3 discussions for 3 classes week 2

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ENG 315: Professional Communications:

"Professional Format and Style"

How you do anything is how you do everything. – T. Harv Eker (from Secrets of the Millionaire Mind)

This course is a mixture of learning a new format (business style) and adapting your English language skills to a different audience. Business communication relies equally on format (how you communicate) and content (what you say).

Respond to ONE of the following:

  1. Discuss the Eker quote as it pertains to your professional experience and the material for Week 2
  2. Find a quality resource that discusses the importance of format OR find a quality support that proves format does not matter in the context of the professional environment.

BUS 437: Project Procurement Management:

“Effective Management.” There are three (3) recommendations for effective management of projects in concurrent multiphase environments: Organizational System Design, System Implementation, and Managing in Concurrent Engineering.

  • Which of these three (3) recommendations for effective management would you or do you use most often? Why?


HIS 104: American History to 1865:

For this week, read chapters 1 (skim section 1.2) and 2 (skim section 2.2) and look over my resources in the Instructor's Insights(ATTACHED). (We'll read chapter 3 next week.) Then, answer the following:

  • Briefly describe the separate cultures of Africa, Europe and the Americas before Columbus arrived.
  • What specifically was going on in Europe at this time? Why did they set their sights on America?
  • What did the Spaniards run into when they "discovered" the Americas? How would it have shocked their European Christian sensitivities?
  • What did you learn from this "Atlantic World"?

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Explorations There were three “waves” of explorations: East, West and then Colonization Why explore? The usual explanation is “God, Gold and Glory” although it is more like Gold, God and Glory. Here is some background. Europeans for centuries had enjoyed products from the Far East China: silks, bronzes India: spices Other countries: spices The wealthy sought after them and as the middle class arose the market climbed as well. The products arrived to Europe two ways: Silk Road: a series of trade routes from China and India through the desert through Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea: from China, by India, through Arabian Sea around Arabian peninsula through Red Sea to Egypt Because of numerous middle men by land, and high costs for marine shipping Markups on products were high But, the wealthy could afford them and the middle class wanted to purchase them Then, three events occurred: 1. Rise of Islam in the Middle East, ca. 620 AD Now Arab middle men were Muslim 2. Crusades: a rogue Muslim leader took Jerusalem Christians responded with Holy War in 1095 Numerous crusades to rescue Jerusalem over 200 years These events led to discord, mistrust between Christians and Muslims Trade: Christian merchants did not want to buy goods going through Muslim hands Resentment: Christians resented Muslims making so much money And, since Jewish merchants were often middle men, Christians resented that too 3. Renaissance and wealth With the Renaissance princes sought power through money Wanted in on the trade with the East In essence, trade and religion were intertwined: God and Gold So, Christian, Renaissance Europe began looking for a way to circumvent the Muslim monopoly on this trade There was one problem: how to get there from Europe The only answer: go south around Africa and then east to India and China This would be a dangerous journey since no had done so: Glory If a merchant could bring home a boatload of spices, he would be a millionaire for life Kings wanted in on this lucrative trade as well Glory-bound entrepreneurs sought kings for backing to set up voyages It was a battle between Christian and Muslim traders God, Glory, Gold Let the explorations begin! Explorations East Atlantic Coast Indians were quite familiar with Europeans before Plymouth colony 1000 AD or so, Norse explorers blown off course to Greenland land in the New World Later Lief Eriksson finds Newfoundland (or New England) No permanent settlements made 1480s British fishing vessels near Newfoundland (1501: Portuguese capture Indians: 2 wore items from Venice!) But, these were not explorations to find the Indies East Portugal led the way Prince Henry the Navigator, early 1400s, sent explorations of the West Coast of Africa Trading posts set up on western coast of Africa Canary Islands; Cape Verde; Azores; Madeira Down Western Coast of Africa Over to India; then to China and Japan Eastern Coast of South America: Brazil 1488, Bartholomew Diaz rounds Cape of Good Hope (very dangerous!) 1498, Vasco da Gama reaches India, brings back shiploads of goods Battles Muslim ships, ports; believes people of India are Christians Becomes ruthless in his greedy Christian zeal to take over trade African Slaves, ivory, gold, then sugar plantations on Islands Portugal becomes rich! West Spain, poor and envious of rich Portugal, enters the picture with Columbus; Cortes; Pizarro After Spain is united with marriage of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabell of Castile Occurred in 1469 Now quest for world power Overcome Muslim rule since 700s AD Initiate Reconquista: Take over Spain for Catholic Church Wanted Catholic control of trade, thus Atlantic Explorations Columbus believes he can go west, not east, and get to Indies Convinces King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to fund his travel Believed the earth was smaller than it was; did not know of the Americas Discovers today’s Dominican Republic/Bahamas on Oct. 12, 1492 Then to Hispaniola: called native Tainos “Indians” Was on a fight against commercial Islam Brings back natives, parrots, gold His writings were laudatory but not accurate Makes 3 more voyages Amerigo Vespucci, sailing with the Spanish, discovers Venezuela, 1497 (many dispute this) So, who owns the new lands? Portugal or Spain? Call in Pope to fix this Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494: Spain to west, Portugal to east, including Brazil Now Spanish lured by gold and land England looks for a “Northwest Passage” to Indies 1497 English send John Cabot to find Northwest Passage: finds Newfoundland 1498 explores further south to New England 1500s – early 1600s: 100s of fishing boats around Newfoundland and New England 1499 Vespucci explores coast of Brazil Additional voyages to South America in 1501 and 1503 Named the land a New World 1507 German mapmaker Martin Waldesmuller names the area America 1538 both continents named America 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon, searching for a fountain of youth, claims Florida for Spain 1513 Vasco de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean 1519, Domenico de Pineda explores Gulf of Mexico, beginning with Florida 1519 Ferdinand Magellan’s last ship returns to Spain: 1st circumnavigation of the world Magellan was killed in the Philippines and did not make it home 1519 Hernan Cortes lands in Mexico and city of Tenochtitlan; begins conquest of Aztecs Had first conquered Hispaniola 1504 Amazed by sophistication of the Aztecs; repulsed by human sacrifice Began stealing gold Used other natives to conquer Aztecs (his Spanish troops were initially defeated!) Conquers in 1521: named Tenochtitlan “Mexico City” “Brought” smallpox virus Aided by woman given to him: Malintzin or La Minche or Dona Maria She translated for Cortes Traitor to her people or victim of Spanish? 1531 Francisco Pizarro lands in Peru and begins conquest of Incas to get their wealth Captured Inca ruler Atahualpa 1532 Initially explored Caribbean in 1509; explored Panama With Spanish in firm control of the southern areas, France and England begin looking in earnest for a “northwest passage.” France 1534 France sends Jacques Cartier to find Northwest Passage to India After several voyages claimed eastern Canada and land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River Did not find mineral wealth like Spaniards in South America Native resistance meant no permanent settlement 1539, Spaniard Hernando DeSoto lands near Tampa Bay, looks for gold and silver 600 soldiers, 200 horses, 300 pigs (that carried diseases) Eventually explored FL, GA, NC and SC, TN, AL, MI, AR, TX, LA Met large populations Raped, tortured, enslaved, killed De Soto dies in the expedition, 1492 By 1682, French explorers found few people there Urbanized societies were wiped out: now Indians are nomadic hunter/gatherers 1540 Grand Canyon “discovered” 1541 De Soto “discovers” Mississippi River 1540-1542 Coronado explores New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas 1565 Saint Augustine, FL, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles kicked out French Huguenots oldest permanent settlement of US Catholic Portugal and Spain have conquered the world! The Pope adds his blessing, thus priests “convert” the natives Portugal could not compete with Spain With South and Meso-American gold and silver, Catholic Spain dominates Europe Spanish Golden Age begins Wealth brings European prestige Arts, literature, new ideas, new lands Hapsburg Dynasty: conquers Austria, Netherlands, Naples, Siciliy England, France and Dutch are envious! Religious interlude While Spain was exploring and beginning to get rich a rift exploded in Christendom 1517 German Martin Luther protests the ways of the Catholic Church Helped by a surge of nationalism, the Germans break away from the Catholics Now we have two branches of Christianity Roman Catholic Protestants Soon Europe was splintered according to Christian denominations: “Christian wars” erupt Lutherans in Germany fighting German Catholics France: Catholics fighting Protestants (Huguenots) Church of England in England fighting Catholics England shifted between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism Then Puritans emerged: persecuted by both sides Presbyterians in Scotland Netherlands: Catholic but soon to be Protestant Now the explorations took a national as well as religious import England wants to rule the world as a Protestant nation But, soon the Puritans break off from Church of England Go to Amsterdam, eventually to New England Church of England was not pure enough from Catholic influence France likewise was officially Catholic Spain: Catholic Netherlands: not so religious but were Protestants 1534 France sends Jacques Cartier to find Northwest Passage to India After several voyages claimed eastern Canada and land between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River 1577-80 Sir Francis Drake from England rounds South America and explores the Pacific Coast Circumnavigates the world 1585 Roanoke Colony, NC is “settled” by British: Sir Walter Raleigh leads company It was to be a privateering base for English ships to attack Spanish merchants Privateering was “legalized” piracy begun by England’s Queen Elizabeth War between Spain and England meant no supplies from 1587-1590 By then, colony was ??? Lost Colony of Roanoke Were settlers captured/killed by local Indians? Absorbed? Died from lack of supplies? 1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada in Naval battle Now England is the dominant power in Europe But, intermittent spats continue Now French, Dutch and English threaten Spanish American dominance 1603 and on: Samuel de Champlain of France explores and settles northeast coast St. Lawrence River, Quebec (founded in1608), Montreal, Great Lakes Had explored Caribbean in 1601 Made good relationships with natives in North America Explored the Great Lakes and down to the Mississippi River Set up commercial outposts with natives: furs exchanged for beads and other items 1605 (or 1609) Santa Fe founded as capital of Spanish colony of New Mexico The longest running state capital in US England cannot/ will not afford colonies, so, joint stock companies are formed 1607 British: Jamestown, in Virginia 144 men and boys to settle: Jamestown Many settlers were poor: longed for instant new world wealth First year: starvation; bad management; lazy gentry; cannibalism “saved” by Indians Dutch: became powerful merchants in the world trade Dutch East India Company, 1602: trade with Asia Dutch West India Company, 1621: trade in Americas 1609 Dutch Henry Hudson, looking for Northwest Passage to Asia Founds “New Netherlands” Claims Hudson River, sets up trading posts New Amsterdam (later New York) Albany 1610-1611 explores Canada: Hudson Bay Trade with natives for furs Dutch set up colonies on Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, and Saba Islands Now rivals Spain in commerce Amsterdam is new commercial hub for world trade English settle on Bermuda 1609; and islands in Caribbean St. Christopher Island 1624; Barbados 1627; and others by 1632 These islands became tobacco and sugar plantations Slaves brought in to replace native workers 1620 British Pilgrims settle at Plymouth, Cape Cod Some were religious; others were out for fortune William Bradford led settlers in Plymouth New England, 1620 Pilgrims were known as Separatists” from the Church of England 102 came over, only a third were religious Mayflower Compact: was this the first sign of American Democracy? 1630 Puritans settle in New England Massachusetts Bay Colony French established colonies on Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1635 Sugar plantations with African slaves New Worlds, new trade, new labor Initially, natives were used for labor Recall that Americas had no beasts of burden Spain has encomiendas, legalized use of native labor Successful conquistadors given permission to use natives For their work, they were converted to Catholicism: salvation for work Natives resisted work and religion Brutal work conditions (See Bartolome Las Casas) Thus, Black Legend: other countries demonize the Spaniards for their treatment of laborers Natives were worked to death or died of diseases on tobacco and sugar plantations European’s craving for tobacco and sugar meant rich market for both Africans were immune to diseases like malaria, so were brought in to work Europeans took advantage of African west coast slave “factories” for laborers Europeans sold white slaves to Africa! Africans and African Muslims had long enslaved others Many were “sold” because they could not pay off debts Others were captured in local wars Portuguese led the way in slave trade Sold to Spanish, English, Dutch Trade mostly in South America and Caribbean Mercantilism Idea that a nation traded only with itself Thus, needed colonies to trade with and get resources from Colonies needed raw materials, cheap labor, loyalty to home government, control of shipping Raw goods sent to Motherland; finished goods sent back to the colony Columbian Exchange Three-way trade (actually four if China/Asia is included) Sugar and tobacco plantations were major producers Sugar emerged from Muslim plantations in Middle East then taken to Islands And then to South America Natives use tobacco for religious and medicinal purposes Became a global commodity after 1590s Chocolate from South America See my other notes on the Columbian Exchange
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