A Separate Peace
John Knowles
Contributed by Henriette Dowler
Context

Biography Of The Author

John Knowles won both critical and popular success with his first novel, A Separate Peace. In the 40 years since its publication, the novel has become a classic for both young adults and adult readers. Although he has written eight other novels, including Peace Breaks Out, which shares the prep school setting of the earlier novel, Knowles has not yet repeated the success of his first work. The author’s reputation as a writer of fiction still rests on A Separate Peace.

Knowles was born in 1926, in Fairmont, West Virginia. He spent his childhood in the small town of a coal-mining region, attending public schools. At 15, he left Fairmont for Phillips Exeter Academy, an elite prep school in New Hampshire. Knowles found Exeter both socially and academically challenging, and his experiences there inspired at least two of his later works: A Separate Peace (1959) and Peace Breaks Out (1981), in which Exeter is reconceived as Devon School.

Knowles graduated early from Exeter in August 1947 because of his participation in the summer Anticipatory Program, a special wartime term, like Devon’s Summer Session, meant to prepare boys for military service. In the fall of 1944, Knowles entered Yale University to study English. After serving for eight months in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Knowles returned to Yale, receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1949.

After graduating from college, Knowles worked as a reporter for the Hartford Courant and occasionally wrote theater reviews for the newspaper. By 1952, he was a freelance writer, with several articles published in Holiday magazine, where he became an associate editor. The success of A Separate Peace gave Knowles the financial freedom to devote himself entirely to writing fiction.

Early in his career, Knowles wrote a novel that was never published and a short story that appeared in a small fiction magazine. He began to experiment with the material that would inspire the early chapters of A Separate Peace with the short story "Phineas," published in Cosmopolitan in 1956.

Knowles submitted his completed novel to American publishers, but the manuscript was rejected. Knowles found a British publisher, Secker and Warburg, for his work. A Separate Peace appeared in 1959 and quickly earned the praise of British reviewers. By the spring of 1960, when the New York edition came out, American critics were acclaiming the novel as well.

The success of the novel freed Knowles to write and to travel. His next two books, the novel Morning in Antibes (1962) and Double Vision: American Thoughts from Abroad (1964), a collection of travel essays, take for their inspiration Knowles’ wanderings on the Riviera and in the Middle East.

With Indian Summer (1966), Knowles returned to the theme of boyhood friendships he had explored in A Separate Peace, but critics declared the new novel a disappointment compared to Knowles’ first great work. Knowles found a new subject and tone in Spreading Fires (1974), a gothic thriller set on the Riviera. He explored the effects of the past on the present in A Stolen Past (1983) and The Private Life of Axie Reed (1986). His West Virginia childhood inspired A Vein of Riches (1978), a historical novel about coal mining.

Returning to New England themes, Knowles set The Paragon (1971) at Yale University and then finally came back to the fictional Devon School with Peace Breaks Out (1981). Again, critics praised the author’s craft, but most agreed that the best novel written by Knowles was his first, A Separate Peace.

A Separate Peace won Knowles the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters.The work also received the William Faulkner Award for the most promising first novel of 1960. In 1961, Knowles accepted the National Association of Independent Schools Award.

Context Of The Book

In the late 1950s, 15 years after graduation, Gene Forrester returns to Devon, an elite prep school in New Hampshire. Walking through the campus in the cold November mist, Gene remembers his experiences at Devon during World War II, especially the Summer Session of 1942, when he was 16 years old.

At a tree by the river, Gene thinks of his friend and roommate, Phineas (nicknamed Finny), the best athlete in the school. As the story moves into the past, Finny jumps from a high limb of the tree into the river — an activity forbidden to all but the oldest Devon boys — and dares Gene to jump as well. Gene jumps, but is frightened. Finny, however, takes such delight in the dangerous, forbidden jump that he forms the Suicide Society and invites all the Devon boys to test their courage by jumping from the tree into the river. At each initiation, Gene and Finny make the first jump, but Gene never gets over his fear.

Finny’s status as the best athlete inspires Gene to strive to become the best student in the school. Gene applies himself to his studies seriously, but feels pressure from Finny to join in his activities, especially the Suicide Society. After failing a math test because of a forbidden trip to the beach, Gene suspects that Finny is deliberately trying to sabotage his studying. This silent resentment builds until the end of the summer, when Finny insists that Gene leave his books to jump from the tree again. High in the tree with his friend, Gene impulsively jounces the limb and causes Finny to fall.

Finny’s shattered leg ends his involvement in sports, a consequence that brings the guilty and fearful Gene to tears. Once in the infirmary and again at Finny’s home, where he is recovering, Gene tries to confess that he caused the fall. But Finny’s trust in Gene is absolute, and he refuses to believe the confession.

Without Finny around, Gene grows closer to Brinker Hadley, a student leader who teases him with the accusation that he got rid of Finny to have their room to himself. Brinker’s joking frightens and angers Gene, but his new friend’s energy also inspires him. One night, after Brinker announces his intention to enlist immediately, Gene decides to enter military service as well, a resolution that disappears suddenly upon Finny’s return.

Finny tells Gene that he must become an athlete for both of them and proposes to train him for the 1944 Olympics. When Gene tries to explain that the war will most certainly make the Olympics impossible, Finny announces that the war is a fake. Finny’s dream of the 1944 Olympics becomes a shared reality between the friends as the former athlete trains his replacement. Gene joins his friend in a peaceful retreat from the world, celebrated in the school’s (unofficial) Winter Carnival.

Even a friend’s enlistment and emotional breakdown does not intrude upon the peace Gene finds with Finny, until one evening when Brinker and some of the other boys drag Gene and Finny to the Assembly Room, where they propose to get to the truth about Finny’s injury. In a mock trial, Brinker questions Finny, searching for proof of Gene’s responsibility in his fall. When another boy’s memory of the fall opens Finny’s eyes to his friend’s guilt, he lurches angrily from the room, falling on the stairs and breaking his leg again.

At a distance, Gene follows Finny to the infirmary, hoping to talk with him alone. Finny, however, will not talk with Gene until the next day, when he asks sadly if his friend really meant to hurt him or if it were simply an unconscious impulse. Gene insists that he acted without hatred — blindly — and Finny accepts the explanation with relief. Later that day, in an operation to set the leg again, Finny dies when some marrow from the broken bone enters the bloodstream and stops his heart. Gene accepts the news without crying, because he feels as if he has died, too.

Later, after the war, Gene looks back and understands that he fought his real war at Devon. Gene’s true enemy was the narrow, spiteful self that harbored jealousy, and that self died with Finny.

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