1) The social, economic and political development sets priorities in terms of developmental and political context and hence enhances openness and transparency to international influence. In addition, the development helps to define the forms of governance and legitimacy associating with environmental processes and policy management. The developments in economic and political environments and other changes in the delivery of social and health care help the organizational managers to recognize the links and importance between decision-making and problem solving skills (Navarro, 2011). Assessments of the impact of economic, political, socialcultural and environmental have a direct influence upon the healthcare proposals and policies. Therefore, this form of strategic analysis helps to diagnose crucial issues that are of importance concern to an organization(Plough, 2017). With the use of the PEST-analysis, an organization can be able to review its external environment. PESTELI Analysis is a fundamental tool that can be used to understand the environment in which an organization is operating, and the threats and opportunities that lie within it. The external environment of a partnership, organization, community can be assessed by considering the economic political, social, environment, environment and legal levels (Navarro, 2011). Economic influences – the nature of competition experienced by an organization and financial resources in an economy Political factors – both the small and big political forces that may influence the organizational performance Sociological trends – trends, demographic changes in the way people work References Navarro, V., & Shi, L. (2011). The political context of social inequalities and health. International Journal of Health Services, 31(1), 1-21. Plough, A., & Krimsky, S. (2017). The emergence of risk communication studies: social and political context. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 12(3/4), 4-1 2) Information Technology in a Global Economy The simulation is a function that mimics the actual process or system. Simulating something first requires developing a model; this model represents the characteristics, behavior, and key functions of the selected physical or abstract system or process. The best quality assessment for such a situation will be the second one discussed in Chapter 3. In fact, the second view assessment allows them to assess the impact of different regional zones based on various dynamic factors, unlike the first and third assessment views. The second assessment allows planners to check and compare it with other assessment views. The results of the second assessment view on the current simulation provide confidence and clarity for analysts and managers. Highest level of accuracy In order to ensure highest level of accuracy in providing strategic planning suggestions for property use zoning for the large population of 750,000 individuals, the accuracy of the simulation can be defined in terms of the average number of individuals settled within a given zone. In order to ensure accuracy of the simulation, relevant system measures will be selected in order to set the parameters that would best function with the simulation model. This would involve the number and frequency of people zoned in the county, the distribution of the population in certain regions and the natural variations which can occur in all these incase the strategic plan works effectively to zone the population in the county. The accuracy of the model can be determined by creating a chart that totally corresponds to the structure and processes of the department for strategic planning. Thereafter, the simulation model can only take into consideration those factors that have a significant impact on the problem being analyzed. This will ensure that there is accuracy in the way the strategic plan on property use zoning is executed. References Hollocks B. W. 2004. Still simulating after all these years. Reflections on 40 years in simulation. Proceedings of the OR Society Simulation Workshop, Birmingham, March 23--24, Operational Research Society, Birmingham. Averill M. Law , David M. Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 1999 Mathewson S. C. 1974. Simulation program generators. Simulation, 23, 6, 181--189. 3) My thoughts are, the global economy depends more on the policymakers. These are the people who help in the decision-making process and ensure that the policy modeling is fit to provide that a policy problem is well taken care of and the right solution put into place. It is essential to understand that policy modeling does not only focus on the decision-making process but also the required data for the policymakers and the citizens all through the entire process of research to the finding of solutions in an ever-changing world. A current project called ‘sense4us' has been formulated as a method which provides data vision for policymakers and inhabitants by offering gears which enable policymakers to find and choose information relevant to the policy at hand through the use of technology as a medium. Therefore, it is through this project that people are capable of identifying the right policy modeling which entails simplicity, generality, validity, and formality as tenets and above all can speak openly to each other to create a better solution finding method and better ideas of the globe. Is this a tool that would be difficult or easy to use? (SENSE4US) Sense4Us is a tool that would be difficult to use. It is true that it would provide the exact required data but the procedure used is rather complicated for people who are not skilled in either a mathematical or scientific or in the technical areas. It always portrays policy modeling and simulation mathematically and scientifically using complex graphs and formulas in computers or other technological mediums which make it difficult for policymakers who are not well equipped with the involved disciplines to understand the procedure and the basic requirements (Ibrahim, Larsson, & Ilmola, 2018). Furthermore, the terminologies used in the project such as variables may be confusing as to what is right entails, especially if they are not precisely directly explained. According to Larsson, Taylor, Wandhöfer, & Koulolias (2015), the increased dependency on technology advances may make it difficult for people, mostly policy planners to make decisions regarding different solutions to a problem. It is possible that many people might relate the variables to be policymakers and the inhabitants of the area of interest while others, may have different points of view. Therefore, even though the tool is accurate, it may be difficult to discover the right policy modeling if the people managing the device are not well equipped with the knowledge about it and the right skills to use the related equipment. What do the following terms mean within the context of policy modeling? Policy modeling is a multidisciplinary study field that focuses on the use of both methodological and theoretical frameworks on the border between professionals of various academic disciplines and policymakers. Its objective is to simplify decision-making in a continually changing environment. It, therefore, majors the decision making in the process of identifying a policy problem and looking for relevant data insights that guide policy planners in finding the right policy solutions using information technology. Larsson, Taylor, Wandhöfer, & Koulolias, (2015) suggest that it enhances the ideas of the policy planners through the different information provided and ideas on how to solve a policy problem enabling them to make accurate decisions. Moreover, it also relates the policy planners to the population of interests giving the policy planners ideas on how to save the global economy through the data it provides and the different knowledge they learn from the various scholars of the various disciplines. The policy modeling would have to include different tenets which can easily guide it through the INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 3 whole process to make this scenario possible. The principles include simplicity, generality, validity, and formality. 1.Simplicity Simplicity is the idea of using ideas and methods that are easily understandable when developing policy modeling. It helps to turn complex decision-making processes into processes that can be easily be managed by policy planners and professionals from other disciplines. Simplicity in policy modeling is utilizing the ability to find possible ideas to problems using the simple methods like allowing people skilled in different projects to lead in the decision-making process depending on the discipline that is most needed at a particular time (Sondermann, 2018). It is through this principle that a policy modeling has a high chance of being successful from its development to when a final policy is developed and taken to the relevant population. In the context of policy modeling, simplicity also allows policymakers to understand that policy can only work if those involved can easily relate to the policy and understand it better. Therefore, simplicity helps the policymakers to adapt to different technological ideas which are easy to understand and to use. It also helps to equip policymakers with relevant knowledge from other disciplines. 2.Generality Also, generality mainly entails covering a wide range of things or situation as opposed to covering only a specific case. Sondermann (2018) shows that policy modeling involves a multidisciplinary approach which not only focuses on many disciplines but also methodological and theoretical frameworks as well. It is necessary for policymakers to use the knowledge they get from the different disciplines and structures in their decision making processes before coming up with a final solution. Therefore, in the context of policy modeling, generality will mean using all the knowledge from all the required disciplines and frameworks in coming up with a final decision. Policy planners depend not only on their knowledge but that of professionals from other disciplines as well to make final decisions regarding the next step in which they are supposed to take. This situation makes generality a critical part of policy modeling as it brings people skilled in different disciplines together to help in making the right decision. 3.Validity On the other hand, validity contains the research part of policy modeling. According to Sondermann (2018), this means that the policy modeling should be correct and accurate meaning it should be acceptable with regards to the evidence it provides. Even though policymakers make decisions based on the help they get from the professionals from the other disciplines, they should always ensure that there is enough evidence to back up their information. Before a decision is made, it is better for the policymakers to meet up with the professionals providing them with information to provide them with the evidence needed to make their decision making relevant. Moreover, in the ever-changing environment, it is possible that ideas may change continually with time, making it even more critical for enough evidence about different situations to be presented before the making of the final decision. This idea, therefore, requires enough research concerning the case followed by thorough analysis of their results to ensure that whatever information they get is accurate and can be backed up with evidence either from books or what they can see. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 4 4.Formality Also, formality will entail the legal part of the policy modeling. This measure would mean that anything that is done or any decision that is made during the process of decision making should follow the rules or laws officially. Formality, therefore, guides policy modeling to comply with the law by offering guidelines on how their decision making would influence people or regarding the professionals that are needed in the area of decision-making processes. It is essential to ensure that policymakers and the other professionals set guidelines and understand what is acceptable by the law before making any decision regarding a policy. Policy modeling requires the law a guide. (Sondermann, 2018) How are all these terms related? Therefore, Sondermann, (2018) shows that all these terms are related in that simplicity makes a policy modeling easily understandable which allows generality to involve many disciplines when making policy-making decisions. Also, validity enables it to be acceptable due to adequate evidence, and lastly, formality ensures that the policy modeling complies with the law. A combination of these terms provides that a policy model leads to the delivery of accurate decision-making processes which lead to more ideas on how to solve policy problems in the ever-changing society, promoting the global economy. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 5 References Ibrahim, O., Larsson, A., & Ilmola, L. (2018). SENSE4US Policy Modelling and Simulation Tool: Evaluation Use Case: Finland’s 2015 Asylum Seekers Crisis. Cybernetics and systems. Larsson, A., Taylor, S., Wandhöfer, T., & Koulolias, V. (2015). Exploiting Online Data in the Policy Making Process. In EEPM@ eGOV. Sondermann, D. (2018). Towards more resilient economies: The role of well-functioning economic structures. Journal of Policy Modeling, 40(1), 97-117. 4) System Dynamics Karnopp, D. C., Margolis, D. L., & Rosenberg, R. C. (1990). System Dynamics: A Unified Approach. This article by the authors outlined above, starting with Karnopp, provides a details overview on one of the key system modeling approaches that are extensively used during the decision-making instances such organization policy analysis. The article points out the main approaches of the System dynamics, which is achieved by applying a set of dynamic and complex parameters in all areas. Such areas touch on things to do with economics, social issues, communication, feedback and responses among other. By combining all the parameters, this computer-aided approach would then plays a vital role in decision-making. D. C. Karnopp together with his colleges, in this article full point out all about the unified approach in decision making that is System Dynamics. Their report, in this case, related back in 1990 address the situations under which the method can be used , the dynamic nature of the problems that the method best point outs and also how to carry out the approach. Their arguments even backups the above claim in policy analysis. They also show the effect of the approach in the said areas. Multi-Actor Systems Modeling Enserink, B., Kwakkel, J., Bots, P., Hermans, L., Thissen, W., & Koppenjan, J. (2010). Policy analysis of multi-actor systems. Eleven International Publ ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 This article touches on another decision making computer-aided approach known as MultiActor System Modelling. This form of approach when making a decision applies actor like models; these actors act according to the message or response they receive, they then message to the other actors within the system. Through this form of communications, they can be used in important decision-making situations such in policy analysis among other. Enserink B and the other authors outline the complex problems that require this form of computer-aided approaches. In their article, they have outlined, discussed and analyzed various parameters and hypothesis relating to this form of a computer-aided decision-making approach. Their conclusion agrees with my outline relating to the Multi-Actor Systems Modeling. Complex Adaptive Systems Modeling Miller, J. H., & Page, S. E. (2009). Complex adaptive systems: An introduction to computational models of social life (Vol. 17). Princeton university press. This article touches on one of the main examples of the decision making modeling method known as complex adaptive system modeling. Simply this involves a multi-disciplinary system that touches on every aspect of the main issues that requires a concrete decision to make. Such area might include networks, ecology and other within the span. They collaborate to come up with the best result. This is helpful in decision-making. The article author led by Miller, introduce the whole concept of computations models and especially in its application in decision-making. The article covers the keys areas involved in this form of modeling and how they are applied in real life situation. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 4 Decision-Making Using System Modelling Sterman, J. D. (1989). Modeling managerial behavior: Misperceptions of feedback in a dynamic decision-making experiment. Management Science, 35(3), 321-339. The above article outlines some specific application of decision making using System modeling. In the modern world of computation, every aspect of life is now being carried out using a computer and computer-aided approaches. These approaches are gaining wide acceptance and usage, especially in decision-making. In this case, several models have been implemented in order to help the top organization management be able to implement critical policies among other important uses. System modeling is the crucial feature under which the article bases its research on, in this case, its applications and relation to the managerial behavior. Sterman, J. D the author of the article agree in most cases the use of the approaches in solving real-life situations 5) Website 1: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/projects/cnect/6/288136/080 /deliverables/001eGovPoliNetD41v04.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1538971072655000&usg=AFQjCNHCiE0Q0 qctN_q0UgTbcqPptxlOVw. Multidisciplinary Framework for eGovPoliNet Knowledge Base – Cordis This website focuses mostly on peace building and dialogues that help maintain proper governance and better policy building. It is primarily used in government-based environments. This website is also used in the creation of a global multi-disciplinary knowledge base using virtual community concepts. This website is responsible for collecting analyzing and evaluation of information and disseminating it to the general public. The rationale for a more comprehensive description of knowledge assets is grounded in the objective of eGovPoliNet to perform comparative analyses and to create added value beyond the visibility and reference point of overviews of knowledge assets. Knowledge in eGovPoliNet is collected communally where people are asked to contribute their understanding of something. Multidisciplinary structures provide information which is used in collecting and analyzing data which is used in making strategic plans and decisions. In multi-disciplinary systems, knowledge assets are primarily used in the implementation of the approved projects. Website 2: https://www.csiac.org/about/about-the-csiac/ . Cyber Security and Information Systems Information Analysis Center (CSIAC) Over the past few years, cyber bullying and cyber insecurity have been in the list of issues that make people hate and fear the internet. People lived with the fear that their private online activities would be available to someone else and it would no longer be private. However, with the creation of this website, people have once more started using the internet for their activities. The primary purpose of this website has been creating awareness to the public about cyber security. The website also provides resources and ways to stay safe while conducting private activities on the internet. From the website, it is clear that most people fear using the website for personal reasons. It is not due to a lack of information on how to protect their private activities when they are online. This website has helped a lot of people get over their fear of using the internet. It is also essential to go through all the models that one can use to reduce the rates of cyber insecurities. Although everyone uses this website, the primary customers of the website are researchers, government agencies and managers among many others. Website 3: https://www.red3d.com/cwr/ibm.html . Individual-Based Models - Reynolds Engineering & Design Individual-constructed models are simulations of behaviors based on the global consequences of local interactions of members of the population. The individuals in the models may represent plants, animals and vehicles, especially in animation movies and games. In the individual-based model, the characteristics of various individuals are tracked through time. Through this website, the components of different individuals are averaged, and they are termed as for the whole population. The individual-based model tries to implement changes in the characteristics that have been averaged. This website also uses cookies to measure its performance every once in a while. This website provides simulations of populations by use of individuals and usually with a management plan in place. Individual-based models only focus on the individual scale. Additionally, the characteristics collected are averaged as for the whole population. With research information about an individual in a community, by using the individual-based model, it is possible to provide critical patterns about a particular population. The individual-based theory represents an entirely different and new research program. This model on the website requires a high level of professional expertise, especially when handling the individuals. The individual-based model addresses specific individuals, and its results are very complex and testable. Website 4: https://www.rand.org/about.html RAND CORPORATION. This website is owned and managed by the Rand Corporation in both Australia and Europe. This website helps to provide information and solutions to challenges like public policies. It is also used for giving awareness to the public that helps to keep them safe, healthy, secure as well as prosperous. This website’s goal is to ensure the general public interests are taken care of and the public becomes educated. This website provides objective research information and public services. It also helps to improve decision-making and policies by providing research information and analysis. Over the years a lot of people have subscribed to the website. This is because the website not only educates the general public with its research information but also helps people in their decision making. References. Melanie Bicking, Maria A. Wimmer, Dominic Bär, 2012. Multidisciplinary Framework for eGovPoliNet Knowledge Base (D 4.1). Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://cordis.europa.eu/docs/projects/cnect/6/288136/080/delive rables/001eGovPoliNetD41v04.pdf&source=gmail&ust=1538971072655000&usg=AFQjCNHCiE0 Q0qctN_q0UgTbcqPptxlOVw About the CSIAC. Retrieved from: https://www.csiac.org/about/about-the-csiac/ Craig Reynolds, 1997. Individual-Based Models. Retrieved from: https://www.red3d.com/cwr/ibm.html About the Rand Corporation. Retrieved from: https://www.rand.org/about.html 6) class we started presentations.Each person has got their own topic and started presentation about their topic. I am very much impressed with every one presentation to mention with roman and pujitha.They talked on topics such as big data,public policy,simulations,social media.Professor has given good feedback after each presentation.From the presentations on the third day, as per my understanding, we learnt some application of simulation AnyLogic 8. An example is in supply chains where behavior of producers, distributors, retailers, and suppliers depend on each other. This implies that production, inventory and transportation planning need to be integrated. Such integration is known as production-inventory, inventory-routing and production-inventory routing problems. The major idea of such integrated problems is to find balanced states in regard to production and sourcing quantities. As such, system dynamics (Sterman 2000) is a popular method for simulating the integrated problems. The System Dynamics (SD) methodology is typically used in long-term, strategic models and assumes a high level of aggregation of the objects being modeled. People, products, events, and other discrete items are represented in SD models by their quantities so they lose any individual properties, histories or dynamics. If this level of abstraction is appropriate for your problem, SD may be the right method to use. However, if individual details are important, you can always reconceptualize all or part of your model using Agent Based or Discrete Event (process-centric) methods without ever leaving the AnyLogic environment. With the help of AnyLogic multimethod simulation software, management problems can be transferred to a simulation model that will allow performing experiments in order to understand basic trade-offs and relations in process flow analysis with consideration of financial and operational KPIs (Key Performance Indicators). The most basic moral concern is that when information is collected, stored, and/or accessed, it should be done in an appropriate way so that r that anyone can see is as fair and in the best interests of all parties involved. Everyone produces an immense volume of information every day that could be documented and stored as useful data to be accessed later when needed. But moral challenges come in when that collection, storage and use of our information is done by third parties without our knowledge or done with only our tacit consent. The rapid increase in computing and communications power has elevated significant alarm of privacy invasion both in the public and private sector. Reductions in the cost of data storage and information processing makes in almost obvious that it will become practicable that both government and private datamining enterprises would collect detailed records on all citizens largely without their consent. Today, no one knows who currently collects data about individuals, how the data is used and shared or how this data might be misused. These anxieties lessen the users’ trust in online societies and communication, thus, inhibit the development of electronic commerce. A technological approach to protecting privacy might by cryptography which again is a serious barrier on the other hand to criminal investigations. People today suffer from information overload, lots of information is accessible in the internet which in most case are incomplete and even incorrect. Irrelevant information is thus absorbed. Technological progress certainly creates dependency on technology. The establishment of vigorous groundwork ensures reliance on that infrastructure. Even as the world today relies heavily on its transport, telephone, and other infrastructures, it someday will fully rely on the emerging information infrastructure. However, as a disadvantage, total dependence on technology bring about risks and letdowns in the technological infrastructure can result into collapse of the economic and social functionality. Failure of long-distance telephone service, electronic funds transfer systems, credit data system and other such important communications and information processing services would result to an economic dilemma However, it is probably impossible to avoid technological dependence. Therefore, what must be considered is the exposure brought from dependence on and work mitigating the failure in case it occurs. As per my understanding from the class discussion a public policy basically concentrates on citizens needs by having certain policies. The government here addresses and maintains its needs for the citizens within the country. We spoke on different types of policies such as health policy and legal policy. As per my understanding on day one, I learnt that Information Technology is the engine that drives the new world economy termed as the ‘digital economy’. IT has visibly affected how the world is shaped economically today. It affects almost everything from political discussion, trade, business, health information creation and dissemination, security, job creation, and the list goes on and on. Without this implement, countries suffer the risk of being classified as ‘economically under-developed’ today. IT has escalated the quality of education as schools today are judged by the level of appreciation of this implement; dissemination of information through the internet and use of IT tools in the ranks of staff and even students have improved and made efficient the contemporary educational institutions. Furthermore, software design, knowledge creation has made information technology bring tremendous jobs in many economies. IT has thus affected many economies. Information Technology (IT), better defined as computers and related digital communication technology and information processing, has the power to reduce the cost of coordination necessary to finish a given task .There is no modern industry that has not been affected by IT; advancement in political, social and economic spheres have been credited to the gaining ground of IT in the world economy. As I did understand, bridging the digital divide has been a core function of IT in transforming the inner city economy and by extension the rural communities and achieving growth in the stature of those economies. E-Commerce; the use of internet to run businesses, and technical jobs are the major components of this new economy that have since been embraced after the invention of the computer. Throughout the articles I have seen that policy making would be better if it took a cooperative, process-managerial method all the way to scrutiny. Cooperate decision making will appeal to involved stakeholders and owning the outcome will thence be achieved. Stakeholders probably would impact the analysis process and so their attention should be sought in the primary stages of decision making process. This is an important building stone. A process that least involves the stakeholders by characterization, may perhaps be a trap for them. It is important to therefore formulate regulations that would see participation of the relevant stakeholders are given room. These rules define the relationship between analysis and decision making, the withdrawal option as well as the nature of the commitment during the process. It is very necessary that the process be effective for it will create a strong impediment towards using the offer for selfish purpose and any other use that would thwart good mutual relations. This presents a picture typical of process management: making sure that the stakeholders are present, but in so doing, make sure the process is not futile by inviting stakeholders who will end up using this room as to their selfish advantage. 7) Policy Analysis of Multi Actor Systems Atkinson, Jo-An, et al. "A modelling tool for policy analysis to support the design of efficient and effective policy responses for complex public health problems." Implementation Science The paper explains the different policy analysis methods employed by stakeholders in appraising policies. It outlines clearly the importance of choosing the right method which suits the different problems the policy is intended to solve. It urges that it is vital to consider the weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities of each individual alternative. By carrying out a swot analysis it helps the policy analyzing team to choose the best policy from the available alternatives hence high chances of having successful policies being implemented. Again it also urges that by use methods like cost benefit analysis one is able to consider all the factors which will work to the advantage of the analyzing agency. Other than the methods it also emphasizes on the importance of having skilled policy analysts who are familiar with the different analysis methods and who can be able to work with diverse methods in different contexts of analysis Bardach, Eugene, and Eric M. Patashnik. A practical guide for policy analysis: The eightfold path to more effective problem solving. CQ press, 2015. Bardach et all work provides a clear blue print on the different steps which need to be followed in the process of analyzing polices. The research acknowledges that policy analysis is a process which occurs in stages. the authors emphasize on the importance of being accurate and being persuasive analysts. Some of the steps identified in the research include; Define the Problem, Assemble Some Evidence, Construct the Alternatives, Select the Criteria, Project the Outcomes among others. It recognizes that the process of analyzing policies goes beyond analysts only to 2 include interested parties and other professionals. the source acknowledges the changing roles of modern policy analysts who are focusing on program evaluation, planning, budgeting and other functions. They argue that policy analysis emanates from politics and recognize that the political sphere has two dimensions which are channeling conflicts and building communities. Through policy making the conflicts which emanate from politics are resolved and the policies have to be appraised to determine their effectiveness. Hajer, Maarten. "Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void." Policy sciences 36.2 (2003): The paper helps us to determine how would policy examination reply to the varying context of policy making process. It also inspects three facets of policy appraisal in this fluctuating situation: polity, awareness and solution. It claims that policy formulation now repeatedly occurs in an official void where there is lack of normally acknowledged rules and standards according to which legislations is to be steered and policy actions are to be settled upon. Additional, results for persistent problems contravene the power of precise polities. Moreover, the function of awareness vicissitudes as the association amongst science and culture has altered: methodical expertise is now exchanged fairly than merely accepted. And, with state being weaker, it is far more apparent that the administration is the lone actor to arbitrate in policy making. The paper also calls for a reexamination of the scrutiny of dogma making in regards to this varying environment. Founded on a circumstantial perspective it urges for a renaissance of the obligations of Harold Lasswell concerning a policy discipline of egalitarianism by suggesting a new consultative policy analysis. 3 Hansson, Sven Ove, and Gertrude Hirsch Hadron. "Ten Core Concepts for the Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis." The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis. Reasoning about Uncertainty, SO Hansson, G. Hirsch Hadorn (eds), Springer, Dordrecht (2016): The source the researchers refer to confrontational techniques and plans which can be utilized to direct rule decisions under circumstances of excessive uncertainty. It displays how approaches from metaphysical examination and in specific squabble analysis can be deployed to initiate deliberations about policy choices under inordinate uncertainty, i.e. when information is missing not only about likelihoods but also for example about what are the choices and their possible penalties are, about ethics and verdict criteria, and nearly how the choice relates to other results that will be agreed by others and even or at a later point in time. The notion of disagreement investigation is extensive and covers a great and many approaches and techniques, counting tools for theoretical analysis, organizing decisions, measuring arguments, and gauging decision possibilities. The utilization of these systems outspreads the normal treatment of pronouncements in at minimum two compliments. For instance, argumentative approaches can be castoff to elucidate the grounds for using the official tools of old-style decision theory and strategy analysis when these gears are beneficial Walt, Gill, et al. "‘Doing ‘health policy analysis: methodological and conceptual reflections and challenges." Health policy and planning 23.5 (2008). This paper starts by observing at the fitness of policy environment, and a few of the trials to investigating this extremely complex marvel. It emphases on exploration in central and little 4 income republics, concentrating on certain structures and philosophies, practices and plans that can be utilized in a healthy policy examination, citing instances from current educations. The consequences of situation studies and of changes in research plan are discovered. Consideration is haggard to the duties of the policy investigator and the significance of being flexible and investigator positionality in the investigation process. It is convenient both with hindsight and prospectively, to comprehend past strategy letdowns and achievements and to strategize for forthcoming policy application. Nevertheless, there has been abundant consideration accorded to how to do policy scrutiny, what exploration designs, concepts or approaches best enlighten policy enquiry. In policy environment we instigate by looking at the wellbeing policy location, and approximately the challenges to investigating this extremely multifaceted phenomenon. Taniguchi, Eiichi, Russell G. Thompson, and Tadashi Yamada. "Emerging techniques for enhancing the practical application of city logistics models." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 39 (2012) This paper shows the emerging techniques which are used to enhance the application of different logical logistics models. There are different models that have been applied to solve different types of complex problems. The models are mainly categorized into two models which are known as optimization and simulation models. Optimization models integrate dynamic and stochastic fundamentals, the high demand which is needed in traveling has been a great problem. To solve this Simulation models are well known since it uses use multi-agent systems. The multiple participants are complicated in the arrangement of the city logic design. Evaluation policy is straight associated with the decision making of policy measures. Models for supporting decision creation have become more significant for procurement common reception as well as governance among private and public entities. Good governance helps the problems to be solved 5 easily without overworking working as well when there is a tension. The measure helps to control the areas and also to control the team he or she leads. Hermans, Leon M., and Wil AH Thissen. "Actor analysis methods and their use for public policy analysts." European Journal of Operational Research 196.2 (2009): In this research, the public case analyst uses approaches rooted in OR and system to help policymakers in their judgment to come up with a result. This helps policy analyst to know the value of certain understanding of the roles of actors which are involved in the process of making process. Several methods are used in order to help understand the policies, although the emphasis on actors there are notable differences which are important between the methods. The different methods which are available together with their traits help the analysts to know and learn about the potential and also limitation which is involved when analyzing the multi-actor process. This article shows the overview created on the main requirements the specified methods should meet. The overview is used to describe some of the challenges and roles of the analysts who are interested in the process of the multi-actor. It emphases exactly on trade-offs between analytic excellence and applied usability. Enserink, Bert, et al. Policy analysis of multi-actor systems. Eleven International Publ., 2010. Policy analyst is known to love helping and solving complicated issues. They don’t deal only with technical complex but they are also characterized by the presence of several social actors that are sharing conflict situation. This actor can also share goal and perception and they act strategically to get the best result from a particular problem situation. This article also gives the help for the policy analyst who needs to access is and how their analysis could be of any help in the complicated situation. The help is based on the premise that problem design is the base in 6 addressing the difficult and complicated situations. This article position policy analysis based on different theories which help in the process of policymaking. The theories help in process of making the policies, they help to solve the complicated situation to look simpler. The analyst helps to analyze the situation and simplify it. Marttunen, Mika, Judit Lienert, and Valerie Belton. "Structuring problems for MultiCriteria Decision Analysis in practice: A literature review of method combinations." European Journal of Operational Research 263.1 (2017): In the past 20 years, it has led to the increase in the attention of both conceptual and practical perspective due to structuring problem.it has shown a very high growth of the published application which applies a formal method to solve a problem. This involves structuring problems by combining with analytical methods for multicriteria analysis. This approach of structuring problems involves methods like Checkland’s soft System Method (SSM) among others which focuses on the same problem.it covers literature review which covers eight PSMs and they include Cognitive and Causal Maps, DPSIR, Scenario Planning, SSM, Stakeholder Analysis, Strategic Choice Approach, SODA, and SWOT. In this article, it was researched based on 333 articles and was published to the public between 2000-2015. It then selected 68 articles covering PSD-MCDA combination. They were used to bring out the understating of advantages and the challenges to face. The limitation which occurs to challenge the policy analysis is noted. Walker, Warren E., et al. "Defining uncertainty: a conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support." Integrated assessment 4.1 The emerging trend in academic mainly focuses on sustainably that has been included to define the main competence which enables success and especially in students and also in other areas. 7 For many years now, the sustainability has been developed and its taught to school to help to solve the complicated areas. It has proved that the use of this structured analysis in many schools that it helps many people. This research identifies the key areas and also looks the strong points so that we can do it to make happy. This article gives the literature review where the review identifies the key competencies in sustainability. It picks the important information which helps it to solve the running complex problems. It also fills the gaps to enable the solving of the complicated situation to enable sustainability. It has helped in designing schools’ programs like teaching and learning evaluations as well as employing to be fulfilled. REFERENCES Atkinson, Jo-An, et al. "A modelling tool for policy analysis to support the design of efficient and effective policy responses for complex public health problems." Implementation Science 10.1 (2015): Bardach, Eugene, and Eric M. Patashnik. A practical guide for policy analysis: The eightfold path to more effective problem solving. CQ press, 2015. 8 Enserink, Bert, et al. Policy analysis of multi-actor systems. Eleven International Publ., 2010. Hajer, Maarten. "Policy without polity? Policy analysis and the institutional void." Policy sciences 36.2 (2003): Hansson, Sven Ove, and Gertrude Hirsch Hadron. "Ten Core Concepts for the Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis." The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis. Reasoning about Uncertainty, SO Hansson, G. Hirsch Hadorn (eds), Springer, Dordrecht (2016): Hermans, Leon M., and Wil AH Thissen. "Actor analysis methods and their use for public policy analysts." European Journal of Operational Research 196.2 (2009): 808-818. Marttunen, Mika, Judit Lienert, and Valerie Belton. "Structuring problems for MultiCriteria Decision Analysis in practice: A literature review of method combinations." European Journal of Operational Research 263.1 (2017): Walt, Gill, et al. "‘Doing ‘health policy analysis: methodological and conceptual reflections and challenges." Health policy and planning 23.5 (2008) Walker, Warren E., et al. "Defining uncertainty: a conceptual basis for uncertainty management in model-based decision support." Integrated assessment 4.1 Taniguchi, Eiichi, Russell G. Thompson, and Tadashi Yamada. "Emerging techniques for enhancing the practical application of city logistics models." Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 39 (2012): 8) Fernandez, I. and Ledner, D (2008) give several definitions of knowledge management (KM). The first one being that it refers to identifying and leveraging the collective knowledge in an organization to help the organization compete the company's overall performance depends on the extent to which managers can mobilize all the knowledge resources held by individuals and teams and turn these resources into value-creating activities. Fernandez & Ledner also state that KM can also be explained as performing the operations involved in discovering, capturing, distributing and applying knowledge to enhance cost-effectively the impact of knowledge on the unit’s goal achievement. Maier, R (2007) defines Knowledge management as the management function responsible for the natural selection, implementation, and evaluation of goal-oriented knowledge strategies that aim at improving an organization's way of handling knowledge internal to the company and also external to the company to enhance organizational performance. The implementation of knowledge strategies comprises all person-oriented, regulatory and technological instruments suitable to dynamically optimize the companywide level of capabilities, education, and ability to learn of the members of the organization as well as to develop collective intelligence. knowledge management systems is an emerging line of operations which target professional managerial activities by focusing on creating, gathering, organizing and disseminating an organizations knowledge as opposed to information or data (Fernandez, I. and Ledner, D, 2008) What is implicit and explicit knowledge? Wang, K. & Hjelmervik (2001) states that explicit knowledge is that component of that can be codified and transmitted into a systematic and formal language: policies, procedural guides, white paper, reports, designs, products, documents, databases, webs, e-mails, charts and core competencies of the enterprise Wang & Hjelmervik go on to state that implicit knowledge is the cumulative store of the experiences. This includes mental maps, insights, acumen, expertise, know-how, trade secrets, skill, understanding and learning the company, as well as the culture that has embedded in it the present, past experiences of its people, processes, and values. This knowledge generally involves expertise or high-level skills. 9) Diffusion and adoption strategy applies to the case study because of the positions like when the targeted customers are exposed to the item, they are allowed to rate it, make decisions on whether they can work with it or not and decide on whether to keep working with it or not. The diffusion and adoption strategy deals with the opinions of the customers and the outcome related to the future of the item. The value sensitivity of an item can affect users in a way that they are forced to decide on the importance of an item and whether they can use it or not. The decisions are made regarding the value of the product and its use or importance in the environment. Value sensitive design provides options on whether people from diverse communities should be given access to gain certain information or view certain products. The decisions made in this case are aligned towards the needs, experiences such as fair, personal or intimate. The concepts of value sensitive design are based on human imaginations on what is right or wrong provided the reasons behind the decisions are reasonable. Diffusion and adoption strategy applies to the case study because of the positions like when the targeted customers are exposed to the item, they are allowed to rate it, make decisions on whether they can work with it or not and decide on whether to keep working with it or not. The diffusion and adoption strategy deals with the opinions of the customers and the outcome related to the future of the item. The value sensitivity of an item can affect users in a way that they are forced to decide on the importance of an item and whether they can use it or not. The decisions are made regarding the value of the product and its use or importance in the environment. Value sensitive design provides options on whether people from diverse communities should be given access to gain certain information or view certain products. The decisions made in this case are aligned towards the needs, experiences such as fair, personal or intimate. The concepts of value sensitive design are based on human imaginations on what is right or wrong provided the reasons behind the decisions are reasonable.
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