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(2) additional piece of data (interview transcript), and (3) your own voice as a researcher (bracketing assignment and memos). Think about how you may want to title your report and how your writing will accommodate these 3 distinct dimensions/lenses/perspectives on the topic that we have been exploring this term. Remember that qualitative writing requires you to move flexibly between different meanings and themes generated by your research and highlight commonality and dis-junctions in human experiences.

First: use the ‘coding report’ from Assignment #5 as your guide and go through these steps:

  1. Type up the transcript of the interview (must be included in Appendix)
  2. Apply codes that you constructed in Assignment 5 to this additional piece of data (must be included in Appendix)
  3. Revise your coding scheme and book, if new data does not fit existing categories/themes (must be included in Appendix)
  4. Re-visit your findings from Assignment #5: What additional insights about 'meaning and purpose of education in life' did you gain from additional piece of data? Do you need to tweak your coding scheme? Discuss your overall findings and your interpretations to answer your research question(s).

Second, think about all the documents you produced this term as a whole: What is the big picture? Is there one story that emerges out of these different pieces? Does one piece of data support another or does it challenge it? Do you see a shared understanding of the purpose and meaning of education, or do your participants appear to be in a disagreement with distinct voices? How does your voice contribute to this story? Remember that YOU (the researcher) is the 'primary instrument' in qualitative inquiry, so now is YOUR time to demonstrate how these seemingly disconnected data that you collected 'makes sense' to you.

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Running head; Image Narrative Coding Report 1 1 I am a millennial who have been pursuing his education since first grade with no stop until the 2 moment of writing this paper, and more importantly have a believe that learning and education 3 should never stop in a persons life. Education represents everything to me, I come from an educated 4 family who were always very interested and successful in the education field for many years. 5 Education is Since the Foundation Saudi Arabia in 1931, education has started with very few male 6 schools and has been evolving rapidly ever since. Today we have more than 40 thousands of both 7 male and female educational schools and institutions across the country. In the matter of special 8 education, services has been regulated and required by the ministry of educating for students with 9 disabilities for more than 35 years ago. Programs and services has been widely established in most 10 major cities but still did not cover up most schools, there are still huge numbers of students with 11 disabilities that has not been identified. Those students who suffer from hidden disabilities such as 12 ADHD and Learning Disabilities are neither recognized nor supported, due to the fact, that there 13 are no specialists that could identify such hidden disabilities in all schools. Controversy, Saudi 14 Arabia has huge numbers of special education teachers who are qualified to fill in the special 15 education job positions. That is the reason why Picture #3 reflected that need to hire those 16 educators and to fill in the gap of the special education field. Picture #6 reminded me of the article 17 that have just published last week, the article was advocating to the need of education for students 18 with learning disabilities. The article also reflects the photo, due to fact that the article was 19 concerned that abandoning the education of students with learning disabilities may result in them 20 ending up in a prison. Furthermore, the article has quoted several sayings of people who were in Image Narrative Coding Report 2 21 prison and had specific learning disability, most of those prisoners expressed that the did not know 22 the consequences that they would face after their violent behavior that led them to prison. Another 23 student has stated in an article from the Guardian newspaper, that crime was a much easier than 24 trying to learn and get laughed at by bullies in schools. Therefore, education is essential to build 25 an intelligent, collaborative, and free-crime community. The most phenomena that I literally hate 26 and will gather all power to work against it, is “Ableism” the word represents any action or 27 behavior that might make people with disabilities feel insulted. Ableism is spread widely around 28 the world, therefore, it will defiantly be more presented in Saudi Arabia and other third world 29 countries. Ableism can be present in various forms; it could extend from wounds of word arrows 30 to inaccessible entry of a governmental building. Some examples of real life situation has happen 31 to several of my relatives who were disabled and been through some of these situations. The most 32 important example of Ablesim that has ever happened to me was when my older sister who was 33 trying to obtain a degree in Indiana state. In 2016, when she was about to finish her course work 34 she had a baby boy while she was still in her 7thmonth, he was born with both intellectual and 35 physical disabilities, he was not able to swallow and was being fed by a G-Tupe to his stomach. 36 Beside his different disabilities, both parents were aware and educated and has adored him just as 37 their other three children and maybe a little bit more. However, when he was about a year old, he 38 always carried an oxygen machine that helped him breathing. My sister was livng exactly across 39 street, and one morning I was about to leave to school and there I found my brother shouting for 40 me to come inside her house, I went running to his parents room were he sleep and there is my 41 sister doing a CPR for him. The ambulance were on there way and in two to three minutes of my 42 sister doing a CPR her child started breathing again. They were able to take him to the hospital 43 and afterwards the doctors have made a huge meeting including both my sister and her husband. 2 Image Narrative Coding Report 3 44 The Ableism part is when my sister was asked by the doctors that if this incidence ever happened 45 again, would you want us to save him? The doctors did not see that his life was worth to save 46 which has been very difficult for the parents to realize what they just heard from an educated 47 human being. 48 Participant #2 49 50 The education system is perhaps the most enduring meritocratic system in which both appraisal 51 and discrimination is positively accepted. Intellectual discrimination enables different people to 52 understand and appreciate the choices they have in life and in terms of academic endeavors (Kay, 53 2006). Secondly, appraisal of academic achievements is a critical part of the process and as such 54 the most significant reality that faces the various forms of educational development. The pictures 55 in this discussion demonstrate the level of engagement school provides to young people. First and 56 foremost, education promotes participation and collaboration as it molds young minds to become 57 responsible members of the community (Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 58 2018). It provides the first moments of activism for children and as such creates a long-term reality 59 that consensus is an important aspect in society’s quest for development. As a student, one may 60 not always like school, but rest assured, no one loves their job every day of the week either 61 (Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 2018). This is critical towards the long 62 term and generates an understanding helps us balance our interests in life. As an adult, I believe 63 there is no place in the world that instills patriotism than education. As an adult, it is often the 64 responsibility of the adult to ensure that there is a critical connection between the interests of the 65 society and the desires of the young to establish a more inclusive system that enhances education 3 Image Narrative Coding Report 4 66 pursuits in the long run. This is the cornerstone of appreciating learning and its outcome. To be 67 educated therefore, is to achieve the full measure of awareness as well as the full connection 68 between the long-term goals and community responsibilities one gets in the long run (Kay, 2006; 69 Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 2018). 70 In my journey of education, I have not always been a fun of the process. There are times when I 71 have been diametrically opposed to the kind of influence education had on my life. For instance, 72 there are times when I did not want to be in school and joined my friends in making my feelings 73 known through the use of graffiti that illustrated words and images that demonstrated my dislike 74 for school. These include “education sucks”, “we don’t need education” among others. In some 75 cases, and with the advent of social media, I would try to challenge my teachers by using my 76 phones at inappropriate moments. However, as an adult, I proudly remember the moments that 77 defined the life I lead and how the experiences were critical to my own growth potential. For 78 instance, in response to prolonged strikes, the school district proposed to close all schools. 79 Outraged by this turn of events, we took to the streets arguing that the closure of schools would 80 increase violence which was already high in the community. I also relish the history classes that 81 enhanced the civic pride I felt with regards to connections to my country of birth. I now feel more 82 attached to the experience I had both as a child and teenager because they empower the young, 83 energetic and ambitious person I have become. It is essential to note that the overall conditioning 84 of this successful environment is also experienced within the context of the opportunities I missed 85 and how these opportunities could have increased over time. This is a critical part of the 86 progressive understanding of research into the power of education. If I had not experienced this 4 Image Narrative Coding Report 5 87 education level in the past, there are instances in which I would have negatively been impacted by 88 the environmental factors that affect different events in my life. 89 Participant#3 90 One of the pictures which bring back memories of my education life is picture number one. It 91 reminds of those classroom moments when we would participate in class questions and 92 discussions. These are the time when a child does not understand the real meaning of education 93 but assumes it to be a daily activity to be undertaken. I loved answering questions and participating 94 in the class discussion my primary education. Picture 6 reminds me of high school life where I 95 began to feel as education was bothersome and that I didn’t really need to go school as there were 96 other things I could do such as hanging out with friends. 97 These two pictures bring out the reason to be educated in that they show the difficulties one has to 98 go through and become successful. To be educated means to acquire skills applicable in real life 99 situations such as careers and even social life. Education is considered to be a life-long investment 100 as the skills acquired can help a person throughout their entire life without ‘expiring’. Despite the 101 fact that a person has to subject himself to years of learning, it is a worthy undertaking as it enables 102 people to become globally competitive and respond to real-life challenges more competently. 103 The first picture indicates the innocence of primary pupils as they attend their schools. They are 104 always enthusiastic about going to school and engaging in class discussions. This makes learning 105 more interesting. I loved so much to answer questions my teacher asked during class times and I 106 didn’t even feel the burden of attending school. In fact on holidays, I would be sad that I wouldn’t 107 attend school. However, this attitude changed when I joined my high school. I began hating school 108 and I didn’t see the essence of attending classes. In fact, I preferred hanging out with my friends. 5 Image Narrative Coding Report 6 109 This attitude was wrong since I affected my performance in my first years. In my third year, my 110 parents organized for a private session with an educational counselor. My session with the 111 counselor proved to be fruitful as I started getting the significance of education. I came to 112 understand that it is a life-long investment but not a waste of one’s time. I was told education is 113 meant to impart important skills that help a person later in their life such as in careers, decision 114 making, creative thinking, and social life. 115 Education is what distinguishes us from the uneducated and it is what shapes civilization. I also 116 came to learn that education is responsible for the kind of lifestyles we live. Such an enlightenment 117 opened my eyes on the issue of education and I was eventually able to change my mindset. This 118 gave me a lot of motivation that even my teachers noted a progressive improvement in my 119 performance. I was able to perform well in my exams and even secured a place in the university. 120 Upon joining the university, I understood fully why my parents were insisting on my education. I 121 was able to pursue a degree that later gave me my career. My life in learning taught me that 122 education is worthwhile investments that are responsible for many aspects in life. As I attend my 123 job, I look behind and realize that the time and resources I spent in schooling was a witty 124 investment and the fruits and outcomes of education are really paying. 125 Participant #4 126 Education refers to the act or process of seeking information from a teacher who imparts 127 knowledge and information in an individual with the aim of making them knowledgeable and able 128 to do things on their own (Chandra and Rajendra 13). Personally, education has had an impact on 129 my life, and I am grateful that I am educated. 6 Image Narrative Coding Report 7 130 Firstly, I remember my childhood years where I was timid and shy. Education helped me to gain 131 courage and bravery by helping me mingle with children from different backgrounds and 132 character. I had the chance of interacting with children from different classes and with different 133 ways of thinking. It helped me make friends and gain confidence in myself at an early age. 134 Throughout the learning curriculum, I have had the chance of meeting new friends and creating 135 more links, which is one of the importance of education. Without going to a school or a common 136 place where all converge for learning purposes, it would be difficult for one to make as many 137 diverse friends, as well as have important links to people in various organizations. 138 Education has also helped me to learn and know how the world is made and run. Learning science 139 and geography has helped me to know the different elements that make up the world. When 140 walking around forests and thickets, knowing the different types of animals and insects is vital to 141 staying safe. I remember escaping the bite of a black widow spider when walking through the park. 142 The knowledge about the black widow spider helped me to jump over the deadly insect, which 143 helped me to stay safe. Lack of such knowledge, which is mostly gained through education, could 144 have exposed me to the danger of the poison of the spider; I might not have survived to this date. 145 As such, the knowledge gained through education guides one to know what to avoid and what one 146 can embrace. 147 Education has also helped me to lead a healthier life. The knowledge gained in Science and 148 Biology in particular has helped me to know the working of the body systems and the signs and 149 symptoms of different health problems. This has helped me to be alert concerning signs of illness 150 in the body. I remember this once helped me to tack fever when on a trip to Dubai, early 7 Image Narrative Coding Report 8 151 intervention and treatment saved from hospitalization. Lack of education makes one lack such vital 152 information, which can lead to deterioration before one seeks medical attention. 153 Another importance of education is getting formal employment (Chandra & Rajendra 62). 154 Educational qualifications are a number one requirement to get any formal employment. 155 Considering that formal employment usually has a higher salary and more benefits, it then follows 156 that education is the key to getting better employment. This additionally means that advancing 157 one’s education throughout one’s life continually gives one more chance of getting better 158 employment opportunities and equally better salaries and benefits. 159 In general, being educated is good because one becomes knowledgeable in various matters that 160 concern day to day living and activities (Chandra and Rajendra 68). People that lack formal 161 education tend to be withdrawn from active participation of society building because they lack 162 knowledge and information to guide them. It is important that all become educated since it is a 163 tool against many ills and problems occurring in the world: education can help transform the world 164 into a better place. 165 Participant #5 166 Ever since I was a child, my parents expressed to my siblings and I the value of education. They 167 told us that it was really important that we receive an education that not only helped us to acquire 168 a life-long career, but also prepared us to serve our community. With my parents as role models, 169 my dad as a preacher and my mom as an educator, I remember being at school trying to follow my 170 parent's instructions: learn as much as possible and bring good grades home. During my elementary 171 school years in the country of Venezuela, I thought that school was just a big playground. I truly 8 Image Narrative Coding Report 9 172 enjoyed being in the classroom and was inspired to create imaginary worlds or adventures with 173 the content I was receiving from the teachers. For me, learning was not significant, I was just there 174 because my parents sent me to school. As I progressed in my middle school grades, I noticed that 175 the content was more demanding and I had moments where I truly questioned if I really needed all 176 that information. During that time, I struggled to keep my focus on classwork and my grades 177 plummeted considerably. My parents talked to me on many occasions, stressing how I must apply 178 myself with more consistency on my school assignments. I certainly felt lost and I did not try to 179 excel in my school classes. It was in my high school years when everything changed drastically. 180 During that period of time, my parents sent me to a Christian boarding school and I became really 181 active in the musical activities. With a previous experience in playing piano and singing at church, 182 I felt for the first time that I was doing something significant with all the years of schooling. One 183 day, in the middle of my junior year, I was called to the school’s principal office. He mentioned to 184 me that the music teacher had to leave the position and he thought that I could help as a student 185 teacher and to take the position as choir director and church pianist. I immediately accepted. That 186 opportunity not only changed my life and my purpose but also changed completely my perspective 187 of why education is important and how excellence in teaching could be incredibly important for 188 the success of all students regardless of their learning abilities. Additionally, I started to appreciate 189 my parents’ efforts in investing in my school education, as well as, the piano lessons. During those 190 years, experiencing being a teacher and student at the same time, gave me a unique perspective of 191 why education is necessary for the intellectual and personal growth of each student. Additionally, 192 I discovered that serving as a facilitator and a role model would help my students to find more 193 meaning and significance of the knowledge that they are acquiring. Today, as I reflected about 194 those years, I certainly would not have changed anything from those life altering experiences. I 9 Image Narrative Coding Report 10 195 understand now, based on my own personal education background, that each individual has 196 opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help of inspiring role models at home and 197 school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all the invested time and effort. 198 Participant #6 199 As I think back to the different ways, in which I have played a role or engaged in education over 200 the years, a few specific experiences come to mind. My role as an educator did not begin in the 201 classroom, as many would expect. My role as an educator began when I became a mother at 18 202 years old. I have worn many educator hats, from being a police officer, to working as a social 203 worker for women and children of sexual abuse, to where I am today, the role of a classroom 204 educator for both children and adults. 205 When I first looked back at the different images, I instantly experienced an overwhelming 206 feeling of anxiety. Image #1 and image #5 reminded me of my personal school experience. When 207 I was in school, teachers were rigid, and learning was always silent, independent work. I rarely 208 recall working in groups or having meaningful dialogue about the concepts we were learning, or 209 why we were learning them. I remember a lot of yelling, and during my elementary and high school 210 years, corporal punishment still existed. I would have to get paddled on the inside and outside of 211 my hands if I wanted to use the restroom and would get ridiculed in front of peers if my response 212 to a teacher’s question was incorrect. I learned that it was easier to stay quiet and pretend I knew 213 what I was doing, rather than being humiliated and feeling dumb. 214 Image #2 and 3 also resonated with me. Looking back, I realize that my attitude was really 215 centered in the fact that I struggled to understand the concepts, and I could not ask for help, because 216 I knew teachers were racist. During that time, I lived in a small town in Texas, with a population 217 of 1200 people. My geometry teacher lived across the street and the mayor lived next door, which 10 Image Narrative Coding Report 11 218 he also happened to be my shop teacher. Racism was alive and well, especially in such a rural area, 219 and we were the only Hispanic people on the block. My geometry made me feel so dumb, and my 220 mother asked if she would tutor me, since I only lived across the street. She said yes, but later I 221 realized it was only to interrogate me about my life, where we came from, why we were here, and 222 to say “you ‘all know you don’t belong here, why are you ‘all here anyway?” Fast-forward my 223 life, when I was going for my master’s at the age of 37, not to say it didn’t happen in my undergrad, 224 but this experience of racism out beat them all. My professor asked me what my plans were after 225 my master’s and I commented to her that I would like to continue with my Ph.D. She replied by 226 saying, “wow, really? that’s a nice dream to have, but do you think you can really do it? Do you 227 really think you have what it takes? I don’t think you realize that some people are not made to go 228 beyond what you have accomplished, and you have already gotten this far, so you should to stick 229 to “teaching your people”, so that they try to make it like you”. That night she kept me until 11 230 o’clock at night to ask me questions about my life. My father was dying of cancer and my daughter 231 was about to have my first grandchild at 18. That night, she asked me how I felt about being such 232 a young grandmother and having a daughter who had followed in my footsteps. I felt trapped, 233 because it was my last class of the semester and the last class to graduate, I felt obligated to stay 234 and violated when I left. 235 Education is not just reflective of how many degrees you have, or how many titles you 236 hold. Being educated also means learning from one another. We learn life lessons, we learn life 237 skills and hopefully we will learn what it means to have a moral and ethical compass. Education 238 consist of teaching our youth to have compassion and patience and learn to have peaceful dialogue 239 and understand differences with respect. To have a formal academic education is a bonus. We 240 acquire a different set of skills and knowledge that can be used to enlighten the people of our 11 Image Narrative Coding Report 12 241 world, our communities, our culture and our future generations. Formal education is necessary 242 because, unfortunately, our society measures us by our success, and it is rare to be successful 243 without a formal education; we all need money to survive. When I decided to go back to school 244 after having three children, I did it because, I didn’t want them to go through the struggles my 245 husband and I went through as young parents. I was tired of feeling less than I knew I was worth, 246 and I wanted my daughters to feel empowered and not obligated to be with a companion, because 247 they could not be independent and make it on their own. I wanted my son to know that the struggle 248 for brown men is already a given and the reality of that struggle becomes his future without a 249 formal education. In my opinion, the combination of both worlds of education, informal and 250 formal, are equally important. There is value in the lessons to be learned, the lessons we teach, and 251 the legacies we leave behind 252 Participant 7 253 I will describe the way in which I engage in education by focusing on my childhood and what I 254 experienced. Growing up, there weren't many family members who were college graduates. Even 255 in my neighborhood, I did not know of many who had finished college. My family is made up of 256 hard workers and motivators. The purpose of education for me is being able to go, achieve and 257 maintain what so many of my ancestors could not. 258 Picture #1 would capture the purpose of education for me. This picture exudes the very essence 259 of American Education. As shown in the picture, there isn't a role model that I could relate to or 260 pattern myself after, no one that looks like me. 261 To me progress is a determining factor for what it means to be educated. Education is different 262 for everyone. However, there should be some sort of personal growth and progress as a result of 12 Image Narrative Coding Report 13 263 a person being "educated". One defining moment in my education journey is when my oldest son 264 came with me to one of my classes during my masters program here at Concordia. It was a defining 265 moment in my life and his. It was a bonding experience and a time for my son to witness his 266 mother making progress in her life. That day also set a bar for him to reach in his life and 267 educational goals. 268 Participant 8 269 As I reflect on my understanding of education and how it has changed over time, I am 270 struck not only by how differently I define education now than I once did, but also how much my 271 experiences have shaped my understanding today. I would argue that we, as educators, often use 272 the terms education, learning¸ and schooling interchangeably. I see them as distinctly different. 273 Learning is a process, something that is dynamic and complex. Learning can take place in any 274 environment and it can follow any number of progressions. In contrast, the term schooling is often 275 used in reference to a formal structure in which learning is controlled and guided. Schooling is 276 often discipline-specific, and it follows a linear progression. Education, by my definition, is the 277 term that brings the two together. It is process through which information, skills, values, and 278 interests intersect in a given setting. Education does not have just one environment in today’s 279 world, and it does not have one mode. It can be guided, as it often is in a formal classroom, but it 280 can also be flexible and independently motivated. It can take place in a formal school setting or in 281 a more informal setting through the added value of technology. These are important distinctions. 282 Learning was deeply valued in my house growing up, especially by my father. He had an 283 innate curiosity about the world. He was not afraid to expose us to complex concepts, and he talked 284 openly about high expectations for us. There was never a question of what I was going to do after 13 Image Narrative Coding Report 14 285 high school. A college degree was a necessary step towards a successful career, and it was 286 expected. As such, college became my educational awakening. I had to work hard financially to 287 make college a reality, but it was the first time I was able to pursue coursework of my choosing. I 288 was inspired. I felt a purpose. It was then, in my very early twenties, that I finally felt meaning in 289 my education. It was also then that I saw the purpose in all the years of schooling I had attended 290 before. 291 My much younger self identifies with the students in Picture #1. I was a compliant 292 elementary student and often enjoyed school. I followed directions. I showed effort. I completed 293 my work. I participated in class. However, I now realize that that my understanding of education 294 at that time had more to do with expectation and obedience than it did with learning and 295 connecting. School was reinforcing for me because I was good at it, and I appreciated the attention. 296 However, I was simply following the process laid out for me. I was not challenged, and I did not 297 necessarily see the purpose behind what I was doing. As I moved through middle and high school, 298 I began to consider education in terms of requirements instead of learning. I had classes I was 299 required to attend, and assignments I was required to complete. I felt a sense of apathy for school 300 but continued because it was expected. I do not fully identify with the negative educational images 301 of pictures #2 and #5, but I distinctly remember questioning the value behind many of the things 302 that were asked of me. At that time, my understanding of being “educated” simply meant fulfilling 303 what was mandated. 304 Education today is shifting to embrace the idea that learning is central to all personal growth, 305 both through the schooling process and for life in general. Education is no longer to be viewed as 306 something that must be completed. Rather, education is the foundation of self-improvement. 14 Image Narrative Coding Report 307 There is a strong focus on preparing students for meaningful college and careers, and today’s 308 schools are held to standards for improving graduation rates. School completion is mainstream 309 and expected. When education is viewed as an ongoing vehicle, as opposed to a finite task, it 310 becomes a powerful tool. 15 15 Image Narrative Coding Report 16 Level 1 How do doctoral students in qualitative research understand the purpose of education? Participant 1 Initial Code Transcript Memo education and millennials millennials who has been pursuing his Millennials are the most educated education since first grade with no stop until generation the moment of writing this paper Never stop learning and more importantly have a believe that Education is always continuous learning and education should never stop in a person’s life Education is power Education represents everything to me, education is your way in life for whatever you want to do Education can influence I come from an educated family who were The primary predictor of student family always very interested and successful in the academic success is the home education field for many years. environment. 16 Image Narrative Coding Report evolving education system Education is Since the Foundation Saudi 17 Education is ever changing rapidly Arabia in 1931, education has started with very and is getting better. few male schools and has been evolving rapidly ever since. Gender Equality Today we have more than 40 thousands of Gender equality is a global priority both male and female educational schools and institutions across the country. The purpose of education is Saudi Arabia has huge numbers of special to provide opportunities for education teachers who are qualified to fill in jobs the special education job positions The community without The article also reflects the photo, due to fact criminal behavior the relationship education is negatively that the article was concerned that abandoning between do not education and crime affected the education of students with learning disabilities may result in them ending up in a prison. Education develops your which has been very difficult for the parents to Education enables people to make speed skill and expertise realize what they just heard from an educated informed decisions very faster. about any difficult positions human being. 17 Image Narrative Coding Report Participant 2 Initial Code Education is a meritocratic system academic achievements Full Measure Education Students' values have changed over time and their little regard for respect 18 Transcript Memo The education system is perhaps the most Education experiences both positive enduring meritocratic system in which both appraisal and discrimination is and negative characteristics, and has positively accepted. to move on. intellectual discrimination enables different people to understand and appreciate the choices they have in life and in terms of academic endeavors (Kay, 2006). Secondly, appraisal of academic achievements is a critical part of the process and as such the most significant reality that faces the various forms of educational development To be educated therefore, is to achieve the full measure of awareness as well as the full connection between the longterm goals and community responsibilities one gets in the long run (Kay, 2006; Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 2018). Self actualization and realization In some cases, and with the advent of social media, I would try to challenge my teachers by using my phones at inappropriate moments. There is different in ideologies or thinking sometimes resulted by used of current technologies like phones in the school set up. are important unique characteristics of someone who has invested in education. \ For one to be considered as educated, his/her level of awareness on both past and current matters of the community and a nation as a general. 18 Participant 3 Initial Code Transcript Students have changed overCoding the Report It reminds of those classroom moments Image Narrative years when we would participate in class questions and discussions. Successful Education Teachers have good to ways attending classes have a significant positive impact Effective parents have a significant positive impact Participant 4 Initial Code Education can influence society and world Education today has many advantages, but some people don’t has education These are the time when a child does not understand the real meaning of education but assumes it to be a daily activity to be undertaken. These two pictures bring out the reason to be educated in that they show the difficulties one has to go through and become successful. To be educated means to acquire skills applicable in real life situations such as careers and even social life. This makes learning more interesting. I loved so much to answer questions my teacher asked during class times and I didn’t even feel the burden of attending school. I began hating school and I didn’t see the essence of attending classes. In fact, I preferred hanging out with my friends. This attitude was wrong since I affected my performance in my first years Such an enlightenment opened my eyes on the issue of education and I was eventually able to change my mindset Transcript Education has also helped me to learn and know how the world is made and run. Learning science and geography has helped me to know the different elements that make up the world Memo As time goes by students19also change by becoming more better than the students in the past Planning for what you're going to do and when you're going to do it Professional teachers have improvised ways of handling students and encouraging them to attend lectures Being present in class makes a student to progress well and also results to consistency. Strict parents play a vital role in ensuring the child follows school regulation Memo In today’s world most better and successful people must have gone to school to a certain level. being educated is good because one Despite education having many becomes knowledgeable in various benefits many people are still matters that concern day to day living ignorant and activities (Chandra and Rajendra 68). People that lack formal education tend to be withdrawn from active participation of society 19 Image Narrative Coding Report Challenge of Education Participant 5 Initial Code Effective parents have a significant positive impact Education has improved over time Participant 6 Initial Code Education should never stop Education serves to keep good life 20 It is important that all become educated since it is a tool against many ills and problems occurring in the world: education can help transform the world into a better place. Once people are educated they are Transcript Ever since I was a child, my parents expressed to my siblings and I the value of education. They told us that it was really important that we receive an education that not only helped us to acquire a life-long career, but also prepared us to serve our community. Memo Parents play important role in ensuring they go to school and adhere the school rules and regulations. Also parents encourage their kids With my parents as role models, my dad as a preacher and my mom as an educator, I remember being at school trying to follow my parent's instructions: learn as much as possible and bring good grades home. that each individual has opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help of inspiring role models at home and school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all the invested time and effort. Transcript Education consist of teaching our youth to have compassion and patience and learn to have peaceful dialogue and understand differences with respect. To have a formal academic education is a bonus. We acquire a different set of skills and knowledge that can be used to enlighten the people of our world, our communities, our culture and our future generations Education is not just reflective of how many degrees you have, or how many titles you hold. Being educated also means learning from one another. We able to face obstacles of any manner through informed decisions. Education has rapidly changes since it was invented and many people are investing in it Memo Education should continue from generation to generation to make future generations to live more better life There is a high probability that once someone is educated he/she will live better live 20 Image Narrative Coding Report Participant 7 Initial Code The purpose of education learn life lessons, we learn life skills and Transcript hopefully we will learn what it means to The education for me is being havepurpose a moral of and ethical compass able to go, achieve and maintain what so many of my ancestors could not. 21 Memo Education enables one to achieve the dreams their ancestors didn’t manage in the past. education is necessary Participant 8 Initial Code understanding of education Education is necessary Education is different for everyone. However, there should be some sort of personal growth and progress as a result of a person being "educated". Education is mandatory and should be adopted by every generation in the world. Transcript As I reflect on my understanding of education and how it has changed over time, I am struck not only by how differently I define education now than I once did, but also how much my experiences have shaped my understanding today. I would argue that we, as educators, often use the terms education, learning¸ and schooling interchangeably. I see them as distinctly different. Education today is shifting to embrace the idea that learning is central to all personal growth, both through the schooling process and for life in general. Education is no longer to be viewed as something that must be completed. Rather, education is the foundation of self-improvement. Memo enhancing your success at work 21 Image Narrative Coding Report 22 Level 2 Coding How do doctoral students in qualitative research understand the purpose of education? Patterns Emerging sub-patterns Participant’s Source Pattern- PTN Pattern-PTN Participant-P PTN 1. Education gives the PTN 1a). Social capital P. 1 I come from an educated learner a starting point PTN 1b). Personal values family whom were always very interested and successful PTN 1c). Parental support PTN 1d). Life long career in education field for many years P.1 Education represents everything to me P. 3 Such an enlightenment opened my eyes on the issue of education and I was 22 Image Narrative Coding Report 23 eventually able to change my mindset P. 5 Ever since I was a child, my parents expressed to my siblings and I the value of education. They told us that it was really important that we receive an education that not only helped us to acquire a life-long career, but also prepared us to serve our community PTN 2. Education enhances PTN 2 a). Individual P.2 To be educated is to personal development attributes achieve the full measure of PTN 2 b). Support from the education system awareness as well as the full commection the long term goals and community PTN 2 c). Attainment of long-term goals PTN 2 d). The role of the teachers responsibility one gets in the long run P. 7. The purpose of education for me is being able 23 Image Narrative Coding Report 24 to go, achieve and maintain what so many of my ancestors could not. P. 7 Education is different for everyone. However, there should be some sort of personal growth and progress as a result of a person being "educated". P. 8 Education today is shifting to embrace the idea that learning is central to all personal growth, both through the schooling process and for life in general. P. 4 being educated is good because one becomes knowledgeable in various matters that concern day to day living and activities 24 Image Narrative Coding Report 25 P. 5 that each individual has opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help of inspiring role models at home and school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all the invested time and effort. P. 6 Education consist of teaching our youth to have compassion and patience and learn to have peaceful dialogue and understand differences with respect. PTN 3. Education and PTN 3 a). Experience to P. 1 Education is Since the people’s understanding of understand education Foundation Saudi Arabia in education is dynamic PTN 3 b) External influences 1931, education has started with very few male schools PTN 3c). foundation for improvement and has been evolving rapidly ever since. PTN 3 d). gender equality 25 Image Narrative Coding Report 26 P. 8 As I reflect on my understanding of education and how it has changed over time, I am struck not only by how differently I define education now than I once did, but also how much my experiences have shaped my understanding today. P. 3 Education is no longer to be viewed as something that must be completed. Rather, education is the foundation of self-improvement. PTN 4 Educator and Personal PTN 4 a) educational P. 1 and more importantly efforts determines one’s difficulties have a believe that learning success PTN 4 b). continuous process and education should never stop in a person’s life PTN 4 c) Educational failure P. 3 These two pictures bring PTN 4 d) Attitude change out the reason to be educated PTN 4 e) Opportunities in that they show the 26 Image Narrative Coding Report 27 difficulties one has to go through and become successful. P. 3 I began hating school and I didn’t see the essence of attending classes. In fact, I preferred hanging out with my friends. This attitude was wrong since I affected my performance in my first years This makes learning more interesting. I loved so much to answer questions my teacher asked during class times and I didn’t even feel the burden of attending school. P. 5 that each individual has opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help of inspiring role models at home 27 Image Narrative Coding Report 28 and school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all the invested time and effort. PTN 5. Education makes the PTN 5 a). Understanding the P. 4 Education has also world a better place world helped me to learn and know PTN 5 b) acquisition of skills how the world is made and run. Learning science and PTN 5 c) morality and ethics geography has helped me to know the different elements that make up the world p. 4 People that lack formal education tend to be withdrawn from active participation of society P. 6 We acquire a different set of skills and knowledge that can be used to enlighten the people of our world, our 28 Image Narrative Coding Report 29 communities, our culture and our future generations P. 6 We learn life lessons, we learn life skills and hopefully we will learn what it means to have a moral and ethical compass Level 3 Coding How do doctoral students in qualitative research understand the purpose of education? Participant’s source Themes Patterns Emerging sub-patterns Theme 1: The PTN 1. Education PTN 1a). Social capital P. 1 I come from an parents support gives the learner a and social capital starting point PTN 1b). Personal values gives the learner a starting point educated family whom were always very interested and PTN 1c). Parental support PTN 1d). Life long career successful in education field for many years p.1 Education represents everything to me 29 Image Narrative Coding Report 30 P. 3 Such an enlightenment opened my eyes on the issue of education and I was eventually able to change my mindset P. 5 Ever since I was a child, my parents expressed to my siblings and I the value of education. They told us that it was really important that we receive an education that not only helped us to acquire a life-long career, but also prepared us to serve our community 30 Image Narrative Coding Report 31 Theme 2: PTN 2. Education PTN 2 a). Individual P.2 To be educated is Education enhances personal attributes to achieve the full requires development individual attributes and PTN 2 b). Support from the education system supportive system in order to enhance measure of awareness as well as the full connection the long term goals and PTN 2 c). Attainment of long-term goals personal PTN 2 d). The role of development the teachers community responsibility one gets in the long run P. 7. The purpose of education for me is being able to go, achieve and maintain what so many of my ancestors could not. P. 7 Education is different for everyone. However, there should be some sort of personal growth and progress as a result of a 31 Image Narrative Coding Report 32 person being "educated". P. 8 Education today is shifting to embrace the idea that learning is central to all personal growth, both through the schooling process and for life in general. P. 4 being educated is good because one becomes knowledgeable in various matters that concern day to day living and activities P. 5 that each individual has opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help 32 Image Narrative Coding Report 33 of inspiring role models at home and school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all the invested time and effort. P. 6 Education consist of teaching our youth to have compassion and patience and learn to have peaceful dialogue and understand differences with respect. Theme 3: PTN 3. Education and Different people people’s understanding to understand the Foundation Saudi view education of education is Arabia in 1931, differently and it dynamic is difficult to define education PTN 3 a). Experience education PTN 3 b) External influences P. 1 Education is Since education has started with very few male schools and has been 33 Image Narrative Coding Report 34 using similar PTN 3c). foundation evolving rapidly ever factors for improvement since. PTN 3 d). gender P. 8 As I reflect on my equality understanding of education and how it has changed over time, I am struck not only by how differently I define education now than I once did, but also how much my experiences have shaped my understanding today. P. 3 Education is no longer to be viewed as something that must be completed. Rather, education is the foundation of selfimprovement. 34 Image Narrative Coding Report 35 Theme 4: To PTN 4 Educator and PTN 4 a) educational P. 1 and more overcome Personal efforts difficulties importantly have a educational determines one’s difficulties success PTN 4 b). continuous process requires intervention of an educator or believe that learning and education should never stop in a PTN 4 c) Educational person’s life failure P. 3 These two pictures parent/guardian PTN 4 d) Attitude bring out the reason to change be educated in that PTN 4 e) they show the Opportunities difficulties one has to go through and become successful. P. 3 I began hating school and I didn’t see the essence of attending classes. In fact, I preferred hanging out with my friends. This attitude was wrong since I 35 Image Narrative Coding Report 36 affected my performance in my first years This makes learning more interesting. I loved so much to answer questions my teacher asked during class times and I didn’t even feel the burden of attending school. P. 5 that each individual has opportunities to discover their life purpose with the help of inspiring role models at home and school that help them to realize that being educated is worth all 36 Image Narrative Coding Report 37 the invested time and effort. Theme 5: PTN 5. Education PTN 5 a). P. 4 Education has also Education has makes the world a Understanding the helped me to learn and made the world a better place world know how the world is better place and life easier PTN 5 b) acquisition of skills made and run. Learning science and geography has helped PTN 5 c) morality and ethics me to know the different elements that make up the world P. 4 People that lack formal education tend to be withdrawn from active participation of society P. 6 We acquire a different set of skills and knowledge that can be used to enlighten the people of 37 Image Narrative Coding Report 38 our world, our communities, our culture and our future generations P. 6 We learn life lessons, we learn life skills and hopefully we will learn what it means to have a moral and ethical compass The Coding Scheme How do doctoral students in qualitative research understand the purpose of education? Themes Patterns Emerging sub-patterns Theme 1: The parents PTN 1. Education gives the learner PTN 1a). Social capital support and social capital a starting point PTN 1b). Personal values gives the learner a starting point PTN 1c). Parental support PTN 1d). Life long career 38 Image Narrative Coding Report Theme 2: Education PTN 2. Education enhances requires individual personal development attributes and supportive 39 PTN 2a). Individual attributes PTN 2b). Support from the education system system in order to enhance PTN 2c). Attainment of long-term personal development goals PTN 2d). The role of the teachers Theme 3: Different people PTN 3. Education and people’s PTN 3a). Experience to understand view education differently understanding of education is education and it is difficult to define dynamic PTN 3b) External influences education using similar PTN 3c). foundation for factors improvement PTN 3d). gender equality Theme 4: To overcome PTN 4 Educator and Personal educational difficulties efforts determines one’s success PTN 4a) educational difficulties PTN 4b). continuous process requires intervention of an educator or parent/guardian PTN 4c) Educational failure PTN 4d) Attitude change 39 Image Narrative Coding Report 40 PTN 4e) Opportunities Theme 5: Education has PTN 5. Education makes the world made the world a better a better place PTN 5a). Understanding the world PTN 5b) acquisition of skills place and life easier PTN 5c) morality and ethics Summary of the findings As the researcher engaged the initial codes to get the categories, neutrality was maintained to ensure that the categories and themes emerged by themselves without being highly influenced by the researcher’s opinions. However, the emerging categories are positive towards schooling and all the participants find the school to be important. Participant 2 perceived education as a meritocratic system and finds it as an avenue for the society to select the best; individuals with the best awareness. Further, the categories show the contribution of the literate to a better community as the sub-patterns suggest improvement of personal values, morality and how people understand the world around them. Theme 1 and Theme 4 seem to share similarities; Theme 1 deals with the parental support and social capital for educational success whereas Theme 4 deals with overcoming educational difficulties requires the intervention of an educator or parent/guardian. However, these are placed as different themes because Theme 1 is interested in interventions at early stages that can make the learner begin education with motivation. Theme 4, 40 Image Narrative Coding Report 41 on the other hand, requires interventions critical for continuity of educational learning. This is because of the categories and sub-categories all point at education as a continuous learning process. All the comments mentioning parents’ intervention to foster educational attainment and the perceived success alluded to disposition, student's personality and behavior. This informs the research that a parent plays a significant role and the purpose of education is instilled in a learner at an early stage. For instance, Participant 5 had parents who insisted on the importance of education for the success of their children career-wise and in the general community. However, the overall outcomes as identified through the themes looks into the learner's attributes, supportive educational system, and parent’s intervention in making the learners define their own purpose of education. This is because the purpose of education is individualized depending on the learner's long-term goals and the values one learns while growing up in an education system. Based on the analysis of the data from 8 image narratives and one interview, the purpose of education from the perspective of doctoral students in RES7700 and of the adjunct faculty includes: It is evident that everyone among the participants treasured education at different levels depending on their needs. Others further proposed education be incorporated into people’s lifestyle. Besides education have both positive and negative behaviors. For instance, it is the best way to appraise and to discriminate respectively. Moreover, education can make one acquire confidence and acquire self-value thus making resulting in informed decisions made among many other benefits. This is how my coding resulted in my findings. A level 1 coding gives a comprehensive view on the role education played to the participants and the benefits accrued. Participants A and B considered 41 Image Narrative Coding Report 42 teaching as a tool for economic empowerment, unity, and patriotism while participant C brings the evolution of the education system. The level 2 coding specifically focused on the frequency of occurrence of education as a unifying tool, investment and many others. The level2 further recorded vast evidence to support the research question and also by showing the role of education in history. Generally, the three participants attached some values to education. Coding as a method to collect and analyze data was the best choice ever since it’s swift and can handle a large volume of data. However, a loophole may exist since a large quantity of data is dealt with, some may be assumed, or even redundant data may exist. My new knowledge of coding has shaped both my observation and interview skills concerning getting accurate data to get the desired outcome. Reading through the articles on education, it is worth noting that everyone among the participants values education. There are different levels of the values given to education and the participants have given their different accounts and what they think is most important to them regarding education and the matters given throughout the papers. In essence, some deduce that education should be a lifetime thing and should be included in lifestyle. It is worth to give education to everyone whether they are strong in education or whether they have any learning disability. It is important to design education in such a way that everyone has at least a sense of it whether they have a learning disability or not. even them that end up having to undergo some rehabilitation should be given the opportunity to lead a good education life as it is a lifetime experience that should be passed from one generation to another. 42 Image Narrative Coding Report 43 Secondly, the education systems are characterized by a number of things some of which are positive while others are somehow negative. It has been connected to being one of the best ways for appraisal while at the same time being connected to some sense of discrimination amongst many other issues. Through education, many people who could be lying down without anywhere to move to or without anyone to talk to are able to participate in a vast of the issue and also able to give their best in realizing the social positivity. With the advancement and due to the influence of high level of education some tend to create social classes and even develop civic pride. Having education opens up the mind and allows a person to be competitive not only to the lower level but also globally. It increases the skills and knowledge which while used appropriately they are beneficial not only to individuals but the whole universe. It is a great factor in shaping civilization and development of society. Through education, one is able to have a high level of courage and self-esteem while at the same time helping in making informed decisions. It helps in a vast of things including gaining knowledge on decision making as well as leading a healthier life while at the same time increasing the possibility of gaining a formal employment. It is therefore important to note that education is a very important activity in life which should not be ignored but rather embraced by anybody. Everything has its pros and con, but the cons should not discourage a person to pursue a sense of education and lifelong experience for better living. In conclusion, the account given by the participants gives a clear view of everyone’s mind. It is possible to change the personal view of education and even move according to the new set of code. 43 Image Narrative Coding Report 44 However, to those who do not feel the sense of setting up a sense of new embracement in education, they may not change or even adopt the new-found treasures in education. 44 RES7700 Final project report Your report must have NO MORE THAN 3,000-3,500 words (excluding Appendices and References) : Title purpose of education the perspective of theaters of using project-based learning methods of private school in west Saudi Arabia Introduction (300words) 1. Topic and purpose of your study, research questions [you can copy and paste below exact words into your report because they are identical for the entire class] This report describes a class research project focused on understanding the meaning and purpose of education from different perspectives. The following central research question and two sub-questions guided this inquiry: What is the purpose of education from different perspectives? 1) What is the purpose of education from the perspective of graduate students in RES7700? What is the purpose of education from the perspective of _ purpose of education the perspective of theaters of using project-based learning methods of private school in west Saudi Arabia? [insert the research sub-question that you explored in the interview portion of this study] What are your personal beliefs about this topic (Bracketing)? Sub Research Question: What is the Saudi teachers’ perspective on the relevance of elementary education? Firstly, my position as a teacher predisposes my research and findings to bias. Personally, I believe that the education of Saudi children remains an essential aspect of both personal and communal development. I remember my first day in school. My mother drove to my kindergarten and left me with some strangers. I recall interacting with my teachers and fellow students. The strangeness and weirdness of the occasion remind me every day of the importance of education. The teaching staff was not only understanding but also compassionate to us. My class teacher, for instance, would spend the whole day with us until our parents collected us.. Joining primary school really changed my perception of life. The opportunity presented a competitive and challenging purpose. Characterized by long reading hours coupled with tenuous of physical education, this period defined my life. Additionally, the teachers were not only supportive but well involved in our welfare. Thus, this form of education not only provided perspective but also reiterated my goals in life. Nonetheless, the most memorable moment in primary school remains instances that I had assumed the role of a group leader. These moments not only improved my confidence but also made me realize I had a calling in education. Elementary and high school education years were characterized by long reading and study hours. Additionally, I remember most of the assignments were not only mandatory but also formed RES7700 Final project report an essential part of the coursework. Nonetheless, the participation in extra-curriculum activities was a vital aspect to the school teachers. However, joining college the teaching methods changed. Moreover, most of the assignments formed parts of the end of semester grades whereas most of the lectures were practically based. Most importantly, as a science student practical offered a participative form of learning that was not only involved but also extensive. Education remains an essential tool in the development of the Saudi community. Personally, I have always cherished the empowerment of women as an integral step in the development of the nation’s citizenry. Therefore, I remain fully involved in the education of my sisters and cousins. Nonetheless, the main prejudice against this idea remains the fact that feminism and gender balance remain typical of western countries. Nevertheless, I believe this assertion is highly biased and unsubstantiated. Hence, during my off days, I usually volunteer at women rescue centres to help with the education of runaway girls. Perception and cultural beliefs remain significant influences on my stance on the importance of education. Nonetheless, admissible research is attained through conducting interview devoid of bias (Merriam, 2009). However, it remains imperative to indicate that the community in which I came from remains highly prejudiced; nonetheless, a few of my colleagues hold a liberal view on the importance of education in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, my colleagues’ perspective on education as being a western influence is a typical exemplification of bias. Nonetheless, it remains imperative to indicate that all forms of education remain an essential aspect in the development of the students. Moreover, the implementation of a practice-based form of education offers students with the chance and opportunity to harness their skills and craft. 2. What is literature saying about this topic? (Optional, but highly recommended: try to find and discuss a couple of articles from peer-refereed journals on this topic to frame your study in existing literature). Methodology (500 words) Data collection 1. What is the design of your study (use Merriam’s exact words to name your design) 2. How did you collect your data? (describe 2 ways in which data was collected in this course) 3. Who are your participants? (describe participants for both sub-questions) 4. What are your data sources? (what did you end up getting from the participants) Data Analysis 1. What did you do with the data after it was collected? …. answer 2. How did you develop the coding scheme?..... answer 3. How did you apply the coding scheme to the data? 4. What tools did you use to help you with the coding?..... answer 5. How did you identify categories and themes?..... answer Findings (1,000 words) What did you find: What is the answer to your research question and sub-questions, based on the data analysis that you performed? …. answer • Organize your writing according to the major themes and categories that you identified. Use sections with headings to separate one theme from the next. RES7700 • Final project report When summarizing findings, you MUST reference the actual transcripts with the coding, so that it is clear how your findings tie back to the actual data and coding. Do not “just make things up.” Use quotes from the actual transcripts to support your claims and reference them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Example: One participant believed that homeschooling was a better option for his children because it provided them with opportunity to spend as much time as necessary on one topic. (Transcript # X, page# X, paragraph# X). Echoing this thought, a common theme in the narratives was parents’ concern about lack of opportunity to engage in indepth study of topic in science: Here you need to place a verbatim quote from the transcript that is illustrative and representative of this theme. (Transcript #X, page #X, paragraph #X). Above words support the idea that the purpose of education is to allow an opportunity to engage deeply in learning about the world around us. Your reflection (800words) What do you think about your data and coding? Where do you see gaps in your data?..... answer How does what you learned inform your understanding of the research question?.... answer Were there any surprises in your findings?..... answer Would you do anything differently next time when conducting a study?.....answer Reference Guo, S & Yang Y, “Project-based Learning: An Effective Approach to Link Teacher Professional Development and Students Learning.” 2012. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(4), 214-224. Fragoulis I &Mega G, “The Project Method and Visible Thinking: A Comparative Study.” 2009. New York Times. Dhieb-Henia, N, “Improving Science Students’ Fluency through Project Work.” 2010. Universityof Chicago Press Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Running head: PROJECT BASE LEARNING 1 Answering Questions Related to Project-Based Learning It is believed that knowledge can only be acquired through extensive learning in classes through the intervention of an instructor. This has not proven to bear many results due to high exposure to stress imposed on the learner. Home works and a lot of workload in memorizing for the purpose of passing the exam has been the main goals of many parents with high expectation from their children. This mode of learning has been overtaken by the new learning approach that has proven to yield a better result where the learners are happy same with their parent. In this interview, I will focus on answering questions related to project-based learning. What is the role of education in your view an elementary teacher who use projectbased learning approaches in Saudi Arabia? The objective of project-based learning in the education is to enhance deeper knowledge to the student that is acquired through practice and interactive approach. The learners are exposed to research method and investigation to find a solution to a problem through the help of an expert. Through small groups, the student is able to interact and discuss to find the potential result. It is an education system that involves active learning where students take a lengthy period exploring on a subject through research and are able to answer complex questions and challenges. Unlike the paper-based approach, project-based learning enables the student to solve problems depending on what they know and have interacted with. 2 PROJECT BASE LEARNING What is your experience in the area of project-based learning of private school in west Saudi Arabia? In project-based learning education approach is highly based on the goal to ensure that student can relate with the real world experiences. Therefore in order to achieve the expected result, the trainer must be well equipped with relevant knowledge and experience in the field in order to deliver what the student can relate with. For the student to be successful in this system, it calls for the hard work of the trainer to prepare ahead for the training and enhanced good interaction with the students. PBL has helped majority of elementary learner in learning on how to solve problems on their own. They develop critical thinking skills and technical skills on how to solve simple and complex problems. Also, the trainer must be in a position to understand his student behavior for the purpose of motivating them during the learning period. Project-based learning increases teachers’ satisfaction due to high interaction and the level of knowledge imparted to students in the process of learning. How has the incorporation of Project-based Learning affected the educational progress of learners in Saudi Arabia? Project-based learning enhances motivation to students and this enables the lecturer to meet their teaching needs. In the 21st century, many students are able to learn on their own through interaction with technological tools unlike intending daily classes to be guided by their lecturers. It enhances student academic performance and strategy development in their academic life. Students’ perception in the classroom is improved due to the level of interaction with other students and lecturers. Project-based learning has an economic effect since it promotes the education that meets the market requirement, unlike the tradition based learning. With PBL new 3 PROJECT BASE LEARNING knowledge is acquired which enables the learners to solve complex problems that relate with their environment. PBL focuses on exploration and discovery which enables the student to have deeper knowledge and understanding. This is reflected in their good performance and good grades in the school. The approach to PBL education enhances student performance. The students who are not in a position to score above average are able to with PBL system. The system relates to the real world situations that enable the students to relate well to the prevailing circumstances in the environment. What are the advantages of integrating project-based learning in the Saudi Arabian educational systems? Project-based learning is a powerful tool that enhances student’s engagement in class project management and enhances self-confidence. The research shows that PBL enhances student improvement in class performance, attendance and more engaged in class as they learn. Enable the trainer to build a strong relationship with the students as they facilitate in the learning process. The method encourages the student to learn from one another as through positive interaction and collaboration. This makes the student remain more focused; learn new ideas as they learn from their colleagues. The students learn how to resolve conflicts among them and also create a stronger relationship with the community in the process of learning. Students develop problem-solving skills including issues in the community also they learning from failures. Through PBL students develop creative skills that enable them to be more innovative which help them to design and develop a new product in the projects. PROJECT BASE LEARNING 4 Without having to memorize like in paper-based, students get deeper applicable knowledge in their research work which enables them to develop content that can be used in a daily application. In PBL, student gain self-confidence which help them in a positive performance and can interact positively with the group members due to gained self-esteem. Students develop critical thinking to solve problems through critical approaches asking questions and coming up with the best solution. Students learn the patient of working through a project. In this even when the project does not yield the right result, students develop persistence until they get the best result or outcome for the project. Students develop skills of how to manage a big project in a more accurate and successful way. Through curiosity, students are able to ask the difficult question which enable them to be more focused and gain more knowledge from the project. Through the PBL student are empowered to have the ownership of their project and are able to celebrate their success which keeps them motivated and learned. What educational subject does project-based learning suit the most? Project-based learning covers the entire subject based on learning from science, literature, and PE. It does not only concentrate on a single subject. Most of the subject are aligned to the real world scenarios this gives PBL an upper hand in covering all the subject related to learning. What are your feelings about the use of project-based learning approach in all levels of education? 5 PROJECT BASE LEARNING This approach of project-based learning, when used in all level of education, would be a major boost to the education level to the student. Level of performance will increase and promote skill-based learning that will develop learners who have the skills required in the job market. Beginning from elemental school to all other levels of education will develop accumulated skills among the learners and bring early learning development and reduced delayed skills among the learners and low employment. Enhancing PBL encourages learners to become more innovative in society and promote the industrialization which is a key tool of economic development. Will you be in a position to illustrate the use of project-based learning using diagrams? Assigning working groups Present a real world situation for the group to work on Develop rules for the student to follow in solving the problem Teacher facilitation to solving the problem Final results shared with the entire group To facilitate the PBL, the trainer starts with planning. This involves creating working groups that are to participate in the exercise. The next step is to present a real-world situation problem to the PROJECT BASE LEARNING 6 student to solve. This can be an experiment, a research problem or a mind game. Then the trainer gives the guideline on how the problem is to be solved. This may include roles and policies that guide the student on how to solve a given problem. The role of the trainer is to facilitate by guiding the student on how to realize the results. This can be done through trainer participation in the group to solve the problem where student’s eyes are open on how to face challenging problem in the real world situation. Finally when the results are realized, then the group can present the solution to other group members. In this students are able to learn from one another through sharing and collaboration. Explain the importance of an instructor in the process of using project-based learning In this education approach, the role of an instructor is to guide and facilitate learning. The presence of an instructor acts as a supervisor to guide the student on how to realize the solution to a problem and connecting with the case scenario. Having the knowledge and the right procedure, their work is to ensure students understand and have developed skill-based knowledge on how to solve problems on their own without much help from the instructor. Which kinds of feedbacks have the students given regarding project-based learning? Getting to adapt to new system sometime is hard for the student but once they adopt it become a life experience where the student doesn’t like reverting to the older method of learning. With improved skills gained from the PBL education, the students are able to relate well to the real-life situation. The student develops problem-solving skills in society and in social life the students develop social skills and are able to relate well with society due to improved self- PROJECT BASE LEARNING 7 esteem. The students show improved skills that are relevant to the job industries which make it more viable for job employment and opportunity. How can various elementary instructors incorporate project-based learning into the teaching curriculum? To incorporate PBL in teaching curriculum, the elementary instructor needs to start involving the learners with few and simple tasks that the students are able to solve. Also, new instructor needs to start engaging in the simple task before they start engaging with long-term projects. Observing proper guideline, the instructor can easily incorporate PBL into the teaching curriculum. Can the integration of “Mind Maps” helps in enhancing project-based learning? Mind map integration in enhances project-based learning by improving the learning environment of the student altitude and enable them to be more focused in the PBL education. What types of educational difficulties does the student encounter while using project-based learning approaches in Saudi Arabian schools? The kind of difficult the student face when using project based learning is adopting to the new system. Having been used to the paper system, the students experiences some low selfesteem and social problems. The education success being based on interaction and exposure to the real world situation, introducing the learners require slow pace until they adapt to the PBL system. This enables them to start learning how to solve simple problems before graduating to solving big problems. PROJECT BASE LEARNING 8 Which communicational strategy do the elementary instructors employ while using project-based learning processes? Through use of real world situation, use of patterns and shapes enhances students interaction as they interact with the real world experiences in solving problems. Instructor engagement makes the student ask appropriate questions that help them in solving various questions. Which types of goals and objectives do you intend to achieve in the next five years by incorporating project-based learning approaches in schools? The main objective of PBL is to enhance learning skills and improving learner’s performance all rounds. Encouraging learner to adapt to the PBL is a way of transforming and improving learning standard and improving life standard and learners skills. To improve the society through education requires the incorporation of PBL education system. In the next five years, the school should be in a position to see the fruit of PBL education both in the school and in the society. Please give other information that you think is relevant in this interview A project-based learning approach to education plays a key role in the global economy. When learners are natured to solve the problem independently without much intervention from the instructor, this makes them develop skills that help them to solve problems both in society and also in their individual life. Encouraging PBL education enhances the professional skills required in the industry thus making a nation an industrious state with high innovation and quality production and service delivery. How do you motivate students who are new to PBL? PROJECT BASE LEARNING 9 It is important to inform the students about the advantages and process of PBL before starting the sessions. Let the students know that PBL is actually the approach through which the students will be able to learn the application of theoretical knowledge, which is similar to what they are going to face in their practical/ professional life. Tell them that this will help them develop the competencies required in the real world. Generally, students are more motivated to learn something when it is related to their future professions. Is there any evidence that Project-Based Learning has a better impact on students’ learning compared to other methods such as Problem-Based Learning? PBL tends to be closer to professional practices, aimed towards the application rather than the acquisition of knowledge. Nevertheless, one of the main concerns about PBL is the time required to develop a project, considering that it requires deliveries as outcomes (being products or services).For example, in the field of engineering, there are some positive and negative results reported by authors. On the positive side, one can mention: the increase in students' motivation and engagement; - increase in students’ retention; - improvement on academic results; - more advanced skills to develop more sophisticated and realistic systems; - increase in performance of students’ communication skills, creativity, teamwork, practical ability, project management, responsibility, team management, communication work, and report writing; - contact with real-clients. PROJECT BASE LEARNING 10 On the negative side: - students considered that they had to dedicate too much time working in this approach; - some students feel insecure about the new approach; - problems with time management (from both students and professors); - the difficulty of the lecturers in adapting their methodologies to the new teaching approach; - need for an introduction to teamwork and engineering/design report writing. How to evaluate the effectiveness of Project-based Learning on cognitive? There is a need to find a balance on how much of the theories the students can learn while doing the projects. Based on experience, doing projects are great, but there should still be some other form of assessments such as short quizzes to determine whether or not they have a better knowledge of the topics. 11 PROJECT BASE LEARNING Reference Guo, S & Yang Y, “Project-based Learning: An Effective Approach to Link Teacher Professional Development and Students Learning.” 2012. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(4), 214-224. Fragoulis I &Mega G, “The Project Method and Visible Thinking: A Comparative Study.” 2009. New York Times. Dhieb-Henia, N, “Improving Science Students’ Fluency through Project Work.” 2010. Universityof Chicago Press Running head; Image Narrative Coding Report 1 1 I am a millennial who have been pursuing his education since first grade with no stop until the 2 moment of writing this paper, and more importantly have a believe that learning and education 3 should never stop in a persons life. Education represents everything to me, I come from an educated 4 family who were always very interested and successful in the education field for many years. 5 Education is Since the Foundation Saudi Arabia in 1931, education has started with very few male 6 schools and has been evolving rapidly ever since. Today we have more than 40 thousands of both 7 male and female educational schools and institutions across the country. In the matter of special 8 education, services has been regulated and required by the ministry of educating for students with 9 disabilities for more than 35 years ago. Programs and services has been widely established in most 10 major cities but still did not cover up most schools, there are still huge numbers of students with 11 disabilities that has not been identified. Those students who suffer from hidden disabilities such as 12 ADHD and Learning Disabilities are neither recognized nor supported, due to the fact, that there 13 are no specialists that could identify such hidden disabilities in all schools. Controversy, Saudi 14 Arabia has huge numbers of special education teachers who are qualified to fill in the special 15 education job positions. That is the reason why Picture #3 reflected that need to hire those 16 educators and to fill in the gap of the special education field. Picture #6 reminded me of the article 17 that have just published last week, the article was advocating to the need of education for students 18 with learning disabilities. The article also reflects the photo, due to fact that the article was 19 concerned that abandoning the education of students with learning disabilities may result in them 20 ending up in a prison. Furthermore, the article has quoted several sayings of people who were in Image Narrative Coding Report 2 21 prison and had specific learning disability, most of those prisoners expressed that the did not know 22 the consequences that they would face after their violent behavior that led them to prison. Another 23 student has stated in an article from the Guardian newspaper, that crime was a much easier than 24 trying to learn and get laughed at by bullies in schools. Therefore, education is essential to build 25 an intelligent, collaborative, and free-crime community. The most phenomena that I literally hate 26 and will gather all power to work against it, is “Ableism” the word represents any action or 27 behavior that might make people with disabilities feel insulted. Ableism is spread widely around 28 the world, therefore, it will defiantly be more presented in Saudi Arabia and other third world 29 countries. Ableism can be present in various forms; it could extend from wounds of word arrows 30 to inaccessible entry of a governmental building. Some examples of real life situation has happen 31 to several of my relatives who were disabled and been through some of these situations. The most 32 important example of Ablesim that has ever happened to me was when my older sister who was 33 trying to obtain a degree in Indiana state. In 2016, when she was about to finish her course work 34 she had a baby boy while she was still in her 7thmonth, he was born with both intellectual and 35 physical disabilities, he was not able to swallow and was being fed by a G-Tupe to his stomach. 36 Beside his different disabilities, both parents were aware and educated and has adored him just as 37 their other three children and maybe a little bit more. However, when he was about a year old, he 38 always carried an oxygen machine that helped him breathing. My sister was livng exactly across 39 street, and one morning I was about to leave to school and there I found my brother shouting for 40 me to come inside her house, I went running to his parents room were he sleep and there is my 41 sister doing a CPR for him. The ambulance were on there way and in two to three minutes of my 42 sister doing a CPR her child started breathing again. They were able to take him to the hospital 43 and afterwards the doctors have made a huge meeting including both my sister and her husband. 2 Image Narrative Coding Report 3 44 The Ableism part is when my sister was asked by the doctors that if this incidence ever happened 45 again, would you want us to save him? The doctors did not see that his life was worth to save 46 which has been very difficult for the parents to realize what they just heard from an educated 47 human being. 48 Participant #2 49 50 The education system is perhaps the most enduring meritocratic system in which both appraisal 51 and discrimination is positively accepted. Intellectual discrimination enables different people to 52 understand and appreciate the choices they have in life and in terms of academic endeavors (Kay, 53 2006). Secondly, appraisal of academic achievements is a critical part of the process and as such 54 the most significant reality that faces the various forms of educational development. The pictures 55 in this discussion demonstrate the level of engagement school provides to young people. First and 56 foremost, education promotes participation and collaboration as it molds young minds to become 57 responsible members of the community (Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 58 2018). It provides the first moments of activism for children and as such creates a long-term reality 59 that consensus is an important aspect in society’s quest for development. As a student, one may 60 not always like school, but rest assured, no one loves their job every day of the week either 61 (Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 2018). This is critical towards the long 62 term and generates an understanding helps us balance our interests in life. As an adult, I believe 63 there is no place in the world that instills patriotism than education. As an adult, it is often the 64 responsibility of the adult to ensure that there is a critical connection between the interests of the 65 society and the desires of the young to establish a more inclusive system that enhances education 3 Image Narrative Coding Report 4 66 pursuits in the long run. This is the cornerstone of appreciating learning and its outcome. To be 67 educated therefore, is to achieve the full measure of awareness as well as the full connection 68 between the long-term goals and community responsibilities one gets in the long run (Kay, 2006; 69 Sherifali, Berard, Gucciardi, MacDonald, & MacNeill, 2018). 70 In my journey of education, I have not always been a fun of the process. There are times when I 71 have been diametrically opposed to the kind of influence education had on my life. For instance, 72 there are times when I did not want to be in school and joined my friends in making my feelings 73 known through the use of graffiti that illustrated words and images that demonstrated my dislike 74 for school. These include “education sucks”, “we don’t need education” among others. In some 75 cases, and with the advent of social media, I would try to challenge my teachers by using my 76 phones at inappropriate moments. However, as an adult, I proudly remember the moments that 77 defined the life I lead and how the experiences were critical to my own growth potential. For 78 instance, in response to prolonged strikes, the school district proposed to close all schools. 79 Outraged by this turn of events, we took to the streets arguing that the closure of schools would 80 increase violence which was already high in the community. I also relish the history classes that 81 enhanced the civic pride I felt with regards to connections to my country of birth. I now feel more 82 attached to the experience I had both as a child and teenager because they empower the young, 83 energetic and ambitious person I have become. It is essential to note that the overall conditioning 84 of this successful environment is also experienced within the context of the opportunities I missed 85 and how these opportunities could have increased over time. This is a critical part of the 86 progressive understanding of research into the power of education. If I had not experienced this 4 Image Narrative Coding Report 5 87 education level in the past, there are instances in which I would have negatively been impacted by 88 the environmental factors that affect different events in my life. 89 Participant#3 90 One of the pictures which bring back memories of my education life is picture number one. It 91 reminds of those classroom moments when we would participate in class questions and 92 discussions. These are the time when a child does not understand the real meaning of education 93 but assumes it to be a daily activity to be undertaken. I loved answering questions and participating 94 in the class discussion my primary education. Picture 6 reminds me of high school life where I 95 began to feel as education was bothersome and that I didn’t really need to go school as there were 96 other things I could do such as hanging out with friends. 97 These two pictures bring out the reason to be educated in that they show the difficulties one has to 98 go through and become successful. To be educated means to acquire skills applicable in real life 99 situations such as careers and even social life. Education is considered to be a life-long investment 100 as the skills acquired can help a person throughout their entire life without ‘expiring’. Despite the 101 fact that a person has to subject himself to years of learning, it is a worthy undertaking as it enables 102 people to become globally competitive and respond to real-life challenges more competently. 103 The first picture indicates the innocence of primary pupils as they attend their schools. They are 104 always enthusiastic about going to school and engaging in class discussions. This makes learning 105 more interesting. I loved so much to answer questions my teacher asked during class times and I 106 didn’t even feel the burden of attending school. In fact on holidays, I would be sad that I wouldn’t 107 attend school. However, this attitude changed when I joined my high school. I began hating school 108 and I didn’t see the essence of attending classes. In fact, I preferred hanging out with my friends. 5 Image Narrative Coding Report 6 109 This attitude was wrong since I affected my performance in my first years. In my third year, my 110 parents organized for a private session with an educational counselor. My session with the 111 counselor proved to be fruitful as I started getting the significance of education. I came to 112 understand that it is a life-long investment but not a waste of one’s time. I was told education is 113 meant to impart important skills that help a person later in their life such as in careers, decision 114 making, creative thinking, and social life. 115 Education is what distinguishes us from the uneducated and it is what shapes civilization. I also 116 came to learn that education is responsible for the kind of lifestyles we live. Such an enlightenment 117 opened my eyes on the issue of education and I was eventually able to change my mindset. This 118 gave me a lot of motivation that even my teachers noted a progressive improvement in my 119 performance. I was able to perform well in my exams and even secured a place in the university. 120 Upon joining the university, I understood fully why my parents were insisting on my education. I 121 was able to pursue a degree that later gave me my career. My life in learning taught me that 122 education is worthwhile investments that are responsible for many aspects in life. As I attend my 123 job, I look behind and realize that the time and resources I spent in schooling was a witty 124 investment and the fruits and outcomes of education are really paying. 125 Participant #4 126 Education refers to the act or process of seeking information from a teacher who imparts 127 knowledge and information in an individual with the aim of making them knowledgeable and able 128 to do things on their own (Chandra and Rajendra 13). Personally, education has had an impact on 129 my life, and I am grateful that I am educated. 6 Image Narrative Coding Report 7 130 Firstly, I remember my childhood years where I was timid and shy. Education helped me to gain 131 courage and bravery by helping me mingle with children from different backgrounds and 132 character. I had the chance of interacting with children from different classes and with different 133 ways of thinking. It helped me make friends and gain confidence in myself at an early age. 134 Throughout the learning curriculum, I have had the chance of meeting new friends and creating 135 more links, which is one of the importance of education. Without going to a school or a common 136 place where all converge for learning purposes, it would be difficult for one to make as many 137 diverse friends, as well as have important links to people in various organizations. 138 Education has also helped me to learn and know how the world is made and run. Learning science 139 and geography has helped me to know the different elements that make up the world. When 140 walking around forests and thickets, knowing the different types of animals and insects is vital to 141 staying safe. I remember escaping the bite of a black widow spider when walking through the park. 142 The knowledge about the black widow spider helped me to jump over the deadly insect, which 143 helped me to stay safe. Lack of such knowledge, which is mostly gained through education, could 144 have exposed me to the danger of the poison of the spider; I might not have survived to this date. 145 As such, the knowledge gained through education guides one to know what to avoid and what one 146 can embrace. 147 Education has also helped me to lead a healthier life. The knowledge gained in Science and 148 Biology in particular has helped me to know the working of the body systems and the signs and 149 symptoms of different health problems. This has helped me to be alert concerning signs of illness 150 in the body. I remember this once helped me to tack fever when on a trip to Dubai, early 7 Image Narrative Coding Report 8 151 intervention and treatment saved from hospitalization. Lack of education makes one lack such vital 152 information, which can lead to deterioration before one seeks medical attention. 153 Another importance of education is getting formal employment (Chandra & Rajendra 62). 154 Educational qualifications are a number one requirement to get any formal employment. 155 Considering that formal employment usually has a higher salary and more benefits, it then follows 156 that education is the key to getting better employment. This additionally means that advancing 157 one’s education throughout one’s life continually gives one more chance of getting better 158 employment opportunities and equally better salaries and benefits. 159 In general, being educated is good because one becomes knowledgeable in various matters that 160 concern day to day living and activities (Chandra and Rajendra 68). People that lack formal 161 education tend to be withdrawn from active participation of society building because they lack 162 knowledge and information to guide them. It is important that all become educated since it is a 163 tool against many ills and problems occurring in the world: education can help transform the world 164 into a better place. 165 Participant #5 166 Ever since I was a child, my parents expressed to my siblings and I the value of education. They 167 told us that it was really important that we receive an education that not only helped us to acquire 168 a life-long career, but also prepared us to serve our community. With my parents as role models, 169 my dad as a preacher and my mom as an educator, I remember being at school trying to follow my 170 parent's instructions: learn as much as possible and bring good grades home. During my elementary 171 school years in the country of Venezuela, I thought that school was just a big play...
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