I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
For items 1-25, select the BEST answer from among the choices
provided.
Question 1 (2 points)
A statistically significant finding is one that is ________
Question 1 options:
theoretically noteworthy
tested and replicated
proven beyond doubt
unlikely to be the result of chance , luck, or coincidence
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Question 2 (2 points)
Which of the following are two types of generalization related to the
concept of external validity?
Question 2 options:
population and ecological
cluster and stratified
standardized and sequenced
mean and standard deviation
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Question 3 (2 points)
The purpose of random selection of participants is most directly related
to _______.
Question 3 options:
control
reliability
validity
generalization
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Question 4 (2 points)
If those who watch excessive amounts of television also have lower reading comprehension, we can conclude
that __________.
Question 4 options:
television viewing and reading comprehension may be related, although the nature and direction of the
relationship is not determined
lower reading achievement leads to watching excessive television
watching little television leads to greater reading comprehension
watching too much television lowers reading achievement
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Question 5 (2 points)
Which of the following distinguishes true experimental from quasiexperimental research?
Question 5 options:
random assignment
inference
time series
manipulation
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Question 6 (2 points)
Manipulation without random assignment to groups is the hallmark of
which of the following types of research?
Question 6 options:
correlational research
quasi-experimental research
true experimental research
causal comparative research
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Question 7 (2 points)
Qualitative research is linked to all of the following except __________.
Question 7 options:
rich, thick data
emerging hypotheses
statistical significance
metaphor and vignettes
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Question 8 (2 points)
A research design labeled ABAB most likely represents which of the
following?
Question 8 options:
inferential research
single-subject research
true experimental research
causal comparative research
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Question 9 (2 points)
Which of the following is an operational definition of the construct
"student engagement"?
Question 9 options:
grade point average
interest in school
appearance of involvement
ambition and aspiration
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Question 10 (2 points)
Constructs are __________ and operational definitions are __________.
Question 10 options:
variables; theories
traits; empirical indicators
measures; constants
measures; controlled variables
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Question 11 (2 points)
If a researcher manipulated the time of day a math lesson was taught to
see its effect on achievement scores while controlling for prior interest
level among girls, then the independent and dependent variables,
respectively, would be __________ and __________.
Question 11 options:
prior interest; girls versus boys
achievement scores; prior interest
achievement scores; time of day
time of day; achievement scores
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Question 12 (2 points)
Suppose a researcher compared boys versus girls on a math test after
manipulating the type of test and controlling for prior
achievement. The attribute variable would most likely be:
Question 12 options:
gender
IQ
temperature
test score
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Question 13 (2 points)
The validation of an instrument designed to measure an abstract trait is
primarily the concern of __________.
Question 13 options:
content validity
construct validity
predictive validity
stability reliability
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Question 14 (2 points)
If a researcher arranged to teach a small class in the morning and a
large class in the afternoon (class size being the independent variable),
using only ninth graders and math lessons, the researcher has
confounded __________.
Question 14 options:
class size and time of day
time of day and math lesson
grade level and class size
math lesson and grade level
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Question 15 (2 points)
An independent variable that includes random assignment to its
categories is __________.
Question 15 options:
a qualified independent variable
a multi-independent variable
a controlled independent variable
a true independent variable
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Question 16 (2 points)
The validation of an instrument designed to forecast success in
advanced placement courses is primarily the concern of __________.
Question 16 options:
stability reliability
content validity
construct validity
predictive validity
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Question 17 (2 points)
Research designs that are classified as true experimental must have
which of the following characteristics?
Question 17 options:
random selection and blinding
manipulation and random assignment
pretests and posttests
quasi-independent and attribute variables
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Question 18 (2 points)
The validation of an instrument designed to determine whether
instructional objectives were met is primarily the concern of __________.
Question 18 options:
content validity
stability reliability
construct validity
predictive validity
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Question 19 (2 points)
Counterbalanced quasi-experiments control for which of the following?
Question 19 options:
pretest effects
Hawthorne effect
expectancy effects
sequence effects
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Question 20 (2 points)
An ABBA design suggests which of the following types of research?
Question 20 options:
single-subject
qualitative
survey
correlational
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Question 21 (2 points)
Which of the following reflects the strongest relationship between two
variables?
Question 21 options:
r = -.7
r=0
r = .5
r = -.3
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Question 22 (2 points)
Which of the following reflects no relationship relationship between two
variables?
Question 22 options:
r = -.7
r=0
r = .5
r = -.3
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Question 23 (2 points)
What is the defining characteristic of causal comparative designs?
Question 23 options:
random assignment
preexisting group differences
counterbalancing
pretesting plus post testing
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Question 24 (2 points)
A logical chain of reasoning, the use of procedural controls, and the
gathering of empirical evidence are all components of __________.
Question 24 options:
intuitive beliefs
historical folklore
more cowbell
scientific research
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Question 25 (2 points)
Completing a pretest may itself influence scores on a post-test, an
instance of a validity threat known as:
Question 25 options:
mortality
instrumentation
selection
regression
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II. DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN RESEARCH TYPES
For items 26-30, decide whether the research summary suggests a
better example of causal comparative research or correlational
research.
Question 26 (2 points)
Does the following research summary suggest a better of example
of causal comparative research or correlational research
Children’s weight at birth was found to be unrelated to their IQ scores
10 years later
Question 26 options:
causal comparative
correlational
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Question 27 (2 points)
Does the following research summary suggest a better of example
of causal comparative research or correlational research
Smokers were compared with nonsmokers, and it was determined that
smokers have shorter attention spans.
Question 27 options:
causal comparative
correlational
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Question 28 (2 points)
Does the following research summary suggest a better of example
of causal comparative research or correlational research?
Delinquents were compared with non-delinquents and it was found that
delinquents were far less likely to have grown up with fathers.
Question 28 options:
causal comparative
correlational
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Question 29 (2 points)
Does the following research summary suggest a better of example
of causal comparative research or correlational research
Students' scores on the Inference Ability test were significantly linked to
hours of sleep the previous night
Question 29 options:
causal comparative
correlational
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Question 30 (2 points)
Does the following research summary suggest a better of example
of causal comparative research or correlational research
Stress levels were compared between first-year teachers and teachers
with over 30 years of experience; veteran teachers were found to have
lower levels of stress.
Question 30 options:
causal comparative
correlational
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III. IDENTIFYING TRUE EXPERIMENTS
For items 31-35, determine whether the scenario described is an
example of a true experiment.
Question 31 (2 points)
Determine if the following research scenario is an example of a true
experiment:
A researcher investigated how student achievement was affected by pop
quizzes. Three randomly assigned groups were formed by the
researcher: pop quiz twice a week, pop quiz once every two weeks, and
no pop quizzes. The groups remained in place for an entire academic
year. Scores on the final examination were then compared to determine
if pop quizzes affected achievement.
Question 31 options:
Yes, this is a true experiment
No, this is not a true experiment
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Question 32 (2 points)
Determine if the following research scenario is an example of a true
experiment:
A researcher studied how students’ sleepiness after lunch is affected by
various types of illumination (fluorescent, incandescent, and halogen
lighting) in a study hall. Students volunteered to be in one of the three
settings.
Question 32 options:
Yes, this is a true experiment
No, this is not a true experiment
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Question 33 (2 points)
Determine if the following research scenario is an example of a true
experiment:
A researcher randomly selected 100 teachers from a large school
district and divided them into two groups: those with a master’s degree
and those without one. Then the researcher assessed their levels of
multicultural awareness to see if it was related to their level of
educational achievement.
Question 33 options:
Yes, this is a true experiment
No, this is not a true experiment
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Question 34 (2 points)
Determine if the following scenario is an example of a true experiment:
A researcher recruited 200 volunteer college students who were selfreported to be test anxious. A random half was instructed on the use
of meditation prior to exams; the other half was not (they merely served
as a control and were provided with meditation training after the study
was over). Students’ anxiety level was assessed after the training just
prior to final exams.
Question 34 options:
Yes, this is a true experiment
No, this is not a true experiment
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Question 35 (2 points)
Determine if the following scenario is an example of a true experiment:
A researcher randomly assigned 120 students to four treatment groups in an effort to learn more about how
different types of studying (the treatment) influenced achievement. Each group was taught how to study in a
different way, and supervised throughout the school year to make sure that the particular study method they
were taught was being used. Final examination scores were then compared.
Question 35 options:
Yes, this is a true experiment.
No, this is not a true experiment.
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IV. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
For items 36-40, determine whether the researcher is considering
reliability or validity.
Question 36 (2 points)
Professor Johnson is not sure whether the new test she has designed to
measure algebra ability is actually measuring that contruct.
Question 36 options:
This researcher is more concerned with reliability
This researcher is more concerned with validity
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Question 37 (2 points)
Professor Garcia has calculated the KR-21 for a proposed new test of
reading ability.
Question 37 options:
This researcher is interested in reliability
This researcher is interested in validity
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Question 38 (2 points)
Professor Jackson questions whether the use of a general IQ test with
6th grade students is appropriate for predicting future marital status.
Question 38 options:
This researcher is concerned with reliability
This researcher is concerned with validity
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Question 39 (2 points)
Professor Andropov find that the scores from Form A of his new Test of
College Readiness correlate favorably with scores from Form B of the
same test.
Question 39 options:
This researcher is concerned with reliability
This researcher is concerned with validity
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Question 40 (2 points)
Professor Jenkins has developed a field observation scale which allows
different administrators to observe the same teacher and obtain very
similar ratings of teacher effectiveness.
Question 40 options:
This researcher is concerned with reliability
This researcher is concerned with validity
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