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Drug Cards-AHL 103 Types of Drugs Cell wall Synthesis Inhibitors -Penicillins -Cephalosporins -Monobactams -Carbapenems -Vancomycin Protein Synthesis Inhibitors -Aminoglycosides -Tetracyclines -Macrolides -Clindamycin -Linezolid -Streptogramins Metabolism Inhibitors -Sulfonamides -Trimethoprim -Combinations DNA Synthesis Inhibitors -Fluoroquinolones Antiviral Drugs -Acyclovir -Valacyclovir Intended Responses -Bactericidal -Prevent bacteria from forming cell walls -Slow viral reproduction by forming “counterfeit” DNA bases and by inhibiting the enzymes needed to complete the formation of viral DNA chains. YOUR NAME_____________________________________ Side Effects Adverse Effects -More likely to cause allergic reactions -With more powerful drugs- nausea/vomiting, fever, chills, “red man syndrome,” reduced hearing, reduced kidney function CNS changes, kidney damage -Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting. -Less common side effects are rash, muscle aches, and a sense of not feeling well (malaise). -Reduce kidney function, leading to kidney damage and failure. -Reduced kidney function is caused by the drugs precipitating in the kidney tubules, Administering Patient Teaching Check before: -Allergy to penicillin (increased risk for cephalosporin allergy) -Give vancomycin SLOWLY Check after: -Monitor for allergic reaction -Take cephalosporins at least 1 hr before or 4 hrs after iron or antacid Check before: -If patient is taking anticonvulsants, especially phenytoin IV status Check after: -Infuse IV over 60 minutes Life Span Considerations Pediatric: -More powerful drugs reserved for serious infections only Pregnancy and breastfeeding: -Penicillins, most Cephalosporins category B -Carbapenems, monobactams, vancomycin category C -Excreted in breast milk Older adults: -Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity more likely Pediatric: -Oral dosages for children older than 2 years are similar to adult dosages Pregnancy and breastfeeding: -Category B -Excreted in breast milk Older adults: -Most effective against EpsteinBarr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varic Antiviral Drugs -Amantadine -Rimantadine Antiviral Drugs -Ribavirin Antiviral Drugs -Oselamivir -Zanamivir Antiretroviral Drugs -Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) Antiretroviral Drugs -Non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) Antiretroviral Drugs -Protease inhibitors (PIs) Antiretroviral Drugs -Fusion Inhibitors Antiretroviral Drugs -Entry Inhibitors -Block the CCR5 receptor on CD4+ Tcells Muscle aches and pains, cough, diarrhea, which is most likely to occur when the patient is not well hydrated. -Give full glass of water and encourage oral intake -Emphasize importance of increasing fluid intake. -Increasing oral fluid intake is even more important if the patient also takes other drugs that can damage the kidney. -Teach breastfeeding mothers to reduce the infant’s exposure to these drugs -Dizziness, agitation, confusion may occur as side effects -Frequently monitor kidney function -No driving or operating machinery until the drug’s effects are known. Hypotension, liver toxicity -Do not crush or chew capsules Pediatric: dizziness, trouble sleeping Antiretroviral Drugs -Integrase Inhibitors Antitubercular Drugs: -Isoniazid -Rifampin -Pyrazinamide -Ethambutol Antifungal Drugs: -Azoles -Polyenes -Allylamines Antifungal Antibiotics: -griseofulvin (Fulvicin, Grifulvin, Gris-Peg, Grisactin) Antimetabolites: -flucytosine (Ancobon) Antifungal Drugs Echinocandins: -Inhibit the enzyme integrase -Primarily diarrhea -Other side effects may include dizziness, headache, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain. -Practice safety regarding low blood pressure Anemia, hyperglycemia, rhabdomyolysis -Not approved for use in children younger than 16 years Pregnancy and breastfeeding: -Category B -Begin maraviroc in second trimester Older adults: -Orthostatic hypotension more likely -No driving or operating machinery until the drug’s effects are known -Do not crush or chew Pediatric: tablets; take with food -Not approved for use in to decrease GI side children younger than 16 effects years -Report muscle pain and Pregnancy and breastfeeding: weakness to prescriber -Category C -Report symptoms of Older adults: -More likely to anemia take “statin” type of lipidlowering drugs -anidulafungin (Eraxis) -caspofungin (Cancidas) -micafungin (Mycamine) Bisphosphonates: -Alendronate (Fosamax) -Ibandronate (Boniva) -risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia) -zoledronic acid (Reclast) Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists: -Estrogen/bazedoxifene (Duavee) -Raloxifene (Evista) Monoclonal Antibodies: -Denosumab (Prolia) Thiazide Diuretics Loop Diuretics Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Calcium channel blockers Beta blockers Alpha blockers Alpha-beta blockers Central-acting adrenergic agents Direct vasodilators Common Vasodilators for Heart Failure Common Antidysrhythmic Drugs for Tachydysrhythmias Statins Bile Acid Sequestrants Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors Fibrates Nicotinic Acid Agents Thrombin Inhibitors Clotting Factor Synthesis Inhibitors Antiplatelet Drugs Thrombolytic Drugs Short-acting beta2- agonists (SABAs) Long-acting beta2- agonists (LABAs) Cholinergic antagonists Mast Cell Stabilizers Inhaled Corticosteroids Opioids (Narcotics) Nonsteroidal AntiInflammatory Drugs Muscle Relaxants Antiemetic Drugs Drugs for Constipation Antidiarrheal Drugs Histamine H2 Blockers Proton Pump Inhibitors Antacids Cytoprotective Drugs Promotility Drugs Thyroid Hormone Agonist Drugs Thyroid-Suppressing Drugs Adrenal HormoneSuppressing Drugs
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Attached.

Drug Cards-AHL 103
Types of Drugs
Cell wall Synthesis Inhibitors
-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Monobactams
-Carbapenems
-Vancomycin

Intended
Responses
-Bactericidal
-Prevent bacteria from
forming cell walls

YOUR NAME_____________________________________
Side Effects

Adverse Effects

-More likely to cause
allergic reactions
-With more powerful
drugs- nausea/vomiting,
fever, chills, “red man
syndrome,” reduced
hearing, reduced kidney
function

CNS changes, kidney
damage

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
-Aminoglycosides
-Tetracyclines
-Macrolides
-Clindamycin
-Linezolid
-Streptogramins

-Bacteriostatic
-Inhibit bacterial cell
functions

-Likely to cause
confusion, depression,
skin allergic reactions,
gastrointestinal
disturbances

Kidney changes
-Ototoxic and
nephrotoxic

Metabolism Inhibitors
-Sulfonamides
-Trimethoprim
-Combinations

-Bacteriostatic
-Synergistic inhibition
of amino acid and
nucleic acid synthesis

-Aplastic
-Mouth sores
-Joint aches
-Bruising or bleeding
-nausea, vomiting

-Dermatitis
-Pancytopenia
-Precipitation in the
urinary tract

DNA Synthesis
Inhibitors
-Fluoroquinolones

-Bacteriostatic
-Interfere with the
supercoiling of DNA of
micro-organisms

-Gastrointestinal tract
-Anaphylaxis
upsets, CNS disturbances, -Seizures
hypersensitivity reactions -Steven Johnsons
syndrome

Administering
Patient Teaching
Check before:
-Allergy to penicillin
(increased risk for
cephalosporin allergy)
-Give vancomycin
SLOWLY
Check after:
-Monitor for allergic
reaction
-Take cephalosporins at
least 1 hr before or 4
hrs after iron or antacid

Check before
-Allergy to Sulfites
(increased allergy to
Aminoglycoside allergy)
-Do not take
Tetracyclines with milk
Check after:
-Monitor for urine
output
Check before
-Allergy to Sulphur
compounds
Check after:
-Check for Crystalluria
and hypersensitivities

Check before:
If patient is using
NSAIDs or Theophylline
to avoid interactions

Life Span Considerations
Pediatric:
-More powerful drugs
reserved for serious infections
only
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
-Penicillins, most
Cephalosporins category B
-Carbapenems,
monobactams, vancomycin
category C
-Excreted in breast milk
Older adults:
-Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
more likely
Pediatric:
Tetracyclines contraindicated
due to damage to growing
bones and teeth
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Tetracyclines contraindicated
Older adults
Nephrotoxicity more likely
Pediatric
Do not give in infants less
than two months
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Pregnancy category B but
avoid at term
Older adults
Kidney changes likely
Pediatric:
-Reserved for specific
infections like pyelonephritis
and inhalation anthrax
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:

Antiviral Drugs
-Acyclovir
-Valacyclovir

-Slow viral
reproduction by
forming “counterfeit”
DNA bases and by
inhibiting the enzymes
needed to complete
the formation of viral
DNA chains.
-Most effective against
EpsteinBarr virus,
cytomegalovirus,
herpes simplex virus
types 1 and 2, varic

-Headache, dizziness,
nausea, vomiting.
-Less common side
effects are rash, muscle
aches, and a sense of not
feeling well (malaise).

-Reduce kidne...


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