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QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING
685
reference materials, and even the full texts of books that have been reviewed by
editors and librarians and found to be appropriate for academic research.
Q
Research the source
Consider a source's author, date of publication, and publisher. Is the author affiliated
with any organizations? Was the article published or written recently? If not, is the infor-
mation it offers out of date? Who is the publisher-a government organization, a private
business, a special interest group? Does the publisher have a vested interest in the
information being presented? All these factors can affect the reliability of your source.
C
Labs
Read carefully
Another good way to check a source is simply to examine it very carefully. The
other articles the source cites may give you important clues to its overall purposes
and biases.
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Cross-check facts
As a general rule, you should be able to verify whether a piece of information is
factual by finding it in more than one source. If the piece of information is disputed,
you may have to consult multiple sources and decide on the most accurate way to
incorporate the information into your essay,
QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING
Once you have located and evaluated the sources you would like to use, the next
step is incorporating them into your essay-to do so, you may quote, paraphrase,
or summarize. Here are a few suggestions for working with quotations, paraphrases,
and summaries. More specific suggestions on each kind of citation follow. As a
general rule, these three methods help you to illustrate, establish, or support your
own argument, but you should not allow quotations, paraphrases, and summaries
to speak for you. Whenever you cite—that is, refer to other people's ideas, your
reader must be able to differentiate between those ideas and your own.
Quoting
When you quote a source, you reproduce the language of that source exactly.
Quoting is the best choice when the original wording is so eloquent focused
that something would be lost in changing it.
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INCORPORATING IDEAS
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Select quotations carefully
Select a few quotations that express important points within your argument. Make
sure that every word quoted material is relevant to your argument-quotations
that are unnecessarily long distract the reader from your ideas.
Introduce the context for a quotation
Let your readers know where your citation originated—who said or wrote it, why
he or she is an authority, and where the citation can be found. Establishing that
context clarifies the importance of the citation for the reader and more often than
not, will make the cited material more interesting and persuasive.
Labs
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Awkward: Princes cannot always be moral. "And you have to understand this,
that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which
men are esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to act
contrary to faith, friendship, humanity, and religion" (Machiavelli 405).
Revised: Machiavelli writes that, while leaders should try to be moral when
possible, they are often required by circumstances to act in ways that are
contrary to "faith, friendship, humanity, and religion" (Machiavelli 405).
Maintain control of the verb tense and sentence structure
If you quote someone else's words within your writing, you need to control the verb
tense and sentence structure of your writing while still using the exact words of
your source. Pay close attention to the verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and
noun-pronoun agreement when you incorporate a quote into your writing. If you
need to, rewrite your sentence or use ellipses or brackets to alter the quotation.
Awkward: Machiavelli believed about princes, and you have to understand
this, that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for
which men are esteemed" (405).
Revised: Machiavelli did not believe that rulers should be immoral simply for
the sake of immorality, but he did believe that practically minded political
leaders did not have the luxury of observing "all those things for which men
are esteemed" (405).
Use block style for long quotations
Block quotations are a good strategy for analyzing long passages from a text or
for citing passages that are difficult to summarize and extremely important for
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QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING
687
© !!! o UK
your argument. However, you should use this strategy sparingly-only when the
material is extremely important and there is no better way to incorporate it into
your essay
If you use a block quotation, introduce it clearly and then present the quota
tion indented five spaces from the left margin. Here is an example of how a block
quotation looks within an essay:
Labs
One of Machiavelli's most controversial points is that leaders must be willing
to act in immoral ways when doing so will preserve the stability of their
government:
A prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which
esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to
act contrary to faith, friendship, humanity, and religion. Therefore it is
necessary for him to have a mind ready to turn itself accordingly as the
winds and variations of fortune force it, yet, as I have said above, not to
diverge from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to
know how to set about it. (405)
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See pp. 692-97 for more guidelines on how to use block quotations in MLA and
APA styles
Use ellipses (...) and brackets (I 1) to indicate changes
in a quotation
Occasionally, you will be able to create a very poignant short quote by using just
the beginning phrases and ending phrases from a long paragraph. Or you might
find that a word or two in the middle of a sentence would confuse your reader by
referencing material in a section of the text that you are not quoting. In instances
such as these, you may use ellipsis marks (...) to indicate the omission of words
in quoted material.
If you need to change the text of a quotation, use brackets []) to indicate the
altered text. You most commonly will use brackets to change the verb tense to
make the quoted material compatible with your own syntax, so that you can use
the quote in the middle of your sentence. Adding a phrase in brackets can also
allow you to clarify a confusing term or substitute a noun for a pronoun.
For example, the extended block quote above from Machiavelli's The Prince
could be effectively altered within an essay like this:
Machiavelli argued that it was "necessary for (a prince] to have a mind ready
to tum itself accordingly as the winds and variations of fortune force it ... not
to diverge from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to
know how to set about it" (405).
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INCORPORATING IDEAS
Ellipses and brackets are acceptable when used to focus an argument or to clarify
meaning, but they should never be used to change the meaning of the quotation
or misrepresent the author's intent.
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Paraphrasing
Labs
Paraphrase if you do not need to reproduce the exact wording of a source, but
wish to restate its information. A paraphrase uses your own words and sentence
structure, includes the source's main points and details, and is usually the same
length as the original.
Indicate source
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Whenever you use someone else's ideas, you need to credit them—even if the
wording is entirely your own (as it must be in a paraphrase). For guidelines on
documenting your sources in MLA and APA styles, see p. 692.
Use your own words and your own sentence structure
By definition, a paraphrase must be in your own words and your own structure.
One common way of trying to get around this rule is the "half-baked paraphrase,"
which attempts use slightly different words to reproduce the ideas in a source.
The first paragraph below comes from Margaret Mead's essay "Warfare: An
Invention-Not a Biological Necessity"; the second is an example of a half-baked
paraphrase of the same passage:
Source: Warfare is just an invention known to the majority of human societies
by which they permit their young men either to accumulate prestige or avenge
their honor or acquire loot or wives or slaves or sago lands or cattle or appease
the blood lust of their gods or the restless souls of the recently dead. It is just
an invention, older and more widespread than the jury system, but none the
less an invention. (500)
Improper paraphrase: According to Margaret Mead, war is only a
discovery that most human cultures have in common, one that enables
them to allow their youth to acquire honor or revenge or to get money,
women, servants, property, or livestock or to placate their deities' desire
for blood or the souls of those who have died recently. War is simply a
discovery, one that has been around longer than trial by jury, but still a
discovery. (500)
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QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING
689
The second paragraph is far too close in sentence structure and wording to be a
true paraphrase; the writer has not really used his own words. Here is an example
of a proper paraphrase of the same passage:
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Proper paraphrase: Margaret Mead argues persuasively that warfare is not an
inevitable product of human nature. Rather, it was invented in most (not all)
societies as an economic or religious tool, to permit young men in that society
to become wealthy or worship appropriately. Although it is older and more
common than many other inventions, like the jury system, it too was created
for a purpose. (500)
Labs
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Enclose in quotation marks any wording that is not your own
If you find in writing a paraphrase that you want to use wording from the original
source, make sure that you enclose it in quotation marks. It should be clearly dis-
tinguished from your own wording and be properly documented. (See p. 692 for
information on how to document sources.)
Summarizing
If you want to highlight only the most important details of a passage, summarize.
Unlike quotations or paraphrases, summaries should not include details. Instead,
summaries highlight the aspects of a source that are most important or most rel-
evant to your argument. Keep your summaries short and focused, trim away any
extraneous detail, and concentrate on what's most important. See, for example,
how the following passage uses summaries to highlight and compare the main
ideas from two texts:
Even liberal modern philosophers cannot agree with each other about our
moral responsibility to the poor. On the one hand, in "Two Principles of
Justice, " John Rawls insists that a basic understanding of fairness requires us
to distribute our resources in a way that everybody would see as fair if they
viewed it from a neutral perspective (354). Garrett Hardin, on the other hand,
believed that giving food, money, or other resources to poor people, especially
those in less developed countries, is actually an immoral action. In "Lifeboat
Ethics: The Case against Helping the Poor," Hardin argues that the earth's
carrying capacity is limited and that it is unfair to allow people to exceed this
capacity by having more children than the planet can support-thus placing
everyone in danger (360).
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