1.  Write a brief explanation of what happened to the coin before and after you removed the index card in Part 1 in terms of forces and Newton’s laws. Answer: When the coin is resting on the top of a beaker on an index card, it is not moving. There is a static friction between the coin and the index card. When I exerted force on the card and caused the card to move, the coin fell in to the cup. If this situation was to be explained using Newton's laws,Newton's first law of motion says that an object will remain at rest when the net force is zero. The fact that the coin stayed still on the card was because the net force was zero or balance. This is because the card is exerting the same magnitude but opposite direction force on the coin as the coin is exerting on it and so those two forces cancel out each other. The coin and the card exert force on each other because, for every reaction ( weight of the coin) there is an opposite but equal reaction (the force the card exerts to support the coin).  But when force was exerted on the card, the net force was no longer zero and so the object moved. The coin fell to the glass and the card moved away in the direction the force was exerted.  The coin accelerated downward because it's weight was no longer supported by the card and it caused it to accelerate downward to the bottom of the glass. (5 points) Score 2.  Based on your observations of the spring scale in Part 2, describe all the forces acting on an elevator as it moves from rest upward and stops at its floor. Answer: When the elevator moves up ward from rest, there is applied force by the strings that causes it to accelerate. But the applied force has to be greater than the force of gravity for it to accelerate upwards.  If there are passengers in the elevator then their weight is applied towards the floor of the elevator and the elevator force also exerts a normal force on the passenger. When the elevator is accelerating upward the weight of the passengers appears to be greater than the real weight. When the elevator is coming to a rest at a floor, then it begins to decelerate and acceleration is less than the acceleration due to gravity. The weight of the passenger here appears to be less than the real weight.  (8 points) Score 3.  Use your data from Part 3 and Newton’s laws to explain why the force meter measures a force if the cart is moving at a constant velocity. You should cover the following points. ·  State Newton’s first law. ·  Identify the forces acting on the cart. ·  Describe the relationships between applied force and mass and between applied force and weight as linear (from data or mathematical derivation by applying Newton’s first law). ·  Explain why the data are linear in terms of Newton’s first law. ·  Graph F versus mass + cart. Answer: Newton's first law of motion says that an object at rest will remain at rest if the net force acting on it is zero and an  object in motion will continue to move in a constant velocity if the net force acting on it is zero. The cart was moving at a constant velocity but still I got a value different from zero when I measured it with the force meter. This is because I was measuring the applied force only but if I calculated the net force by subtracting or adding other forces acting on the cart, I would probably get a zero net force. Forces acting on the cart were the applied force I was measuring, friction in opposite direction of the applied force, the weight of the cart on the table and the table's force on the cart that was in opposite direction called normal force. This force is equal to the weight of the cart.  Mass (g) Mass + Cart (g) Mass + Cart (kg) Weight (N) Force (N) 100 151 0.15 1.47 0.15 200 251 0.25 2.45 0.25 300 351 0.35 3.43 0.5 400 451 0.45 4.41 0.75 500 551 0.55 5.39 1 Mass of the cart = 51 grams As more mass was added on the cart, the more applied force need. This means that applied force had a linear relationship with mass as both were increasing together. Also the weight and applied force has linear relationship with the weight of the cart because they were also both increasing together. They are linear because according to Newton's second law of motion mass is proportional with force. PICTURE (8 points) Score 4.  For Part 4, describe the motion of the ball as it moves from the top of the ramp and comes to rest in the cup. Explain how the motion changes in terms of the velocity, distance, acceleration, and force that you measured. Use your data and Newton’s laws to calculate these values and explain the situation. Include the tables you used to calculate average initial velocity and average displacement. Also show your work for your calculations of acceleration and net force. Here are the kinematic equations:PICTURE 4 Answer: when the ball was rolling down the ramp, the force of gravity was acting on it and therefore it was decelerating. Once the ball reached the end, it collided with the cup and moved a few distance and came to stop. The ball had a constant acceleration which means the velocity was not constant. The acceleration of the ball can be calculate using a kinematic formula vf2 = vi2 + 2aΔd. This formula can be modified to a =  vf2 -vi ^2 /  2Δd.   Final velocity was zero and the first velocity was 1 m/s. Moreover the change in displacement was 0.36 meters a =( 0m/s)^2 – (1m/s )^2 / 2* 0.36 a=  -1.4 m/s^2 Time (s) Distance (m) Velocity (m/s) 0.93 1 1.08 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.07 1 0.93 Average velocity (m/s) = 1. 0 m/s ∆d (cm) ∆d (m) Trial 1 34 0.34 Trial 2 36 0.36 Trail 3 36 0.36 Trial 4 38 0.38 Average ∆d(m) = 0.36 m The net force of the collision of the ball with cup can also be calculated using the formula Fnet=  mass x acceleration Fnet = ? a = 1.4 m= 0.67kg Fnet = 0.67kg * 1.4 m/s^2 Fnet = 0.94 N

Select the response that best completes the statement or answers the question.1. Removing which structure would cause this plant to starve? a. A b. B c. C d. D2. If a tree has 16 chromosomes in the gametophyte stage, how many chromosomes does it have in the sporophyte stage? a. 4 b. 8 c. 16 d. 323. Which is the latest characteristic to appear in the evolutionary divergence of plants from green algae? a. seeds b. flowers c. vascular tissue d. embryo protection4. An annual plant is an anthophyte that completes its life cycle in one year. Which of the following adaptations would you expect to find in an anthophyte with such a short life cycle? a. deep roots b. large leaves c. many flowers d. low growth5. A plant that is characterized by steady vegetative growth the first year after germination, producing seeds early the next spring, and then dying, has which type of life cycle? a. annual b. biennial c. vascular d. perennial6. The mobile reproductive parts of all nonvascular seedless plants are a. rhizoids. b. cones. c. spores. d. epiphytes.7. Identify the correct descriptors of the flowering plants commonly called carrots. a. biennial, eudicot, Anthophyta b. perennial, eudicot, Ginkgophyta c. annual, nonvascular, Bryophyta d. perennial, eudicot, Lycophyta8. Which category of life cycle is a plant that dies back to the junction between stem and root every year, and then regrows every subsequent season to bloom again? a. gametophyte b. haploid c. conifer d. perennial9. Of the five divisions of vascular, seed-bearing plants, how many are gymnosperms? a. two b. three c. four d. five10. Seeds without fruit are produced by plants in Division a. Coniferophyta. b. Lycophyta. c. Anthophyta. d. Pterophyta.11. With regard to the alternation of generations, how are lycophytes, or club mosses, similar to the seed-bearing vascular plants? a. They reproduce by mitosis. b. In both, the sporophyte is dominant. c. In both, the gametophyte is dominant. d. Neither have alternation of generation life cycles.12. The sporophytes of ferns are similar to those of seed-bearing plants in that both a. are independent forms. b. live inside cones. c. are dependent on moisture. d. produce spores.13. A seedless vascular plant’s roots are analogous to which structures in a nonvascular plant? a. cuticles b. sporangia c. stems d. rhizoids14. A stem with tiny leaf-like extensions usually consisting of a layer of cells only one cell thick is characteristic of which division of nonvascular plants? a. bryophytes b. hepaticophytes c. pterophytes d. anthocerophytes15. You are given a nonvascular plant to identify as either a moss or a liverwort. Which characteristic is unique to only one, and can help you identify the plant? a. grows on a log or along a stream b. has unicellular rhizoids c. absorbs and transports water by osmosis d. grows close to the ground16. Which of the following tissues would limit the rate of transpiration the most? a. cuticle b. phloem c. trichomes d. xylem17. An experiment is designed to test the hypothesis that the rate of transpiration will increase with air humidity. According to what you have learned in this course, which of the following would be the most reasonable conclusion of the experiment? a. The hypothesis is correct because high humidity would promote transpiration. b. The hypothesis is incorrect because high humidity would most likely inhibit transpiration. c. The hypothesis is correct because roots are able to absorb more moisture during humid weather. d. The hypothesis is incorrect because there is no relationship between air humidity and transpiration.18. Which of the following hormones does not affect plant growth? a. auxin b. cytokinins c. ethylene d. gibberellins19. Evaluate the common expression, “One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel.” a. The expression is true because all of the apples most likely came from the same tree. b. The expression is false because one apple cannot affect the freshness of another apple. c. The expression is false because cytokinins would protect the cellular integrity of the cells in the other apples. d. The expression is true because a rotting apple gives off ethylene, which would speed the ripening of the other apples.20. The stems of a plant growing out of the side of a cliff will grow upward due to a. gravitropism. b. photoperiodism. c. phototropism. d. thigmotropism.21. Changes in the shapes of guard cells result in the opening and closing of stomata. Which of the following ideas would most likely explain how a guard cell can change its shape? a. Heat causes the guard cell to expand or contract. b. Water moving into and out of the guard cell causes it to swell or shrink. c. The cuticle around the guard cell thickens when auxin binds with the cell’s hormone receptors. d. Sugar crystals in the walls of the guard cells can move from a pentagonal shape to a hexagonal shape.22. A scientist has invented a plant fertilizer that promotes the growth of collenchyma cells. What would be the most appropriate time for a gardener to use this fertilizer? a. during the winter b. when a plant is injured c. when the plant is a seedling d. if the plant loses too many leaves23. When a person looks at an herbaceous plant, what type of cell is the person mostly seeing? a. collenchyma cells b. guard cells c. parenchyma cells d. sclerenchyma cells24. Sagebrush grows in regions that receive little annual precipitation and has a main thick root. Which type of root structure would sagebrush most likely have? a. prop root b. fibrous c. pneumatophores d. taproot25. The api-api putih shrub grows in swamps in western India. What type of root system does it most likely have a. adventitious b. fibrous c. pneumatophores d. taproot26. Based on your knowledge of stem structure in a plant, why will removing the bark of a tree kill the tree? a. Removing the bark removes phloem, preventing nutrient movement to the roots. b. Removing the bark removes cambium and prevents further growth of the tree. c. Removing the bark allows pathogens into the sensitive tissues beneath. d. Removing the bark destroys the ability of the tree to draw water from the ground.27. Which of the following cells is part of a plant’s dermal tissue? a. ground cells and collenchyma cells b. sieve-tube members and companion cells c. tracheid cells and parenchyma cells d. trichome cells and guard cells28. The cells of the root cap produce a slimy substance to a. attract water molecules. b. soften up the soil around the root. c. reduce friction between the growing root and the soil. d. fixate nitrogen gas in the soil before it is absorbed by the roots.29. A nursery manager wants to increase the rate of growth for the nursery’s seedlings. Which would be the best hormone to apply to the seedlings’ tissues? a. auxin b. cytokinins c. ethylene d. gibberellins30. How does the spacing of the cells in the spongy mesophyll aid in a leaf’s function? a. The loosely packed cells allow the leaf to be flexible so that the leaf can bend in the wind. b. The tightly packed cells have a large surface area in which light energy can be collected. c. The loosely packed cells allow ingredients used for photosynthesis to move readily through the leaf. d. The tightly packed cells form a barrier from the exterior environment and protect the leaf from diseases and predators.31. A bud appears on a tree in the spring. What type of tissue is the majority of the bud composed of? a. dermal b. ground c. meristematic d. vascular32. What is the small, threadlike structure that can develop into a moss gametophyte plant called? a. archegonium b. protonema c. rhizoids d. spores33. The prothallus is part of the life cycle of which group of plants? a. angiosperms b. conifers c. ferns d. mosses34. Conifers produce two types of spores that develop into male or female gametophytes; because of this, what term is applied to conifers? a. heterosporous b. coniferous c. incomplete d. prothallus35. Which of the following are formed by male cones? a. megaspores b. micropyles c. microspores d. prothallus36. What is the underground stem that produces roots in a fern called? a. archegonium b. frond c. prothallus d. rhizome37. What type of flower might have petals and stamens but no pistils? a. complete b. imperfect c. heterosporous d. perfect38. Plants that thrive in tropical regions are most likely what type of plants? a. day-neutral plants b. intermediate-day plants c. long-day plants d. short-day plants39. What is a plant that flowers regardless of the number of daylight hours called? a. day-neutral plant b. intermediate-day plant c. long-day plant d. short-day plant40. The flowering response known as photoperiodism is triggered by the a. number of sunny days each year. b. number of daylight hours. c. number of uninterrupted darkness hours. d. number of hours the plant is exposed to UV light.41. Certain flowers must be pollinated by insects that transfer pollen from the male flower to the female flower. What type of flowers are these? a. perfect b. dicot c. imperfect d. monocot42. In anthophytes, which cell contains the egg and several nuclei? a. female gametophyte b. female sporophyte c. male gametophyte d. male sporophyte43. When is a microspore a pollen grain? a. when it is a female gametophyte b. when it is a female sporophyte c. when it is a male gametophyte d. when it is a male sporophyte44. Which term best describes fertilization in an anthophyte egg? a. double fertilization b. facilitated fertilization c. natural fertilization d. single fertilization45. Strawberries are examples of what kind of fruit? a. aggregate fruit b. dry fruit c. multiple fruit d. simple fruitMatchingMatch the terms given with their definitions.46.plants with specialized transport tissuesa. biennialb. vascularc. perenniald. nonvasculare. cotyledon47.plants in which substances move slowly from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion48.seed structure that stores or helps absorb food for the tiny sporophyte49.plant whose life spans two years50.plant that can live for several years