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Answer the following question as completely as possible. Be sure you have answered all parts of the essay and have thoroughly explained your answers by telling how and why. Be sure you include all relevant dates and names. Use specific examples from your textbook and the class presentations to support your answers. Your essay should be 12 point font, double-spaced, must be uploaded as a .doc or .docx file type (i.e. a Microsoft Word document or you will earn late penalties until submitted as the correct file type), and will be evaluated using Turn It In for any instances of plagiarism. Also, be sure you proof-read your essay for clarity, typos, and grammar errors. This is due at 12 noon on Wednesday December 5.

Essay Question:

Describe the development of society in one region which we have studied this semester (i.e. China, India, Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, or Africa). Be sure your answer discusses at least two civilizations or dynasties from your chosen region that were discussed in class presentations and your textbook. The civilizations that you choose to discuss should be from different time periods (i.e. in different presentations and in different units) so they show how the society in the region changed over time.

How did government and religion change in this society from the start of our class until the end? Was this civilization generally stable or were there frequent changes in government? Did people practice the same religion in this region the entire time period we covered this semester (i.e. 6000 BC to around 1500 CE)? If not, then compare the different religions practiced. How were they similar or different? How did the lives of common people change from early civilizations to 1500 CE in this region? What were the cultural contributions of people during each time period and how did they contribute? Give as many specific examples as you can, including names and dates. ***I HAVE CHOSEN TO DO CHINA and the below attachments are different presentations on CHINA from unit 1 and unit 2*** TEXTBOOK: Bentley, Jerry H. Herbert F. Ziegler, and Heather Streets Salter, eds. Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. Combined Volume. 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2015. ISBN: 9780073407029. NO OUTSIDE SOURCES. ONLY FROM PRESENTATIONS AND TEXTBOOK NO OUTSIDE SOURCES. ONLY FROM PRESENTATIONS AND TEXTBOOK NO OUTSIDE SOURCES. ONLY FROM PRESENTATIONS AND TEXTBOOK

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Ancient China Key Terms & Ideas • • • • • • • • • • • Middle Kingdom Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Oracle Bones Zhou Dynasty Mandate of Heaven Ancestor Worship Warring States Period Qin Dynasty Qin Shihuangdi Legalism • • • • • • • • • • • • Great Wall of China Tomb of Qin Shihuangdi Han Dynasty Wu Di Confucianism Kung Fu-tzu Li Ren Silk Road Daoism Laozi Dao 2 3 Influence of Geography on China’s Development Geography of China • 7000 BC – Settlement along Yellow River & Yangzi Rivers • Vast human resources, many people to work • Isolation (“Middle Kingdom”) • • Surrounded by mountains, deserts, rain forests, & the Pacific Ocean Best farmland was along the east coast • Irrigation/flood control required a strong central authority • The need for a central authority led to a Parade of Dynasties • “Mandate of Heaven” : The emperor had the blessing of heaven to rule as long as China was prosperous and peaceful • Natural & man-made disasters were a sign that the Mandate had been taken away and given to someone else • c.2200-1700 BC – Xia Dynasty • Early civilizations in China Bronze weapons 4 Shang Dynasty (c.1500-1028 BC) • Prolific Bronze Producers – Best weapons, chariots & other wheeled vehicles • – Gave advantage to their army by having chariots First Chinese Writing – Characters representing words – Oracle bones have first writing on them – Chinese fortune tellers would write a question on a turtle shell or sheep shoulder bone, when the bone cracked, they would interpret the cracks to tell the future • Gov. Decentralized Shang Chariots – Mostly ruled by local warlords – Fell due to weak rulers Shang Chariot & horses buried in a grave Shang Bronze Vase Oracle Bones 5 Map of Shang China 6 7 Zhou Dynasty (1028-256 BC) • Ousted Weak Shang Rulers – Mandate of Heaven: rulers stay in power because Heaven allows it. If they lose power, then they did something to anger Heaven. – Zhou said they now had the Mandate of Heaven and the Shang did not • Gov. Decentralized & ruled by local warlords Zhou Warlords and a Battle – “Warring States” Period (481-221 BC) had many wars between powerful local lords • Innovations: – Gold & copper coinage replaced shells & trading silk for goods – Oxen & iron farm tools let farmers plow more land and grow more food – Books first appear • Poetry, political books, history, manuals to tell the future • Many didn’t survive because they were written on wood or silk so they disintegrated • Confucius lived during this period 8 Local Kingdoms during the “Warring States” Period (481-221 BC) 9 Chinese farmers A Chinese Scholar Early Chinese Society • Clear Hierarchy A Chinese Slave – Ruler, Educated Nobles & Warriors, Merchants & Artisans, Slaves • People bought bronze items to show how wealthy they were (pots, dishes, artwork, etc.) • Rich lived in cities, had slaves and peasants farm their lands • Poor farmed other people’s land in exchange for a portion of the crops and provided military service • Unsystematic Ancestor Worship – They had no real gods, but had rituals to their ancestors – Ancestors kept watch on the family and could help them, if they were shown proper respect Women working on Silk • They were given offerings of food, jewels, gifts – Fathers’ job to perform rituals • Had no priests • Women’s Role in Family A family worshiping their ancestors – Household manager – Lineage was traced through your mother and her family was honored • Eventually women begin to lose power and men become more important as the Chinese begin to honor military victories more • Lineage is now traced through your father’s family 10 The Unification of China China During the Qin Dynasty The Great Wall of China A Market in China China Towards the end of the Zhou Dynasty 12 • Qin Dynasty (256-202 BC) Qin Shihuangdi (r.221-210) – First “Universal” Emperor • • • Was a warlord from the largest of the states in China (Qin) who took control of the surrounding territories Stopped the fighting between other warlords and unified China Reforms: – Fixed roads, bridges, & canals – Gave land away to the poor • Took it from the rich & powerful to weaken them & keep them under control – Unified Law/Coinage/Weights & Measures • Qin Shihuangdi, pictures of life in China during his reign, and the Terra Cotta Warriors who guard his tomb. • • Made it easier to trade throughout China Building Programs: – Canals, Roads, & Great Wall • • Helped his soldiers move faster to stop rebellion & invasions Protected the people in China from invasions • We know where the tomb is but don’t know how to preserve the paint and how to be safe from the poisonous mercury so the Chinese government won’t allow it to be opened. – His Tomb was surrounded by thousands of warriors made of terra cotta to serve him after death. In the center was a replica of China decorated with jewels and with mercury as the water. Very Unpopular due to high taxes and not allowing people to challenge him. – He had 460 scholars executed, reportedly by burying them alive – After his death there were civil wars which led to the end of the Qin Dynasty 13 A recreation of what Qin Shihuangdi’s tomb might look like with his coffin in the center and rivers of mercury surrounding it. 14 Qin Shihuangdi created the Great Wall of China by connecting older walls and building new ones. 15 China Towards the end of the Zhou Dynasty, shows where the Han people lived. 16 Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD) • Founder: Liu Bang – Dynasty named after Liu’s home region – Professional Bureaucrats • Wu Di (r.141-87 BC) – Created the Civil Service Exams candidates received jobs based on ability, not birth • Poor could earn powerful positions if they studied and were talented • Imperial university created to education people for this exam • Chinese “Golden Age” – China led the world in science & technology • Invention of paper, sundial, water clock, surgery, etc. Liu Bang Wu Di Schools grew to teach students & help them pass the civil service exam • Foreign Trade along Silk Road expanded & made China wealthy • Han China fell because it was too large – Taxes were too high for the peasants, so they lost their land to rich landowners – Landowners and nobles revolted against the government to gain more power – Nomads from Central Asia raided Han territory as the government grew weaker, until the Han fell in 220 AD 17 Silk Road Trade Routes 18 China’s “Three Doctrines” • Growth of Buddhism – Became popular in China, spread by merchants traveling the silk road – Prep for afterlife, taught people to think about death • Confucianism – Founded by Kung Fu-tzu (Confucius) (551-479 BC) • He was a government official who wrote a practical manual for how to interact with other people and how to run China. The Buddha Confucius Laozi – Practical philosophy of daily life (& governing) by following 3 values • Ren: goodness & nobility of heart • Li: Proper behavior people should follow in every situation • Yi: following moral values & righteousness • Daoism (Taoism) – Founded by Laozi (600s BC) – Escape from daily life through contemplation of the Dao (the Way) • Complementary Beliefs – People in China would practice all three doctrines. Ex. Confucianism at work, Daoism in their free time, and Buddhism when thinking about what happens when they die. 19 Tang & Song China Key Terms & Ideas • • • • • • • • • • • • Sui Dynasty Grand Canal Sui Yangdi Tang Taizong Equal Field System Tang Dynasty Tribute System Yongle Encyclopedia Zheng He Beijing & Forbidden City Mandarins Samurai • • • • • • • • • • • Song Taizu Song Dynasty Sailing Junk Foot-binding Neo-Confucianism Chinese Banking & paper money Treasure Ships Ming Dynasty Emperor Hongwu Eunuchs Silla Dynasty (Korea) 2 3 Post-Han China • 220-586 – Six Dynasties Period – 3 Main kingdoms: Sui Yangdi • Wei in North • Shu Han in West • Wu in Southeast • 586-618 – Sui Dynasty The Grand Canal created by Sui Yangdi – Repaired Great Wall – Expeditions against northern nomads – Restored foreign trade along the Silk Road • Sui Yangdi (r. 604-618) – Connected the rivers of China by creating the Grand Canal • This made trade between North & South China much easier by connecting the Yangtze and the Yellow River – Wars against nomads cost a lot of money & men, so the people rebelled & overthrew the Sui 4 Territory controlled by the Six Dynasties Kingdoms 5 Sui China & The Grand Canal 6 The Grand Canal in China, Today 7 Tang China (618-906) • Tang were a military family from the frontier regions – Reorganized China • Tang Taizong (r. 627-649) A giant seated Buddha created during the Tang Dynasty People petition the Tang Emperor Tang Taizong – – – – Killed 2 brothers & his father to become emperor Built a new capital at Chang’an Stopped bandits, kept food prices low Expanded China: took over Korea, Vietnam, Manchuria, Tibet – Foreign influence because of the new subjects led to Open-mindedness: foreign culture & religion (especially Buddhism) became popular • Flourishing Culture/Economy: A Tang Dynasty Check – Equal Field System surveyed all land, distributed it fairly, & made sure that everyone paid a fair share of taxes • Rulers moved food as necessary to end famines – Extensive trade internally & externally • Trade of some products were controlled by government monopolies – Invention of the banknote/check started as an easy way to trade over long distances without heavy gold & silver • Tang fell because they focused on their personal lives and neglected the empire 8 The Tang Dynasty 9 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (906-60) After the fall of the Tang, there was a period of fighting and turmoil during which many kingdoms rose and fell quickly. 10 Song China (960-1279) • Song Taizu (r. 960-976) – Founded the dynasty by uniting small warlords – Strong, centralized administration in the south of China – Favored culture over military development • Song Taizu A Sailing Junk • Song Taizu conquers his neighbors By 1127 Northern China was mostly abandoned to Nomads Important Innovations: – Thriving agriculture based on growing rice led to huge cities • – Sailing junk (was a larger & faster ship than any in Europe at the time), Compass (for navigation), Paper Money all led to extensive trade for the Chinese – Water-powered clock showed positions of planets & told time – Gunpowder fired rockets & projectiles out of a tube A Water-powered Clock Chinese wood blocks for printing books & money 5 cities with over 1 million people • • A Chinese Rocket & men making gunpowder • Government expanded as China grew wealthy, which led to higher taxes on the peasants, who rebelled Expanded wealth led people to spend more free time in restaurants, taverns, tea houses, & brothels However: Men took greater control of families in the Song Dynasty limiting Women’s Rights – Women were confined more to the house – Foot binding was adopted to show a family was wealthy enough that their daughters did not have to work 11 ↓ Song China, 1127-1279 ↓ ↑ Song China, 960-1127 ↑ After 1127, Northern China was abandoned due to invading nomads and the Song Dynasty focused on the south. 12 Photographs of a bound foot wrapped in a special sock (left) and bare (below) An X-ray of bound feet & a diagram of the bones of bound feet. Foot-binding started when a girl was young. The parents would break the bones in her foot and then wrap it tightly to force the bones to heal incorrectly. The goal was to make the woman’s foot as small as possible (3-4 inches was idea). The foot was also intended to resemble a lotus flower. It would be very painful for a woman to walk, but was considered erotic to many men. Special shoes were made to show how small a woman’s feet were. A shoe for bound feet Two women with bound feet. Footbinding continued into the 20th century in some areas of China. 13 Ming China 15 Yuan Dynasty, 1206-1368 16 Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 • Peasant rebellions doom the Yuan Dynasty, Mongols Flee North back to Mongolia – Peasants rebelled against Plague, food shortages • Ming Founder: Emperor Hongwu – Hongwu was from a poor family & entered a Buddhist monastery, but had to leave because the monks couldn’t feed all the people who lived there. Emperor Hongwu Two court Mandarins • He joined the army & quickly became a commander – Ming means “Brilliant” • Internal Reform: – Centralized Authority – Eliminated Enemies The Great Wall of China • Secret Police spied on all court officials, killed any threats • Mandarins enforced all rules • Eunuchs held most high positions because they could not have children & were considered especially loyal • Guarded against Northern Threat: – Restored Great Wall, Fortified New Capital of Beijing in1421 to watch for any northern threats – Forbidden City was built to show the permanence of the emperor 17 Ming Dynasty China around 1400 AD 18 The Forbidden City, built in 1421 19 Ming China vs. the Mongols • Ming tried to eliminate all Mongol things. – Mongol clothing was discouraged – Confucianism was restored Ming Clothing • Reinstated Civil Service Exams • Economic Prosperity: One volume of the Yongle Encyclopedia – Repaired canals, reclaimed land, reforested, revived trade, making China wealthy • Yongle Encyclopedia (Finished 1408) – Commissioned by Emperor Yongle – Collected all works of history, philosophy, literature together to promote Chinese culture – 50 million words Emperor Yongle 20 Ming Naval Expeditions, 1405-33 • When the Mongols fell, China was cut off from Europe, but they still explored Asia & Africa − Europe heard about the fall of the Mongols 100 years after it happened. • Admiral Zheng He (d. 1434) A Chinese Junk Zheng He – A court Eunuch who rose to power & was the most famous explorer in China – Traveled to SE Asia, Indian Ocean, E. Africa, & Arabia 7 times at the orders of the Emperor Yongle – Commanded huge fleets with hundreds of ships, massive manpower up to 25,000 men • Ships were up to 400 ft long, larger than any European ship • “Treasure Ships” – Carried Ambassadors, soldiers, scholars to foreign lands – Carried tribute back to China The Treasure Ships brought back exotic animals as well as gold, jewels, furs, and other rare products • 1433 – Abruptly Ended – Reason is unclear, but may be due to the cost, or due to the fact that Yongle died and the new emperor was not interested in travel – 1479 – All records of the trips were burned, & China stops all foreign travel 21 The Voyages of Zheng He’s Treasure Ships 22 Fall of the Ming, 1644 • By 1600s – Weak fulers spent their time in the Forbidden City, enjoying life – Emperors had economic problems: no foreign trade decreased tax revenue, so they couldn’t pay their troops Manzhou Armies invade China • 1630s – Generals rebel against the Ming • 1640s – Starving Peasants Joined Rebels • 1644 – Last Ming Emperor is removed & replaced by Manzhou (Manchu) People (Qing Dynasty [1644-1912]) 23
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