Biological Basis of MemoryFor years, researchers have tried to identify the biological basis of memory. This basis might take many forms, such as the model we will discuss this week, but the physical trace of the memory has become known as the engram. While it is likely that there are multiple ways in which memory is stored, the current model for the formation of new memories is Long-Term Potentiation. This model was described by Donald Hebb, who summarized it in 1949 by saying “Neurons that fire together, wire together.” This model suggests that when neurons are typically activated at the same time, the connection between those cells is strengthened. In the terms we have described earlier in our class, the postsynaptic cell becomes more responsive to the neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell. Nearly 20 years after Hebb’s quote, the process of LTP was actually observed in the hippocampus. Today, this model is the basis for our understanding of how new memories are formed. A more recent, and less well-understood process is long-term depression, in which the connections between two cells are actively weakened.For this Discussion, you will explore this LTP model including the neurotransmitters and receptors involved. You will consider what activates each receptor and what changes within the receptor when it is activated.Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the Post to Discussion Question link, and then select Create Thread to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts—and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit. To prepare:Review this week’s Learning Resources about Long-Term Potentiation.Use the Walden Library to locate at least two empirical articles that help to explain how LTP is beneficial to daily life.Post a response to the following:Explain Long-Term Potentiation in your own words.Include a description of the receptor involved in LTP and what happens when it is stimulated by its ligand.Explain the changes that happen in both the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell as part of the LTP process. Briefly summarize the articles you found in the library that support how LTP is beneficial in your daily life. Include full APA references for your articles.Support your posting with specific references from literature in the Walden Library and Learning Resources. Learning ResourcesRequired ReadingsBreedlove, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2019). Behavioral neuroscience (9th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Chapter 17, “Learning and Memory”Carey, B. (2008, December 5). H. M., whose loss of memory made him unforgettable, dies. The New York Times.Hannula, D. E., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2016). Hippocampal interactions with brain networks that influence learning & memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 134 Pt A, 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.018Milner, B. (n.d.). Reflections on the field of brain and memory: A tribute to HM. NARSAD Research Quarterly, 24–25. doi:10.1037/e546432011-008Watson, D. J., Ostroff, L., Cao, G., Parker, P. H., Smith, H., & Harris, K. M. (2016). LTP enhances synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus. Hippocampus, 26(5), 560–576. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/h...LTP enhances synaptogenesis in the developing hippocampus by Watson, D.J., Ostroff, L., Cao, G., Parker, P.H., Smith, H., & Harris, K.M, in Hippocampus, Vol. 26/Issue 5. Copyright 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. via the Copyright Clearance Center.Required MediaDoolittle, P. (2013, June). Peter Doolittle: How your “working memory” makes sense of the world [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/peter_doolittle_how_your...Note: The length of this media is approximately 9 minutes.Fogel, B. (Producer). (2015, July 10). Forget-me-not: How prions maintain memory [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/forget-me-n...Note: The length of this media is approximately 12 minutes.Kean, S. (2014, August). Sam Kean: What happens when you remove the hippocampus? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/sam_kean_what_happens_wh...Note: The length of this media is approximately 5 minutes.Loftus, E. (2013, June). Elizabeth Loftus: How reliable is your memory? [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_loftus_the_fic...Note: The length of this media is approximately 18 minutes.Yue, C. (n.d.). Long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity. Retrieved May 2, 2019, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-med...Note: The length of this media is approximately 3 minutes.Sinauer Associates, Inc. (Producer). (n.d.). AMPA and NMDA receptors. Available from https://oup-arc.com/access/breedlove9e-student-res... Animation 17.2 with your textbookNote: The length of this media is approximately 3 minutes.

Finalize and submit Project 3: Final Reflection. Please note that Project 3 is due on the final day of the term. To complete this assignment, review the Project 3: Final Reflection Guidelines and Rubric document.In the last learning block, we looked at recent social scientific findings all having to do with the environment. Using a variety of examples, you hypothesized about the impact of these findings on individuals and on groups. We will now take this analysis a step further and think about the impact on larger societies and even on future generations.In this learning block, you will watch a video in which Professor Neil Ward (2015) discusses why social science is important. He gives an example of the research he engaged in while he was the department chair of the social sciences. He conducted research to better understand the delivery of subsidies given to farmers and proposed a method of subsidy delivery that rewarded farmers for participation in various pro-environmental practices and other practices that would increase public goods. He stated that although the change was beneficial to the farmer (the individual), it was also beneficial to the larger society. Yes, the farmers get more money in their pockets, but they are also producing more public goods. You can see how the findings that Ward discusses can be applied to the individual (the farmer who receives the government subsidy), the group (the local government group that now has to put the theory into action), the larger society (farmers are now increasing public goods), and the global community (farmers are engaging in more environmentally friendly practices). This is just one of the many examples of the different levels involved in social scientific discovery.Now, take a moment to think about the findings discussed in the previous learning block. You have already described the impact of the findings on the individual and group, and now it is time to think about the larger impact of these findings. How might the Inuit needing to leave their land and change traditions impact future Inuit generations? How could learning about disaster relief disparities in the United States impact disaster relief efforts in other parts of the world? Why would understanding an individual’s motivation for making environmentally friendly choices be important for the future of the environment? As before, some of these connections may seem obvious, while some are more challenging. In order to think like a social scientist, it is important to understand how new discoveries can impact our lives and the lives of everyone around us. Social scientists use the results of their inquiry to help bring about change and add to the advancement of society. If nothing was done with the results from social scientific inquiry, there would be little point in continuing to ask questions! Take a moment to think about some of the findings you have learned so far in the course and how these findings might be used for the betterment of society.

400-600 word thread answering the Discussion Board question assigned from the readings. Threads require a minimum of 3 properly formatted citations. Topic: Transparency and equity in police leadershipWhat is transparency in leadership?Why is it important?How does it relate to equitable treatment?What can police leaders do to increase their levels of transparency?What can community leaders do to hold law enforcement more accountable with increasing tension between the two?250–400-word reply to 2 classmate’s threads. Each reply requires a minimum of 1 properly formatted citation. Each reply must be completed by you, the individual student. Additionally, each thread and reply must reflect a solid Christian Worldview through the use of at least 1 Holy Bible reference.Responding to a classmate’s thread requires both the addition of new ideas and analysis. A particular point made by the classmate must be addressed and built upon by your analysis in order to move the conversation forward. Thus, the reply is a rigorous assignment that requires you to build upon the thread to develop deeper and more thorough discussion of the ideas introduced. As such, replies that merely affirm, restate, or unprofessionally quarrel with the previous thread(s) and fail to make a valuable, substantive contribution to the discussion will receive appropriate point deductions