Leadership Lessons

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Review your Week 3 Paper.

Refer to Week 3 individual assignment and utilize your previous paper in which you located a major incident involving multi-agency emergency management.

Use the same event from Week 3.

Write a 1050- to 1,400-word paper covering:

Summarize the event and the response by police and fire agencies
Detail the roles within structured command
Discuss the emergency management leadership theories utilized in the event.
Outline how leadership deals with the community as part of emergency management incident process.
Relay how leaders approach and deal with the media during, before, and after the crisis.
Discuss how emergency management training either assisted or could have assisted with the overall emergency management approach.
Identify ethical challenges faced by leaders working through the event, and what might have been more effective, now that the event is over.

Include at least four academic sources in your paper, including one from the University Library.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

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1 Multi-Agency Emergency Event Paper Ryan Gardner CJA/375 November 15, 2018 Erik Burks 2 Multi-Agency Emergency Event Paper Introduction Hurricane Katrina was a disaster of unmatched proportion; it was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones and also among the costliest in the history of the country (Blake and Gibney, 2011). It led to an enormous loss in human lives and property amounting to billions of dollars. Investigations done in the aftermath of the hurricane revealed that there was a failure by the leadership at all levels of government that allowed for such a huge loss of lives. They were largely inefficient, and they have been blamed by the higher levels in government decisionmaking circle as the cause of the ineffective responses and preparation, in the relief and emergency responses and also not doing enough to ensure a more sustainable disaster preparedness strategy. To have an effective management response calls for rigorous preparation which includes training in a host of activities that are linked to various agencies preparedness that need to be done in a continuous manner way before the disaster happens (Walsh, 2012). It calls for proper planning, swift and efficient responses during a disaster. Summary of Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina was an extraordinary, deadly, and powerful hurricane that hit the Gulf Coast in the U.S in August of 2005. The Category 5 hurricane carved a wide swath of damage and led to the massive loss in life from central parts of Florida to the eastern parts of Texas (Institute of Medicine, 2007). One of the earliest areas to have suffered the losses was Southern Florida where it left behind great fatalities and damage while still a Category 1 storm. It reached Category 5 and then 3 statuses at the Gulf of Mexico where it made landfall and resulted in massive losses to property and lives (Knabb et al. 2005). Katrina reached some record high 3 speeds of as high 140 mph, and as it made its way further north, it made a second landfall at the Mississippi and Louisiana border at the time the speeds were around 132 mph (NWS, 2016). Some of the hardest hit areas were in Louisiana and Mississippi where they experience staggering losses to lives and property. In Louisiana alone nearly 1.7 million were impacted by the hurricane, over 1.4 million were evacuated prior to Katrina making landfall but close to 200,000 were still in the area when the storm hit hinting at the massive emergency challenge that the rescuers had to deal with (Institute of Medicine, 2007). Overall, more than 1800 people died as a result, and tens of thousands were displaced. The most affected communities lost critical infrastructure which included water and sewer systems, electricity, bridges and roads, communication infrastructure which includes mobile phone towers and telephone lines together with many satellite antennas. Police and Fire Agencies Response The police were forced to abandon their traditional roles of crime prevention and maintaining order to focus more on rescue operations after the Hurricane made landfall and that abandonment led to widespread looting and also random acts of violence (Wigginton, 2007). In the rescue roles, the Police are said to have brought their own personal boats to assist in the rescue operations which were also boosted by the public boat owners. In New Orleans the NOPD were faced with many challenges even seeing their headquarters getting flooded, the law enforcement agencies were also overstretched with the corrections even lacking the space to get more offenders locked up (Wigginton, 2007). The fire agencies also played a pivotal role in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, especially in search and rescue efforts. Together with the hazmat team they helped search for facilities that had extremely hazardous material checking leaks on containers that were meant to house the hazardous materials. The said containers were checked 4 and marked them and carried out other roles in helping restore vital infrastructure such as communication and electricity lines after the flooding had receded among other roles. Roles within the Structured Command Following the warning from the National Weather Service, the local leaders of the areas that were on Hurricane Katrina like the Governors of Mississippi and Louisiana declared a state of emergency and issued mandatory evacuations. The orders allowed for the law enforcement agencies to assist the locals comprising of individuals of and families to evacuate and in turn it led to approximately 90 percent to of the targeted populations relocating to safety. Federal framework for disaster responses has been improved following disasters such as Hurricane Katrina and the 9/11 attacks and led to substantial changes in how the federal agencies respond to emergencies. A critical agency in the command and response include agencies such as FEMA whose critical roles are they are the coordination authority for programs and funding, and they help in emergency management which cover activities like logistical operations, planning, financing and administration (OIG, 2006). Other critical roles covered by FEMA included care for the masses and housing, and other human services, longer-term recovery and mitigation approaches, search and rescue operations, and other external affairs such as coordinating communication and other PR work with the media. Crisis Response Objectives The objectives of a crisis response included integrating the various government levels from federal, state, and local agencies operational capability when it comes to emergency preparedness and response (OIG, 2006). Also, by ensuring that there was unity in helping the affected individuals in the aftermath of the disaster which included caring for the masses, providing shelter, public service assistance, search and rescue operations, longer-term recovery 5 and mitigation strategies also to guide future disasters. Provide designated locations for receiving, staging, integrating, and moving resources that would ensure there is the smooth deployment of disaster relief from the federal levels and ensure most effective deployment strategies are used (OIG, 2006). Leadership and Decision-Making Approaches and Related Challenges during Hurricane Katrina The response to Hurricane Katrina comprised of intergovernmental together with crosssectional networks made up of private, public, and non-profit organizations. The concerted effort that gave birth to the National Response Plan in 2004 was intended to provide support to FEMA and its activities in coordinating, orchestrating, and building capacity of the various levels of government as they worked with the State responders. One of the major challenges during and after the disaster was coordinating activities by the leaders of the interagency groups. The size of the disaster affected the communication systems and introduced great limitations to the abilities of the leadership and responders who found it harder to communicate operational plans, and at the same time get informational awareness of the disaster. Before Hurricane Katrina made landfall, the leadership in the Louisiana Emergency Operation Center, for example, had arranged for conference calls with local agencies and organization, however, in the aftermath the communications became impossible. The leadership was found to be slow especially in regard to evacuation and the provisions related to the activity. The leaders from the government agencies needed to have taken swift measures in preparing, coordinating, relief interventions, and even working on long-term strategies for the emergency responses which would have helped rescue many lives. 6 References Blake, E. S, and Gibney, E. J. (2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts). NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6. National Weather Service and National Hurricane Center. Institute of Medicine (2007). Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine. Environmental Public Health Impacts of Disasters: Hurricane Katrina: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54237/ Knabb, R.D., Rhome, J.R and Brown, D.P. (2005). Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Katrina 23-30 August 2005, National Hurricane Center. Retrieved from https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL122005_Katrina.pdf NWS (2016). Hurricane Katrina - August 2005. National Weather Service. Retrieved from https://www.weather.gov/mob/katrina OIG (2006). A Performance Review of FEMA’s Disaster Management Activities in Response to Hurricane Katrina, Office of the Inspector General, Office of Inspections and Special Reviews. Retrieved from https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/Mgmt/OIG_06-32_Mar06.pdf Walsh, D. W. (2012). National Incident Management System: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, Vital Book file. Wigginton, M.P. Jr., (2007). "The New Orleans Police Emergency Response to Hurricane Katrina: A Case Study." Dissertations, University of Southern Mississippi, The Aquila Digital Community 1343. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1343
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Outline

Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References

Running head: HURRICANE KATRINA

1

Hurricane Katrina
Student’s Name
Course Number – Name of Course
University Name
Instructor’s Name
Date

HURRICANE KATRINA

2

Hurricane Katrina
Summary of Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina was a disaster of unmatched proportion; it was one of the deadliest
tropical cyclones and also among the costliest in the history of U.S. (Blake and Gibney, 2011). It
was an extraordinary, deadly, and powerful hurricane that hit the Gulf Coast in the U.S in August
of 2005. The Category 5 hurricane carved a wide swath of damage and led to the massive loss in
life from central parts of Florida to the eastern parts of Texas (Institute of Medicine, 2007). Some
of the hardest hit areas were in Louisiana and Mississippi where they experience staggering
losses to lives and property. Overall, more than 1800 people died as a result, and tens of
thousands were displaced. The most affected communities lost critical infrastructure which
included water and sewer systems, electricity, bridges and roads, communication infrastructure
which includes mobile phone towers and telephone lines together with many satellite antennas.

Responses by Police and Fire Agencies
During the emergency, both the police and firefighters responded swiftly to evacuate
people and save lives. The police were forced to abandon their traditional roles of crime
prevention and maintaining order to focus more on rescue operations even though there was
widespread looting after the incident (Haberfeld, 2012). The Police brought their boats to assist
in the rescue operations. The fire agencies also played a pivotal role in the aftermath of
Hurricane Katrina, especially in search and rescue efforts. Togeth...