write one page abstract and organize paper

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Abstract
Language, the method of human communication, based on either spoken or written, and the
development of the same, is influenced by numerous factors. Indeed, language is an integral part
of human life and human interaction. It is shaped by certain factors in any society. For example,
new language experiences, via lexicon at the expense of grammar and the like is an example of
instances where a society, or its culture thereof influences the development of language in its
entirety. Also, other impeding factors such as colonization and expansion of the European power
and imperialism also led to the expansion of language, more so the English form of the same all
over the world. This paper is a subtle exploration into the expansion of language as we know it,
taking into account the changes that come with the same. Indeed, it explores, in a rather clear-cut
organized manner the technical changes to language. The paper tries to marry the historical and
technical evolution of the English language (from the medieval ages), and essentially try to
answer the obvious pressing question when it comes to language; what makes English the most
famous and most spoken language in the world? What are the technical changes the language has
undergone, in terms of phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax? Through the vast
authoritative reference materials used in this research, these four pillars of language are explored
in their entirety. Also, the influence of geographical locations, which essentially translates to the
expansivity of language as cultures met and interact is another important feature when it refers to
the expansion of language. Questions like how British cultural influence, in its relation to native
culture helped shape the form of English spoken in America today are answered all through this
paper.

I. Language-Society Relationship and English Hegemony
To uncover the language-society relationship and English domination, the book “Twentiethcentury English: history, variation, and standardization” written by Christian Mair. He was also
greatly assisted by his colleague, a linguistics professor from the University of Freiburg and
another book “Challenges in the Social Life of Language” written by John Edwards, a social
psychology professor with a special focus on multilingualism at St Francis Xavier University are
used.
Both authors keep the same or similar opinion on the relationship between language and society.
Mair first described the appearance of new language usage more in lexicon than grammar or
pronunciation provided by the system, which built up the concepts of “American English”,
“spoken English”, or “spoken British English”, and following that he suggested such
systematical changes can be first found in the habit of writing styles or the constitution of
particular genres (p.181). He then indicated that the language and society relationship is revealed
through the changes in structure, with Myhill’s writing saying that “the ‘old’ modals had
generally uses associated with hierarchy social relationships, with people controlling the actions
of other people…The ‘new’ modals, on the other hand, are more personal….” (p.182) The social
environment directly generates such changes in language. Edwards had a similar delineation on
the language-society relationship, writing that “the single most important point here is that
language spread has typically been a relatively unconsidered accompaniment of other social
progress.”(p.162) To say the language is synchronized with the social change is similar to say the
language is shaped by the social structure, while the former is standing in a weaker position to
illustrate there is a certain connection between them, but the latter is affirming to causation.

From this point, we can assert that no doubt society has a certain degree of influence on
language, but the opposite influence from language to society is not clear.
There are more points worth to be mentioned in Mair’s article. He brought valuable
consideration about structure changes into our site. In our last paragraph, the systematical
changes are in the appearance of previously happened, and such deceivable illusion might lead
us to falsehood. Mair reminded that although the systematical changes are presented in an
“abstract, decontextualized” way for theorization with “orderly fashion”, which might seem to be
even ontological or metaphysical, it is the discourse, the actual language used that awakes the
revolution in system structures, and t...


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