuses on the targeted population determining if
the set objectives are achieved. It is aimed at having set targets and working to meet the
established objectives in resolving problems in the society. Impact evaluation, on the other hand,
is one who evaluates the final ultimate goals of an institution and ensuring that these goals are
met and that the program is effective. Therefore, all the above evaluation methods are typically
different from each other each taking into consideration a different desired objective.
There are different targets and objectives individuals and firms set designed to achieve different
goals. The urgency and the vitality of the intentions lead to the distinguishing the aimed goals
into three. The three include; primary goal, a secondary goal, and tertiary goal.
The primary goal is the fundamental purpose an individual conducts a various project. It is the
underlying purpose of doing a particular project. It majorly contributes to the intended target an
individual has and prioritizes in the plan. For all other goals to be achieved the primary goal has
first to be fulfilled. The secondary objective is second concerning an individual's priorities. It is
mostly an obligation an individual has to the surrounding and the society and which they intend
to achieve in the project. A tertiary goal is third regarding priorities and I this the individual is
not so much concerned whether to make it or not. His sole objective is to ensure that both the
primary and secondary objectives are achieved. The project would still be successful even if the
tertiary goal was not met but it would have failed even if all the other goals are realized, and the
primary goal is not achieved.
Primary goals are the primary reasons that a project was undertaken in the first place. These
fundamental goals form the foundation of the whole project. It is therefore essential that an
evaluation is conducted to determine if the objective of doing the entire project has been
achieved or not. Failure of realization of the primary target would imply that the project has lost
its course and purpose it was intended. Such failure would hence suggest that the plan has failed.
It is therefore that closer evaluation is conducted basing research on the primary goals to ensure
that the purpose is not lost. Secondary objectives and tertiary objectives are mainly based on
execution of the primary goal. When a policy is based on the fundamental goals, it ensures that
the society can benefit from these project since it is directly based and aimed to solve the specific
challenges that they are encountering.
Success is a crucial part of a policy evaluation program. One is said to have succeeded if he/she
attains the desired goals and is generally at the position they intended to be. It is therefore crucial
that a project should succeed in achieving its set goals. The primary objectives are first in the
priority. It is vital for an individual to ensure that they meet the primary goal. In conducting of
programs aimed at solving problems encountered by the public, it is essential that the primary
purpose of the program is the societal needs. It is crucial that the challenges faced by the society
are first addressed before dealing with other issues that may arise. The secondary goal may also
define success since it emphasizes on duty of caring for others. It would be inappropriate to be
egocentric and irrational in conducting a project disregarding other people and groups who may
be affected directly or indirectly by the program. As a second priority, it would be essential to
consider the secondary goals of the program. Tertiary goals do not define success but are an
additional advantage to an application. A program that incorporates the three would be seen by
many as a very effective one as compared to one that only focuses on primary and secondary
objectives.
Bureaucratic agencies mainly the executive have a very significant impact on the policy
evaluation process. They have the power to influence the evaluation process. Through such high
power, it is possible for these agencies to manipulate the society to think that the project is in
their best interest while in a real sense it is not. This manipulation can occur through corruption,
or even spreading of propaganda among individuals. By so doing they might change the
perception of the general public to the real intention of their actions where their objectives may
appear as the primary objectives while that of the society is disregarded and being a secondary
objective.
The legislature is tasked with a role of evaluating whether the set rules have been followed and if
the administrative agencies have operated within its jurisdiction. The government may demand a
report on the evaluation of the program and hence ensure that every part of the set agendas is
adequately dealt with. This provides that the program has in its course remained objective in
dealing with the primary goals of the society. The legislature also holds accountable an
administrative agency upon failure of the program.
The courts have a very crucial role in the policy evaluation process. The judiciary should
evaluate specific guidelines and ensure that due procedures have been followed to the letter and
hence achieving the set objectives. The court ensures that the administrative agency has operated
within the set jurisdiction and also ensure that the obligations stated in a contract are met. Failure
of specific rules to be followed may result in necessary action being taken upon the
individual/firm that fails to conform to set out rules and regulations.
In the recent past, interest groups are gaining more fame and are now having an enormous
impact on policy formation, implementation, and evaluation. This is because some individuals
have teamed up to form organizations that speak up against different evils being conducted in the
society. It is therefore vital that in the evaluation of a program and determination if it is
successful or not, is performed taking into consideration of the various conventional goals of
these interest groups.
Policies that are found not to be objective should be discontinued. This is very necessary for the
process evaluation stage since the further continuation of such systems would not only bring
about further loses but also could be detrimental to the surrounding community. Some of these
policies could be inclined to safeguard interests of only specific individuals in the society
disregarding the society as a whole. When discovered, such systems should be ceased from being
operational. The implications of terminating such policies are however enormous both to the
economy and to the society but are in the long run aimed for the greater good. The effects of
discontinuation of such projects could include; Massive losses experienced by a nation, laying
off employees and also affect some of the individuals in the community who might be benefiting
in these policies. It is, therefore, necessary that closer inspection and evaluation is carried out
way before a project begins and in the course of the project. This will ensure that it remains
objective to its purpose and avoid future losses. It would also be vital that before a policy is
carried out, it should involve the public and interest groups participation and thus ensure that it is
objective and that it does not contravene the people's expectations.
It is essential that public policy is evaluated in different ways to ensure that it is in the best
interests of the society. In the evaluation, specific factors are considered; how effective, efficient,
adequate and also the extent to which it puts equity into place. Efficiency is mainly seen as the
way in which resources are used to produce quality or an effect. It is essential that evaluation is
taken place to ensure that the public policy is effective in attaining its intended purpose.
Effectiveness is a way in which a project can produce the intended results. It is vital that the
efficiency of a project is determined way before completion of a project and also ensure that the
style operations are carried out conform to the intended purpose and aimed at producing required
results.
Another tool which is vital to the evaluation stage includes adequacy. It is vital that the project
used is adequate both in catering for the interests of the general community and also the interest
groups. Adequate information should also be gathered to ensure that there is cohesiveness in the
way the operations of the project are carried out. Any policy that is undertaken should always
have an element of equity. It should not tend to favor only part of the society at the expense of
the rest of the community. It should ensure that all individuals in the society benefit from these
policies.
There are questions which are asked at the evaluation stage. They are aimed at ensuring that the
project has achieved its intended objective. These questions include;
•
What is the problem which has been resolved?
•
What is the importance of the project towards the local targeted society?
•
Who are the stakeholders involved in the project?
•
What has been resolved by the project?
•
What remains unresolved in the project?
These questions are essential in the evaluation stage since they compare the intended objectives
to the actual results. They enable one to determine if the expected results are achieved and hence
ensure that the project conducted was in the best interest of the society and not specific
individuals in the community.
CONCLUSION
A public policy development program is very essential, and it should always aim at safeguarding
interests of the community. Agendas should be set with taking into consideration the primary
wants of the society. Policies set to resolve challenges encountered by the public should be
designed in such a way that they are useful and for the more significant benefit of the society.
The implementation process is a complex yet very vital. It involves taking specific measures that
are aimed for the greater benefit of the society. It should be carried out exercising great caution
and ensuring that the primary goals are first achieved even before the secondary and tertiary
goals are met. After the whole project has been undertaken, it is essential that it is evaluated to
ensure that it conforms to the wants of the society. Programs found not to achieve their intended
purpose should be done away with or readjusted to cater for the interests of the entire
community. This is in accordance to Adam Smith who believes that actions of a single individual
may benefit a lot of other individuals in the society and that one person's utility should not
impact negatively on another individual's utility.
REFERENCE
Ahmed Bagigah (5th July 2011) Invincible hands in economics
Retrieved 4/22/208 from: https://edlab.tc.columbia.edu/blog/6039-Invisible-Hand-andEconomics
Retrieved 4/22/208 from: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda-setting_theoryipedia,Agendasetting-Theory
Dearing, J.,& Everett M. R. (1996). Agenda-Setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications,
Inc.
Chidinma Elueze, 2014, “What is the Role of The Society in Policy Formulation and
Implementation?
Retrieved 4/22/2018 from:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_role_of_civil_society_in_policy_formulation_an
d_implementation/amp
Political pipeline, 2013, Top-down and Bottom-up Approaches within Implementation
https://politicalpipeline.wordpress.com/2013/02/21/top-down-and-bottom-up-approaches-withinimplementation/
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